The estimation of afforestation reservation prices for small landowners in New Zealand has not been the subject of much research despite its importance in predicting future land use. Reservation prices for planting represent the minimum payment a landowner must receive before converting land from agriculture to forest. A survey of 728 landowners from every region of New Zealand who own between 20 and 200 hectares of forest as well as other unplanted land used for agriculture were surveyed about forestland, forest land owner demographics, ownership objectives, silviculture and reservation prices. In this study, reservation price strategies were investigated by offering hypothetical annual and one-time payments for converting land from agriculture to forestry. From this survey, the average one-time payment a landowner would be willing to accept to convert a hectare of land from agriculture to forestry was $3,554 and the average annual payment to convert a hectare of land was $360. The key factors influencing the reservation price were; whether or not the landowner lived on the property, if one of the ownership objectives was income from carbon, the primary agricultural enterprise and total household income. An implied discount rate was calculated for each landowner and excluding those who would not accept any payment the average after-tax discount rate was 9.7%. Small landowners indicated that their primary reason for owning plantation forest was income from timber with very few landowners using their forest land for recreation. The median farm size was 400 hectares and the median forest plantation was 37 hectares. Planting of radiata pine peaked in 1994 and 1995 with more radiata pine planted in 1994 than in all the years from 2000-2009. Most landowners are performing some type of silviculture in their forests. Ninety percent of landowners are pruning in the current rotation while only 61% plan to prune in the future. Only 26% of landowners have engaged in any commercial harvesting in the past ten years but as their current rotation matures 71% plan to replant on the same site. A majority of respondents thought the situation for forest landowners was getting better. Understanding the reservation price strategies of landowners is important for predicting future land use patterns and recognizing how close landowners are to converting land. The ownership objectives of landowners and the replanting decisions they make are critical for future timber supply. The results of this study can assist in the development of forest establishment incentive programmes. Better information about landowner characteristics will result in enhanced decision-making for the timber industry and the government in New Zealand.

L’émergence de nouvelles applications et de nouveaux services (tels que les applications multimédias, la voix-sur-IP, la télévision-sur-IP, la vidéo-sur-demande, etc.) et le besoin croissant de mobilité des utilisateurs entrainent une demande de bande passante de plus en plus croissante et une difficulté dans sa gestion dans les réseaux cellulaires sans fil (WCNs), causant une dégradation de la qualité de service. Ainsi, dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons à la gestion des ressources, plus précisément à la bande passante, dans les WCNs. Dans une première partie de la thèse, nous nous concentrons sur la prédiction de la mobilité des utilisateurs des WCNs. Dans ce contexte, nous proposons un modèle de prédiction de la mobilité, relativement précis qui permet de prédire la destination finale ou intermédiaire et, par la suite, les chemins des utilisateurs mobiles vers leur destination prédite. Ce modèle se base sur : (a) les habitudes de l’utilisateur en terme de déplacements (filtrées selon le type de jour et le moment de la journée) ; (b) le déplacement courant de l’utilisateur ; (c) la connaissance de l’utilisateur ; (d) la direction vers une destination estimée ; et (e) la structure spatiale de la zone de déplacement. Les résultats de simulation montrent que ce modèle donne une précision largement meilleure aux approches existantes. Dans la deuxième partie de cette thèse, nous nous intéressons au contrôle d’admission et à la gestion de la bande passante dans les WCNs. En effet, nous proposons une approche de gestion de la bande passante comprenant : (1) une approche d’estimation du temps de transfert intercellulaire prenant en compte la densité de la zone de déplacement en terme d’utilisateurs, les caractéristiques de mobilité des utilisateurs et les feux tricolores ; (2) une approche d’estimation de la bande passante disponible à l’avance dans les cellules prenant en compte les exigences en bande passante et la durée de vie des sessions en cours ; et (3) une approche de réservation passive de bande passante dans les cellules qui seront visitées pour les sessions en cours et de contrôle d’admission des demandes de nouvelles sessions prenant en compte la mobilité des utilisateurs et le comportement des cellules. Les résultats de simulation indiquent que cette approche réduit largement les ruptures abruptes de sessions en cours, offre un taux de refus de nouvelles demandes de connexion acceptable et un taux élevé d’utilisation de la bande passante. Dans la troisième partie de la thèse, nous nous penchons sur la principale limite de la première et deuxième parties de la thèse, à savoir l’évolutivité (selon le nombre d’utilisateurs) et proposons une plateforme qui intègre des modèles de prédiction de mobilité avec des modèles de prédiction de la bande passante disponible. En effet, dans les deux parties précédentes de la thèse, les prédictions de la mobilité sont effectuées pour chaque utilisateur. Ainsi, pour rendre notre proposition de plateforme évolutive, nous proposons des modèles de prédiction de mobilité par groupe d’utilisateurs en nous basant sur : (a) les profils des utilisateurs (c’est-à-dire leur préférence en termes de caractéristiques de route) ; (b) l’état du trafic routier et le comportement des utilisateurs ; et (c) la structure spatiale de la zone de déplacement. Les résultats de simulation montrent que la plateforme proposée améliore la performance du réseau comparée aux plateformes existantes qui proposent des modèles de prédiction de la mobilité par groupe d’utilisateurs pour la réservation de bande passante. / The emergence of new applications and services (e.g., multimedia applications, voice over IP and IPTV) and the growing need for mobility of users cause more and more growth of bandwidth demand and a difficulty of its management in Wireless Cellular Networks (WCNs). In this thesis, we are interested in resources management, specifically the bandwidth, in WCNs. In the first part of the thesis, we study the user mobility prediction that is one of key to guarantee efficient management of available bandwidth. In this context, we propose a relatively accurate mobility prediction model that allows predicting final or intermediate destinations and subsequently mobility paths of mobile users to reach these predicted destinations. This model takes into account (a) user’s habits in terms of movements (filtered according to the type of day and the time of the day); (b) user's current movement; (c) user’s contextual knowledge; (d) direction from current location to estimated destination; and (e) spatial conceptual maps. Simulation results show that the proposed model provides good accuracy compared to existing models in the literature. In the second part of the thesis, we focus on call admission control and bandwidth management in WCNs. Indeed, we propose an efficient bandwidth utilization scheme that consists of three schemes: (1) handoff time estimation scheme that considers navigation zone density in term of users, users’ mobility characteristics and traffic light scheduling; (2) available bandwidth estimation scheme that estimates bandwidth available in the cells that considers required bandwidth and lifetime of ongoing sessions; and (3) passive bandwidth reservation scheme that passively reserves bandwidth in cells expected to be visited by ongoing sessions and call admission control scheme for new call requests that considers the behavior of an individual user and the behavior of cells. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme reduces considerably the handoff call dropping rate while maintaining acceptable new call blocking rate and provides high bandwidth utilization rate. In the third part of the thesis, we focus on the main limitation of the first and second part of the thesis which is the scalability (with the number of users) and propose a framework, together with schemes, that integrates mobility prediction models with bandwidth availability prediction models. Indeed, in the two first contributions of the thesis, mobility prediction schemes process individual user requests. Thus, to make the proposed framework scalable, we propose group-based mobility prediction schemes that predict mobility for a group of users (not only for a single user) based on users’ profiles (i.e., their preference in terms of road characteristics), state of road traffic and users behaviors on roads and spatial conceptual maps. Simulation results show that the proposed framework improves the network performance compared to existing schemes which propose aggregate mobility prediction bandwidth reservation models.

Même si le secret des affaires semble être un concept déjà connu s’inscrivant dans le temps long de l’histoire, l’intérêt qu’on lui porte doit être, plus que jamais renouvelé eu égard à l’importance de l’information, c’est-à-dire l’avantage concurrentiel qu’il procure dans l’économie moderne. Autrement dit, il s’agit de l’ériger sinon de le conforter en tant que notion juridique à part entière. Cet objectif impose de rechercher une légitimité à la pratique du secret des affaires à l’époque de la transparence. Une fois celle-là établie, il faut alors en asseoir l’effectivité. Nombre de techniques juridiques pourront être sollicitées mais une attention particulière doit être portée aux contentieux. Ceux-ci sont un facteur de risque pour la protection du secret des affaires. En tous les cas, une loi spéciale se justifie afin d’assurer une plus grande prévisibilité de ladite protection. Sous tous ces aspects, l’approche comparative est pertinente car si le droit français et le droit malgache ont une proximité évidente, les solutions ne sont pas forcément les mêmes. / Even if trade secrets seem to be a well-known concept since it has been practiced throughout history, because of the great value of the information in the modern economy i.e., a competitive edge that it provides, we have to, now more than ever, renew all the interests on this topic. In other words, it has to be recognized as a full legal concept. In order to achieve this aim, we have to find out what makes trade secret practicing legitimate while transparency is the rule. Then, the effectiveness of legal protection of trade secrets must be insured. Numerous provisions may offer protection to the trade secrets but, special attention must be paid on litigations. Indeed, trade secrets are at risk to be disclosed during the legal proceedings. In any case, specific trade secrets act is relevant to ensure a necessary foreseeability of the protection of trade secrets. In all these aspects, a comparative approach between the French law and Malagasy law is relevant. In fact, even if there is an obvious proximity between the two systems, solutions are not necessarily the same.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:28:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Raissa Bressanim Tokunaga.pdf: 1609316 bytes, checksum: efc36c06d75b3ada50a96be6977c171c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-23 / This master s degree dissertation concerns an extremely relevant subject, a subject that wakes people to a feeling of respect for individuality and survival at any cost. On the basis of the principle of equity, it seeks to address the rights of persons with disabilities, focusing particularly on the effectiveness of their individual rights. In this sense, it deals with the divergence between inclusion and integration, in addition to the bringing of awareness to society for persons with disabilities to be treated in an egalitarian manner, without any form of discrimination. From the beginning of this work, attention has been paid to the form of treatment of such individuals by using the expression that most suits the purpose of this study, and for this reason the form of treatment elected is the one adopted by the International Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, ratified by Brazil with constitutional amendment status on 10 July 2008. The expression person with disability has been adopted on the assumption that a disability should not be an adjective (as in the case of disabled person ) or a temporary state (as in the case of person having a disability ), since a disability is with a person or in a person. We seek to highlight the protection of the rights of such persons in three complementing areas: in the international context, through the analysis of international treaties on the subject; in the domestic constitutional scenario, through the study of the development of the matter in the light of the Federal Constitutions addressing in particular the rights brought about by the current Constitution; the insertion of the rights of persons with disabilities within human rights, focusing particularly on the dignity of human beings. A parallel is drawn with international law through the concept of reserve of the possible, with references to the domestic infra-constitutional law that sets forth a legal quota for employment of persons with disabilities. As such, the thesis concerning the factual impossibility of the subject matter of a required legal transaction is adopted, on the grounds of section 104, item II, of the Civil Code which regards with restriction the legal obligation to employ persons with disabilities, since in such case the State transfers to the private initiative the responsibility to provide citizens with minimum social rights. The conclusion is that indeed the inclusion of persons with disabilities in all social scenarios is, prior to any obligations on the part of private parties, obviously without declining their moral if not legal portion of such duty, a responsibility on the part of the State to provide the minimum conditions as are necessary for a dignified life, qualifying such persons for the labor market and as such satisfying where families fail. In the context of employment law, the State should prepare persons with disabilities for the labor market by creating public policies that provide minimum social rights. Only then would it be the case for private parties to have to satisfy their portion of responsibility by complying with the legal quota / A presente dissertação de mestrado versa sobre um assunto de extrema relevância, assunto que desperta nas pessoas um sentimento de respeito à individualidade e sobrevivência a qualquer custo. Pelo princípio da equidade, busca tratar dos direitos das pessoas com deficiência, com especial enfoque para a efetivação dos seus direitos fundamentais. Nesse sentido, aborda a divergência entre a inclusão e a integração, além da conscientização da sociedade para que as pessoas com deficiência sejam tratadas de modo igualitário, sem nenhuma forma de discriminação. Desde o início do trabalho houve o cuidado com a forma de abordagem desses indivíduos, mediante o uso da expressão que mais se ajustasse à finalidade do presente estudo, razão pela qual se optou pela nomenclatura adotada pela Convenção Internacional sobre os Direitos das Pessoas com Deficiência, ratificada pelo Brasil com valor de emenda constitucional em 10.07.2008. Adotou-se a expressão pessoa com deficiência , assumindo-se sobretudo que a deficiência não deve ser um adjetivo (como no caso de pessoa deficiente ) ou um estado momentâneo (como no caso de pessoa portadora de deficiência ), pois a deficiência está com a pessoa ou na pessoa. Procura-se destacar a proteção dos direitos das pessoas, em três esferas complementares: no âmbito internacional, mediante análise dos tratados internacionais sobre o tema; no cenário interno constitucional, por meio de estudo sobre a evolução do assunto à luz das Constituições Federais, abordando especificamente os direitos trazidos pelo texto atual; a inserção dos direitos das pessoas com deficiência nos direitos humanos, com enfoque especial para a dignidade da pessoa humana. Traça-se um paralelo com o direito internacional, por meio do conceito de reserva do possível, com alusão à legislação interna infraconstitucional que prevê a cota legal para a contratação de pessoas com deficiência. Adota-se, assim, a tese da impossibilidade fática do objeto do negócio jurídico exigido, com fundamento no artigo 104, inciso II, do Código Civil, que vê com restrição a obrigatoriedade legal de se contratarem pessoas com deficiência, já que nesta situação o Estado transfere para a iniciativa privada a responsabilidade pela concessão de direitos sociais mínimos aos cidadãos. Concluiu-se que, de fato, a inclusão das pessoas com deficiência em todos os cenários da sociedade é, antes de obrigação do particular, obviamente não declinando a sua proporção de dever senão legal moral, responsabilidade do Estado em conferir o mínimo necessário a uma vida digna, capacitando essas pessoas para o mercado de trabalho e, desse modo, suprindo as falhas das famílias. No âmbito do direito do trabalho, o Estado deve preparar a pessoa com deficiência para o mercado de trabalho, com a criação de políticas públicas que confiram direitos sociais mínimos. Aí, sim, o particular deve encarregar-se da sua parcela de responsabilidade na satisfação da cota legal

[pt] Nas últimas décadas, tem-se observado um crescente interesse nas tecnologias relacionadas a ambientes de comunicação móvel sem fio. Em grande parte, esse interesse vem acompanhando o crescimento do mercado de telecomunicações, mais especificamente dos sistemas de telefonia móvel celular. Os usuários vêm absorvendo rapidamente essas tecnologias, originando novas necessidades, como a utilização de serviços de dados multimídia, que exige garantias de qualidade. Nesse contexto, um dos desafios encontrados é conseguir a utilização eficiente do limitado espectro de freqüências disponível, fornecendo serviços com qualidade para os usuários. Esta dissertação propõe uma arquitetura para provisão de qualidade de serviço -QoS- fim-a-fim em redes móveis sem fio, levando em consideração características inerentes a esses ambientes. Para alcançar esse objetivo, são propostas modificações aos frameworks para provisão de QoS em ambientes genéricos de processamento e comunicação, visando atender às necessidades trazidas pelas redes móveis, gerando uma arquitetura adaptável para fornecer QoS em ambientes que ofereçam suporte à mobilidade. Uma instanciação dos frameworks para provisão de QoS em redes móveis sem fio é descrita através de um cenário de mobilidade, no qual é simulada uma rede infraestruturada de serviços integrados funcionando sobre o IP Móvel, de modo a validar a peoposta. / [en] In the last decades, increasing interest has been observed in technologies related to wireless mobile communication environments. Great part of such interest follows the growth in the telecommunications industry, more specifically of cellular mobile telephony systems. Users are quickly absorbing these technologies and generating new necessities, such as the use of services of multimedia data, which demand quality assurance. In this context, one of the challenges is the efficient use of the limited frequency spectrum available, providing users quality services. This thesis proposes an architecture for the provision of end-to-end QoS in wireless mobile networks, taking into account inherent characteristics of these environments. To reach this purpose, modifications were proposed to the frameworks for QoS provisioning in generic processing and communication environments, aiming to fulfill the necessities brought by mobile networks, generating an adaptable architecture to offer QoS in environments that support mobile connections. In order to validate the proposal, an instantiation of frameworks for QoS provisioning in wireless mobile networks is described by means of a mobility scenario in which an infrastructure network of integrated services is simulated working over Mobile IP.

With a new United States Army initiative to exploit commercially developed information technology, there is a heightened interest in using Internet protocols over the military's geosynchronous satellite links. TCP is the dominant Internet protocol used for reliable data exchange, but its own design limits performance when used over long delay network links such as satellites. Initially this research set out to compare TCP with another proposed protocol, the Satellite Transport Protocol (STP). However through a series of tests, we found that STP does not fulfill its claims of increased throughput over TCP and uncovered a flaw in STP's founding research. In addition, this thesis proposes and demonstrates novel performance enhancing techniques that significantly improve transport protocol throughput.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:20:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paula Fernanda Vasconcelos Navarro Murda.pdf: 630063 bytes, checksum: bfdb3ad6cce3c1c051859deed6b2bfc5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-15 / The present dissertation is about the judicial control and the role of the Justice s essential activities for the effectiveness of public policies and the role of the other institutions considered essential for the effectiveness of Justice. This work has as starting point an overview on the State functions and the criteria used to distinguish one from each other. Following this, an analysis over the concepts and characteristics surrounding the notion on public policies is carried on, among which special emphasis is given to the State s commisive and ommisive programs, stability, the possibility of judicial control, the teleological element and the conditions regarding the existence of public policies, that are the political decisions, the creation of laws and the execution of technical acts. In the sequence, the judicial control over public policies is analyzed, starting from the analysis of the grounds under which the judicial control is authorized, and over the acts of the other Powers, until the constitutional basis for the control over public policies. The assessment procedural study proposed by Robert Alexy, as well as the analysis of some of the guiding constitutional principles of judicial decisions are carried on. Following this, the author studies the favorable and non-favorable arguments regarding the judicial intervention over public policies and the required compatibility between the arguments, among which the highest effectiveness of constitutional rules, the minimal existentialism, the theory of happiness, the theory of regression blockage, the possible reservation and budget issues. In terms of instruments for the effectiveness of public policies, the constitutional control, the legislative omission and the control over administrative acts are assessed. The comprehension of illegal removal powers for the effectiveness of public policies is carried out pursuant to the analysis of judicial measures of coercion, among which mandatory rulings demanding actions, the sanctioning of daily penalties, federal or state intervention and the liability of the public agents. The alternative methods for conflict s resolution are examined. Finally, an analysis over the role of the other essential judicial activities for the effectiveness of public policies is carried on. The author assesses the activities of the Public Prosecutor Office on the control over the budget implementation, as well as the available tools given for that, among which the public civil lawsuit (class action), the civil investigation, the term of adjustment of conduct and the ministry recommendation. The role of the Public Defense Office is analyzed under the standpoint of the required structuring of the career in all Federative States, as well as under the protection of the interests of careless individuals, not only in Courts, but also through a global legal orientation. On the role of the Public Advocacy, the assessment of the public attorneys behavior in taking care of such procedures, the functional independence and the orientation from the federative body for the collaboration for the effectiveness of public policies is carried on / A presente dissertação trata do controle judicial das políticas públicas e do papel das demais instituições essenciais à justiça para sua efetivação. Para tanto, parte-se da abordagem da divisão das funções estatais e dos critérios para sua distinção. A seguir, analisam-se os conceitos e as características das políticas públicas. Dentre estas últimas destacam-se os programas comissivos ou omissivos do Estado, a noção de estabilidade, a possibilidade de controle judicial, o elemento teleológico e as condicionantes de existência das políticas públicas, que são a deliberação política, a atividade normativa e os atos de execução com conhecimento técnico. Após, examina-se o controle judicial das políticas públicas, inicialmente pelos fundamentos que autorizam o controle judicial sobre os atos dos demais Poderes, até o fundamento constitucional para o controle das políticas públicas. É realizado o estudo do procedimento de ponderação proposto por Robert Alexy, bem como a análise de alguns princípios constitucionais como norteadores das decisões judiciais. Após, passa-se ao estudo dos argumentos favoráveis e contrários à intervenção judicial nas políticas públicas e da necessária compatibilização dos argumentos, dentre eles a máxima efetividade das normas constitucionais, o mínimo existencial, a teoria da felicidade, a teoria da vedação do retrocesso, a reserva do possível e as questões orçamentárias. Em termos de instrumentos para a efetividade das políticas públicas, abordam-se o controle da constitucionalidade, da omissão legislativa e o controle dos atos administrativos. A compreensão das tutelas de remoção de ilícito para a efetividade das políticas públicas é feita mediante a análise das medidas judiciais de coerção, dentre elas a condenação em obrigação de fazer, a aplicação de multa diária, a intervenção federal ou estadual e a responsabilização do agente público. Examinam-se os métodos alternativos de solução de conflitos. Por fim, aborda-se o papel das demais funções essenciais à justiça para a efetivação das políticas públicas. É feita a análise da atividade do Ministério Público como controlador da implementação do orçamento, bem como dos instrumentos colocados à sua disposição, dentre eles a ação civil pública, o inquérito civil, o termo de ajustamento de conduta e a recomendação ministerial. O papel da Defensoria Pública passa pela necessária estruturação da carreira em todos os Estados da federação, bem como pela defesa dos interesses das pessoas carentes, não apenas no âmbito judicial, mas por meio de uma orientação jurídica global. Sobre a atuação da Advocacia Pública traz-se a verificação da postura dos advogados públicos na condução dos processos, a independência funcional e a forma de orientação do ente federativo para colaboração com a efetivação das políticas públicas

The Kwelth Tahlkie Culture and Heritage Board (KTC&HB) of the Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon (CTGR) have made it a priority to revitalize one of the languages which historically has been associated with being a Grand Ronde Indian-Chinook Jargon, referred to as činuk wawa 'Chinook talk' or simply činuk. The purpose of the present study was to observe the language planning process as executed by the KTC&HB. Initial guiding questions were: (i) What stages is the KTC&HB going through in the process of planning for činuk revitalization? (ii) How do these efforts compare with theory and actual practice in other settings? (iii) How will the KTC&HB achieve their goals, and how successful will they be? The researcher participated in the language planning process, functioning as a linguistic consultant. From January through May 1998, over 150 hours were spent on location in Grand Ronde, working primarily with the Tribe's language specialist to develop materials on činok. The language planning efforts have resulted in the production of a variety of language materials, which are, at this point, still in draft form. They include an orthography-developed to increase readability and learnability of the language, a grammar—including both syntactic and phonological descriptions, and a dictionary—based on a wide variety of sources on činuk. Participant observation reveals that there is support for the language planning efforts in GR at a number of levels: the Tribal Council, the KTC&HB, and the činuk lu?lu,, a group often to fifteen tribal members committed to learning the language. This group will assist the language specialist in future language planning decisions. The success of the early stages of language planning in this case can be attributed, at least in part, to the Native locus of control, which has been established. Clearly defined and articulated relationships with outside linguists will also contribute to the success of this case. The cinok lu?lu is off to a good start, as well, with highly motivated community members striving to learn the language quickly.

搜尋理論是訊息經濟學中很重要的一部份，搜尋行為有助於決策約滿意度。本文研究的重點主要在於商品市場上的消費者價格搜尋、消費決策及其與政府課稅之間的關係。 在消費者採用連續搜尋，而且假設搜尋不可回溯，搜尋次數有限，價格分配已知時，搜尋決策其有保留價格的性質。以「向後求解」的方法，消費者可以得到各期之保留價格。保留價格是稟賦所得、搜尋成本、其他財貨價格、效用函數及價格分配型態的函數。假設其他條件不變，若稟賦所得減少，搜尋成本增加，則保留價格上升；隨著已搜尋約次數增加，保留價格跟著上升，亦即消費者在搜尋過程中會愈來愈願意接受較高的價格。 消費者從事搜尋行為時的保留價格和搜尋成本會對消費決策產生影響。保留價格不但決定停止搜尋的時機，也會影饗真正從事購買的價格；可以用來消費的淨所得因搜尋次數的多寡而增減，所以等於也受到保留價格的影響。外生變數變動會改變保留價格，進而間接影饗預期需求，包括改變可接受價格之範圍和停止搜尋機率；然而，同時也會直接影響需求函數，總合上述兩者才能決定對預期需求的影響為何，結果通常使預期需求增減不易判別。預期搜尋次數與保留價格成反向關係。 政府對需要搜尋的財貨課從量稅，使價格分配向右平移，保留價格會隨之上升，但上升的幅度不會剛好等於稅率。稅率愈高，保留價格上升幅度愈大。平均而言，消費者因為租稅轉嫁必須支付較高的價格，所以會減少需求，此為課稅的直接影響；再加上提高保留價格而封預期需求產生間接影響，結果需求增減不易確定。在政府追求社會福利極大且受限於固定稅收之下，得到價格訊息不完全的最適租稅法則，比價格確定時多出了社會搜尋效果，包括課稅對願接受價格上下限和停止搜尋機率的影響，主要是透過課稅改變保留價格來達成。 假若效用函數為 Cobb-Douglas 的型態，價格呈一致分配，則由模擬方析結果發現，課稅後需搜尋財貨預期需求量減少，不需搜尋財貨預期需求量增加，預期效用降低且搜尋次數減少。

This research was designed to provide an understanding of physical wind mechanisms within the complex terrain of the Great Valley of Eastern Tennessee to assess the impacts of regional air flow with regard to synoptic and mesoscale weather changes, wind direction shifts, and air quality. Meteorological data from 2008–2009 were analyzed from 13 meteorological sites along with associated upper level data. Up to 15 ancillary sites were used for reference. Two-step complete linkage and K-means cluster analyses, synoptic weather studies, and ambient meteorological comparisons were performed to generate hourly wind classifications. These wind regimes revealed seasonal variations of underlying physical wind mechanisms (forced channeled, vertically coupled, pressure-driven, and thermally-driven winds). Synoptic and ambient meteorological analysis (mixing depth, pressure gradient, pressure gradient ratio, atmospheric and surface stability) suggested up to 93% accuracy for the clustered results. Probabilistic prediction schemes of wind flow and wind class change were developed through characterization of flow change data and wind class succession. Data analysis revealed that wind flow in the Great Valley was dominated by forced channeled winds (45–67%) and vertically coupled flow (22–38%). Down-valley pressure-driven and thermally-driven winds also played significant roles (0–17% and 2–20%, respectively), usually accompanied by convergent wind patterns (15–20%) and large wind direction shifts, especially in the Central/Upper Great Valley. The behavior of most wind regimes was associated with detectable pressure differences between the Lower and Upper Great Valley. Mixing depth and synoptic pressure gradients were significant contributors to wind pattern behavior. Up to 15 wind classes and 10 sub-classes were identified in the Central Great Valley with 67 joined classes for the Great Valley at-large. Two-thirds of Great Valley at-large flow was defined by 12 classes. Winds flowed on-axis only 40% of the time. The Great Smoky Mountains helped create down-valley pressure-driven winds, downslope mountain breezes, and divergent air flow. The Cumberland Mountains and Plateau were associated with wind speed reductions in the Central Great Valley, Emory Gap Flow, weak thermally-driven winds, and northwesterly down sloping. Ridge-and-valley terrain enhanced wind direction reversals, pressure-driven winds, as well as locally and regionally produced thermally-driven flow.