This paper presents a new hybrid PAPR reduction technique for the OFDM signal, which combines a multiple symbol representations method with a signal clipping method. The clipping method is a nonlinear PAPR reduction scheme, where the amplitude of the signal is limited to a given threshold. Considering the fact that the signal must be interpolated before A/D conversion, a variety of clipping methods has been proposed. Some methods suggest the clipping before interpolation, having the disadvantage of the peaks re-growth. Other methods contributed that the clipping after interpolation, having the disadvantage of out-of-band power production. In order to overcome this problem different filtering techniques have been proposed. Filtering can also cause peak re-growth, but less than the clipping before interpolation. Another clipping technique supposes that only subcarriers having the highest phase difference between the original signal and its clipped variant will be changed. This is the case of the partial clipping method. To further reduce the PAPR, the dynamic of the clipped signal can be compressed. Linear methods like partial transmit sequence or selective mapping has been proposed for the reduction of PAPR as well. Another PAPR reduction method is the tone reservation. It uses tones on which no data is sent to reduce the transmitted signal peaks. Derivatives of this method with lower computation complexity and improved performance have been proposed: One-Tone One-Peak and one by-one iteration. A similar PAPR reduction method is the multiple symbol representations, where alternative signalling points are used to represent one symbol. The simulation results highlight the advantages of the proposed PAPR reduction method. / The proposed technique namely Adaptive Active Constellation Extension (Adaptive ACE) Algorithm reduced the high Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) of the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) systems. The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) is equal to 6.8 dB for the target clipping ratios of 4 dB, 2 dB and 0 dB by using Adaptive Active Constellation Extension (Adaptive ACE) Algorithm. Thus, the minimum PAPR can be achieved for low target clipping ratios. The Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) of the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) signal obtained by the Adaptive Active Constellation Extension (Adaptive ACE) algorithm is equal to 1.2 dB at a Bit Error Rate (BER) of 10-0..4 for different constellation orders like 4-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (4-QAM), 16-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (16-QAM) and 64-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (16-QAM). Here, the Bit Error Rate of 10-0.4 or 0.398, that means a total of 398-bits are in error when 1000-bits are transmitted via a communication channel or approximately 4-bits are in error when 10-bits are transmitted via a communication channel, which is high when compared to that of the original Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) signal. The other problems faced by the Adaptive Active Constellation Extension (Adaptive ACE) algorithm are Out-of-Band Interference (OBI) and peak regrowth. Here, the Out-of-Band Interference (OBI) is a form of noise or an unwanted signal, which is caused when the original Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) signal is clipped for reducing the peak signals which are outside of the predetermined area and the peak regrowth is obtained after filtering the clipped signal. The peak regrowth results to, increase in the computational time and computational complexity. In this paper, we have proposed a PAPR reduction scheme to improve the bit error rate performance by applying companding transform technique. Hence, 1-1.5 dB reduction in PAPR with this Non-companding technique is achieved. In Future, We can accept to implement the same on Rician and Rayleigh channels. / Clement Ranjith Anthikkad (E-mail: clement.ranjith@gmail.com / clan11@bth.se) & Irfan Ahmed Baig (E-mail: baig.irfanahmed@gmail.com / ir-a11@bth.se )

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El presente expediente versa en torno a la importancia que tiene la emisión de información oportuna de los ingredientes de aquellos productos que circulan en el mercado local, ya sean productos como galletas, cervezas o gaseosas por citar algunos ejemplos, es importante emitir información que detalle qué contienen estos productos, obligación que le corresponde a las empresas que distribuyen tales insumos, todo ello con la finalidad de informar debidamente a los consumidores respecto a qué producto están consumiendo. Ante tal afirmación, cabe preguntarse si es necesario mencionar de manera genérica estos ingredientes o si es indispensable llegar a la especificidad de estos contenidos. Es así como, se presenta a lo largo del trabajo en cuestión una problemática de este tipo, así, centrándonos ya en su desarrollo se tiene a la Asociación Peruana de Consumidores – ASPEC, la cual denuncia a Embotelladora Rivera S.A. por presuntamente omitir información relevante respecto a las características del producto que la mencionada empresa comercializa, esto es: La Gaseosa Triple Kola, considerando particularmente sus tipos de acidulantes, preservantes y colorantes, teniendo en cuenta respecto a este último, su nivel de Tartrazina. De esta manera, se evocan aspectos legales que refieren a la información, salud y seguridad de los usuarios, desarrollando argumentos que sostienen una eventual infracción a la Ley de Protección al Consumidor, en cuanto a la vulneración del derecho de información de los consumidores, así como de las medidas correctivas que se puedan determinar, teniendo en cuenta la gradualidad de la sanción impuesta eventualmente y el deber de diligencia que pueda llegar a tener el consumidor en el mercado. / Trabajo de suficiencia profesional

Tato práce se zabývá technologií Multiprotocol Label Switching a to zejména moderními metodami, které je možné použít v rámci této technolologie. Jako příklad lze uvést využití podpory kvality služeb při směrování. V práci jsou navrhnuty a simulovány různé topologie a scénáře, které ověřují možnosti využití MPLS v podpoře kvality služeb.

Thesis is focused on creation of an information system for a visitor center in Olomouc. This document describes whole lifecycle of that reservation system, including requirements specification, system design, its implementation and testing. Final system will be deployed in museum, where it will handle the control of turnstiles, ticket reservations and sales.

An object of leisure-time center and a new bridge were designed according to needs and limits of this location, that they correspond to. This project follows up on the previous analysis and the riverfront design in the section between the main bridge and the Zborovsky bridge in Kroměříž. The general target of this project is an active integrating the river and its closest neighborhood to the city environment. This target is supported by the study in this project. The leisure-time center design creates a social background and a center of this area and it would became an important point in Kroměříž, where people could relocate on the river, by bike or on foot from. The new bridge design examines possible solutions of a new bridge over the river in Kroměříž, that is missing here.

<p>  </p> <p>Free-roaming dogs on Native American Reservations are called rez dogs on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, SD. Understanding the human-rez dog relationship is needed to develop best management practices. As a member of the Oglala Lakota nation and a resident of the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, I used a combination of western scientific methods and Lakota ways of knowing to research how rez dogs are related to their human caretakers on the Pine Ridge Reservation. First, I determined how they are related to humans spatially. To do this, I installed trail cameras at 73 sites distributed within four zones around six communities on the Pine Ridge Reservation. I analyzed presence-absence and count data to estimate how human habitat covariates influenced rez dog occurrence and abundance. My results show that rez dog occupancy and abundance is related to human habitation and emphasizes the importance of considering human caretakers when developing best management practices. To investigate how human caretakers may perceive rez dogs and current management practices on the Pine Ridge Reservation, I used semi-structured questionnaires. I distributed surveys to 107 residents at grocery stores and convenience stores within five towns. The survey assessed the communities' perceptions of rez dog overpopulation, and topics related to their attitude toward dogs overall and rez dog sterilization programs. I used ordinal regression to determine if community member demographics, the number of people and dogs in the household, and distance to the veterinary clinic influenced these variables. My results show community members support rez dog sterilization programs and that policymakers should focus on free or low-cost sterilization programs for ambiguously owned rez dogs in conjunction with owned dogs. In addition, these results highlight how the economic disparity and lack of culturally appropriate methods of rez-dog population control prevent effective management of rez dogs. This dynamic is one example of how the settler-colonialism structure continues to negatively impact Native American communities and prevent effective, efficient, and ethical ways to manage rez dogs. I describe how the Lakota ways of knowing can be used to develop best management practices for rez dogs that are culturally appropriate. I describe the seven Lakota values, lessons learned from the Lakota dog creation story, and approaches to Lakota research methodologies. This paper introduces an example of a seven-generation, One Health framework that implements Lakota ways of knowing to establish rez dog management and centers community values, beginning generational healing through <em>Shunka </em>(dog) caretaking. In conclusion, this research describes how rez dogs are related to us spatially, by occupying the same area as us, and how we are related within a social context, with dogs being an indicator of our own well-being as humans. </p>

Money lenders frequently use sale and lease back agreements as an alternative to other more conventional forms of security. These agreements are popular because they are simple and inexpensive to put in place. Unfortunately, South African courts give legal effect to the true intention of contracting parties. Sale and lease back agreements are often held to be simulated contracts and as such they are enforced as disguised pledges. One of the few alternative security options available to money lenders, is a notarial bond registered in terms of the Security By Means of Movable Property Act 57 of 1993. This act has been criticised for creating an ineffective form of security that is costly and cumbersome to put in place. It is suggested that the current security options available to money lenders are supplemented with the creation of a more user friendly public register for the registration of security interests. / Private Law / LL.M.

Mesurer l’impact des réserves Charia sur l’application des dispositions essentielles de la Convention sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination à l’égard des femmes (la CEDEF) est l’élément principal de cette étude. À cette fin, le statut juridique de la Femme est examiné, à la lumière des dispositions de la Convention, dans trois pays de culture musulmane (Egypte, Arabie Saoudite et Iran). La présente étude tend à démonter que le statut moindre de la Femme, dans les pays de culture musulmane, est la conséquence de la primauté de l’Islam, en tant que doctrine politico-religieuse, au sein des sociétés civiles. L’étude met l’accent sur l’antagonisme qui existe entre le droit international positif, de nature essentiellement séculaire, et le droit religieux, d’essence divine en vigueur dans la majorité des États de culture musulmane. Elle insiste également sur cette réalité persistante qui consiste, dans de nombreux pays, à nier l’application des droits humains aux femmes, au prétexte de leur incompatibilité avec la loi religieuse supérieure. C’est l’ambition de cette recherche que de proposer que, seule, une séparation nette, de la Religion et du Droit serait à même de garantir l’application universelle et uniforme du droit international de l’Homme et la Femme. / Measuring the impact of Sharia reservations on the application of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) is the principal subject of this paper. In this respect, the legal status of women is examined, in the light of the Convention (CEDAW), within three Muslim countries (Egypt, Saudi Arabia and Iran). The present study tries to demonstrate that the lesser status of Muslim women is the result of Islam’s primacy, as a politico-religious ideology, within civil societies. The paper emphasizes on the existing irreconcilable conflict between, the international positive law, essentially of secular nature, and the religious law, mainly of divine nature. This paper also advocates that the persistent denial of basic human rights of women in Muslim countries is mainly due to the incompatibility of those rights with imposed religious norms (sharia law). In it’s ambition this study aims to prove that only a strict separation between law and religion could guarantee the universal application of human rights of men and women.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:30:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Ivone Fortunato Laraia.pdf: 946170 bytes, checksum: c67574dcc6b983cc5c8ed61aee97c845 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-11-23 / The master s degree dissertation demonstrates the person with deficiency path in the search of the recognition of his rights, focusing the protection foreseen in several international diplomas destined to the reconstruction of the human values, in the the Federal Constitution of 1988 and in several infraconstitutional laws. It defines the person with deficiency in our juridical system, enlarging the list of the Ordinances ns. 3.298/1999 and 5.296/2004, based in the international legal system and in the jurisprudence. The development of the concepts of human dignity, equality and non discrimination are the foundations for the creation of affirmative actions, seeking to the social inclusion of the persons with deficiency, and they are object of a fast approach. In Brazil, the equalization of access opportunities to the job market for persons with deficiency is looked for through the adoption of a system of quotas or legal reserve. The Brazilian system of quotas forces to the persons with deficiency recruiting in the formal market of work, through contract between employee and employer, or through the use of reserved vacancy in public contest. The compulsory nature of person with deficiency recruiting, the increase of the fiscalization by the Labor Department and by the Labor Public Prosecution Service and the recruitings without any planning are cause of legal and social questions. To guarantee the economical function of the companies and to motivate the Brazilian system of quotas, this work proposes the adoption of fiscal and social security measures, the creation of subsidies and the alteration of the Law n. 8.742/93, in order to increase the forecast of a temporary suspension of the payment of the benefit of the special attendance when of the beginning of a labor activity of any species, until the person with deficiency returns to the inactivity. The person with deficiency social inclusion is accompanied of a series of important subjects, treated by the work, that should be faced by the State and by the whole society / A dissertação de mestrado demonstra a trajetória da pessoa com deficiência na busca do reconhecimento de seus direitos, enfocando a proteção prevista em diversos diplomas internacionais voltados à reconstrução dos valores humanos, na Constituição Federal de 1988 e em diversas leis infraconstitucionais. Define quem é a pessoa com deficiência em nosso ordenamento jurídico, ampliando o rol constante nos Decretos ns. 3.298/1999 e 5.296/2004, com fundamento no ordenamento internacional e na jurisprudência. O desenvolvimento dos conceitos de dignidade humana, igualdade e não discriminação são os fundamentos para a criação de ações afirmativas, visando à inclusão social das pessoas com deficiência, e são objeto de uma rápida abordagem. No Brasil, busca-se a equiparação de oportunidades de acesso ao mercado de trabalho da pessoa com deficiência, através da adoção de um sistema de cotas ou reserva legal. O sistema de cotas brasileiro obriga à contratação de pessoas com deficiência no mercado formal de trabalho, por meio de contrato entre empregado e empregador, ou através da utilização de vaga reservada em concurso público. A obrigatoriedade de contratação de pessoas com deficiência, o aumento da fiscalização do Ministério do Trabalho e do Ministério Público do Trabalho e as contratações sem qualquer planejamento são causa de questionamentos legais e sociais. Para garantir a função econômica da empresa e incentivar o sistema de cotas brasileiro, propõe este trabalho a adoção de medidas fiscais e previdenciárias, a criação de subsídios e a alteração na Lei n. 8.742/93, no sentido de acrescentar a previsão de uma suspensão provisória do pagamento do benefício da assistência especial, quando do início da atividade laboral de qualquer espécie, até que a pessoa com deficiência volte à inatividade. A inclusão social das pessoas com deficiência é acompanhada de uma série de questões relevantes, tratadas no trabalho, que devem ser enfrentadas pelo Estado e por toda a sociedade