This thesis focuses on comparing two Czech translations of Klaus Mann's novel Mephisto. The first translation was issued in 1937, the second translation in 1962 and later re-issued in 1984, 1986, 2000, 2004 a 2008. After an introduction summarizing the author's life and the novel's troubled fate after World War II, the focus shifts to the selected Czech translation and their background. The attention is paid to their respective translators and first publishing houses. Subsequently, the translations are subjected to a descriptive analysis. Inspired by Katharina Reiß, we include both extra- and intra-linguistic phenomena, also using categories first introduced by Czechoslovak translation scholars Jiří Levý and Anton Popovič. The approaches of both Mephisto translators are not only compared, but also contextualized within the translation methods framework and its development in Czechoslovakia, especially the so-called Otokar Fischer's school. After presenting a selection of translation scholars' views on ageing translations, we debate if the analyzed translations are obsolete or not. Lastly, we take into account possible other (extra-linguistic/pragmatic) reasons for the publishing disproportion between the selected translations. Key words: Klaus Mann, Mephisto, comparing translations, translation...

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Bien qu’elle ne constitue en rien une pratique marginale, la révision, en tant que relecture et modification d’une traduction existante dans le but d’une nouvelle édition, a suscité jusqu’à maintenant très peu d’intérêt en traductologie. La retraduction, activité avec laquelle elle entretient de nombreux liens, a quant à elle souvent été abordée comme le résultat de simples schémas monocausaux, fondés sur la défaillance ou sur l’évolution des normes. Le présent mémoire, à partir de l’analyse comparative de la trilogie Mémoire du feu (publiée pour la première fois chez Plon en 1985 et 1988) — traduction française de Memoria del fuego, d’Eduardo Galeano (1982, 1984 et 1986) — et de sa révision (publiée chez Lux en 2013), démontre plutôt la multiplicité des facteurs sous-tendant le processus de révision et la nécessité d’étudier leurs interactions. Notre étude de cas, alliant une analyse textuelle, une étude contextuelle et un travail de terrain, révèle l’influence significative des pratiques, des positions idéologiques et des conceptions des agents tant sur l’entreprise d’une révision que sur son déroulement. / Revision, conceived here as the rereading and modification of an existing translation prior to a new edition, although it does not constitute in any way a marginal practice, have received very little interest from translation studies scholars. Retranslation, with which it shares many characteristics, has generally been conceived as the mere result of monocausal models, either based on ‘ʻdéfaillanceʼʼ or the evolution of norms. This master’s thesis, based on a comparative analysis of the trilogy Mémoire du feu (first published by Plon in 1985 and 1988) — French translation of Memoria del fuego, written by Eduardo Galeano (1982, 1984 and 1986) — and its revised edition (published by Lux in 2013), reveals the multiplicity of factors shaping the revision’s process and the relevance of studying their interactions. Our case study, combining textual and contextual analysis as well as field work, demonstrates the significant influence of agent’s practices, ideological stances and conceptions on the undertaking and realisation of a revised edition.

“The Happy Prince” es un cuento de Oscar Wilde que forma parte de la colección The Happy Prince and Other Tales de 1888. La obra cuenta con dos personajes masculinos, el príncipe feliz (happy prince) y la golondrina (swallow), quienes desarrollan un amor intermasculino entre ellos. Sin embargo, en las retraducciones, existen cambios en relación con la construcción de género de la golondrina. Por ello, la presente investigación se centra en analizar los cambios en la representación del vínculo homoerótico de manera contrastiva en las retraducciones de “The Happy Prince” con un enfoque queer. Mediante un corpus comparable bilingüe que contiene 27 versiones entre 1945 y 2020 se realizará un análisis textual contrastivo para analizar los textos retraducidos al español y la versión fuente en inglés de la obra. De esta manera, se identificará los elementos del texto fuente propios del esteticismo de Wilde que aporten en la construcción de la relación homoerótica entre estos personajes y describir las relaciones contrastivas de las retraducciones, intragrupales e intergrupales del corpus en español. / "The Happy Prince" is a story by Oscar Wilde that is part of the collection The Happy Prince and Other Tales (1888). The work features two male characters, the happy prince and the swallow, who develop an intermale love. Nevertheless, there are changes regarding the gender construction of the swallow in the retranslations. This study analyzes contrastively these changes in the homoerotic bond in the retranslations of “The Happy Prince” from a queer aspect. Using a comparable bilingual corpus that contains 27 versions between 1945 and 2020, this study will carry out a contrastive textual analysis to analyze the retranslations into Spanish and the English source text. Thus, we will identify the elements of Wilde’s aestheticism in the source text that contribute to the construction of the homoerotic relationship between these characters and describe the intragroup and intergroup contrastive relations of the retranslations in Spanish. / Trabajo de investigación

In 1879, eight years after the Franco-Prussian War, Jules Verne published his novel Les Cinc Cents Millions de la Bégum, confronting the philantropic Frenchman Dr. Sarrasin with the cold-blooded, arrogant and brutal German professor Schultze. In doing so, the author wanted to show the moral superiority of his country over what was then termed its “hereditary enemy”. Despite this problematic topic, Verne’s novel was translated to German for the first time in the same year; two more retranslations appeared in 1901 and 1967, respectively. One aim of this master’s thesis is to show how – in an effort to render the translation as close as possible to the original while also avoiding to offend their readers – the German speaking translators coped with the negative image of Germany (and the positive image of France). For this purpose, I use André Lefevere’s descriptive model to show under what circumstances literary works are created and translated. Another focus is put on the so-called retranslation hypothesis, established in the early nineties of the last century by French translator Antoine Berman and claiming that first translations always tend to be domesticating whereas later retranslations have a more foreignizing character. In this thesis I will put his thesis to test, looking for foreignizing and domesticating elements in all three translations. Furthermore, I try to reconstruct the reasons why the first translation of Verne’s novel was followed by two more German translations in the following ninety years.

Esta tese apresenta um panorama detalhado da história de adaptações de Dom Quixote no Brasil (1886-2013), ressaltando as dez adaptações mais publicadas nesses 127 anos: Carlos Jansen (1886); Monteiro Lobato (1936); Orígenes Lessa (1970); José Angeli (1985); Ferreira Gullar (2002); Walcyr Carrasco (2002); Leonardo Chianca (2005); Rosana Rios (2005), Ana Maria Machado (2005) e Fábio Bortolazzo Pinto (2008), abrangendo questões historiográficas e seus agentes, incluindo as biografias de adaptadores, alguns deles entrevistados. O objetivo deste estudo multidisciplinar é iniciar um exame da relação controversa entre retraduções de clássicos da literatura infantojuvenil. Faremos referência aos Estudos de Tradução, especialmente a críticos da área de Retradução (Antoine Berman, Yves Gambier, Anthony Pym, Koskinen e Paloposki entre outros), aos estudos da escola de manipulação (Lefevere) e aos Estudos de Adaptação (Milton, Hutcheon e Sanders). A análise também leva em conta as peculiaridades da tradução de literatura infantil (OSullivan, Lathey, Soriano), e estudos sobre o Quixote realizados por hispanistas como Edward Riley, Anthony Close, Erich Auerbach e Maria Augusta da Costa Vieira. Para a análise descritiva comparativa dos dez textos ficcionais, criamos uma ferramenta: Tabela Analítica Ponderada, e analisamos os elementos paratextuais segundo os estudos de Genette e Gürçalar. Essas reescrituras coexistem com outras edições, como aquelas lançadas pelas comemorações do 400o aniversário do Quixote (2005 e 2015), que deram um impulso considerável para a indústria editorial, resultando em dezenas de novas publicações sobre o famoso romance espanhol e outros livros de Cervantes, incluindo novas adaptações e reimpressões de obras em prosa, quadrinhos e cordel, e versões estrangeiras traduzidas, como pode ser visto no catálogo anexo de 325 publicações, das 74 diferentes adaptações do Quixote. / This thesis provides a detailed overview of the history of adaptations of Don Quijote in Brazil (1886-2013), focusing on the ten most published adaptations during those 127 years: Carlos Jansen (1886); Monteiro Lobato (1936); Orígenes Lessa (1970); José Angeli (1985); Ferreira Gullar (2002); Walcyr Carrasco (2002); Leonardo Chianca (2005); Rosana Rios (2005), Ana Maria Machado (2005) and Fabio Bortolazzo Pinto (2008), and covering historiographical issues and their agents, including the biographies of adapters, some of them interviewed. The aim of this multidisciplinary study is to initiate an examination of the controversial relationship between retranslations and retranslations of adults classics for children. In carrying out such an examination, reference will be made to Translation Studies, especially critics discussing Retranslation (Antoine Berman, Yves Gambier, Anthony Pym, Koskinen and Paloposki among others), the studies of the Manipulation School (Lefevere) and Adaptation Studies (Milton, Hutcheon, and Sanders). The analysis will also take into account the peculiarities of childrens literature translation (OSullivan, Lathey, and Soriano) and studies about Don Quijote, using Cervantess critics as Edward Riley, Anthony Close, Erich Auerbach and Maria Augusta da Costa Vieira. For the comparative descriptive analysis of the ten fictional texts, we create a tool: the Analytical Weighted Table, and the paratext elements\' study follows Genette and Gürçalar studies. These rewritings coexist alongside with other editions, as the celebrations of Don Quixotes 400th anniversary (2005 and 2015) gave considerable impetus to the publishing industry and resulted in dozens of new publications regarding the famous novel and other Cervantes books, including new adaptations and reprints of works in prose, comics and cordel, and translated foreign versions, as can be seen in the annexed catalogue of 325 publications of the 74 different Quixotes adaptations.

As histórias em quadrinhos japonesas, conhecidas como mangás, vêm se popularizando muito fora do Japão nas últimas décadas. Partindo de uma abordagem que, nos estudos da tradução, considera a relevância de também se estudar os contextos e fatores externos ao texto, analisamos em nossa pesquisa a tradução para expressões de tratamento japonesas presentes nos mangás Love Hina, Yu Yu Hakusho e Chobits, publicados no Brasil no início dos anos 2000, quando o mercado de histórias quadrinhos japonesas ainda estava se estabelecendo no país, e que, uma década depois, foram reeditados pela mesma editora, mas com a tradução revisada. Questionamos se a experiência acumulada com a prática regular envolvendo a publicação de mangás, a consolidação de uma cultura do mangá no Brasil e consequente formação de um público leitor mais acostumado com características e especificidades do gênero trazem reflexos que são perceptíveis na tradução, veríficáveis por meio das estratégias de tradução empregadas. / Japanese comics, known as manga, have become very popular outside Japan in the last few decades. Based on an approach that in the translation studies considers the relevance of also studying the contexts and factors external to the text, we analyzed in our research the translation for japanese treatment expressions present in Love Hina, Yu Yu Hakusho and Chobits, manga published in Brazil in the early 2000s, when the japanese comic book market was still settling in the country; a decade later these manga were reprinted by the same publisher, but with a revised translation. We question whether the regular practice involving the publication of manga, the consolidation of a manga culture in Brazil and the consequent formation of a readership more accustomed to characteristics and specificities of the genre brings reflexes that are perceptible in translations, verifiable by means of translation strategies employed.

Esta tese apresenta um panorama detalhado da história de adaptações de Dom Quixote no Brasil (1886-2013), ressaltando as dez adaptações mais publicadas nesses 127 anos: Carlos Jansen (1886); Monteiro Lobato (1936); Orígenes Lessa (1970); José Angeli (1985); Ferreira Gullar (2002); Walcyr Carrasco (2002); Leonardo Chianca (2005); Rosana Rios (2005), Ana Maria Machado (2005) e Fábio Bortolazzo Pinto (2008), abrangendo questões historiográficas e seus agentes, incluindo as biografias de adaptadores, alguns deles entrevistados. O objetivo deste estudo multidisciplinar é iniciar um exame da relação controversa entre retraduções de clássicos da literatura infantojuvenil. Faremos referência aos Estudos de Tradução, especialmente a críticos da área de Retradução (Antoine Berman, Yves Gambier, Anthony Pym, Koskinen e Paloposki entre outros), aos estudos da escola de manipulação (Lefevere) e aos Estudos de Adaptação (Milton, Hutcheon e Sanders). A análise também leva em conta as peculiaridades da tradução de literatura infantil (OSullivan, Lathey, Soriano), e estudos sobre o Quixote realizados por hispanistas como Edward Riley, Anthony Close, Erich Auerbach e Maria Augusta da Costa Vieira. Para a análise descritiva comparativa dos dez textos ficcionais, criamos uma ferramenta: Tabela Analítica Ponderada, e analisamos os elementos paratextuais segundo os estudos de Genette e Gürçalar. Essas reescrituras coexistem com outras edições, como aquelas lançadas pelas comemorações do 400o aniversário do Quixote (2005 e 2015), que deram um impulso considerável para a indústria editorial, resultando em dezenas de novas publicações sobre o famoso romance espanhol e outros livros de Cervantes, incluindo novas adaptações e reimpressões de obras em prosa, quadrinhos e cordel, e versões estrangeiras traduzidas, como pode ser visto no catálogo anexo de 325 publicações, das 74 diferentes adaptações do Quixote. / This thesis provides a detailed overview of the history of adaptations of Don Quijote in Brazil (1886-2013), focusing on the ten most published adaptations during those 127 years: Carlos Jansen (1886); Monteiro Lobato (1936); Orígenes Lessa (1970); José Angeli (1985); Ferreira Gullar (2002); Walcyr Carrasco (2002); Leonardo Chianca (2005); Rosana Rios (2005), Ana Maria Machado (2005) and Fabio Bortolazzo Pinto (2008), and covering historiographical issues and their agents, including the biographies of adapters, some of them interviewed. The aim of this multidisciplinary study is to initiate an examination of the controversial relationship between retranslations and retranslations of adults classics for children. In carrying out such an examination, reference will be made to Translation Studies, especially critics discussing Retranslation (Antoine Berman, Yves Gambier, Anthony Pym, Koskinen and Paloposki among others), the studies of the Manipulation School (Lefevere) and Adaptation Studies (Milton, Hutcheon, and Sanders). The analysis will also take into account the peculiarities of childrens literature translation (OSullivan, Lathey, and Soriano) and studies about Don Quijote, using Cervantess critics as Edward Riley, Anthony Close, Erich Auerbach and Maria Augusta da Costa Vieira. For the comparative descriptive analysis of the ten fictional texts, we create a tool: the Analytical Weighted Table, and the paratext elements\' study follows Genette and Gürçalar studies. These rewritings coexist alongside with other editions, as the celebrations of Don Quixotes 400th anniversary (2005 and 2015) gave considerable impetus to the publishing industry and resulted in dozens of new publications regarding the famous novel and other Cervantes books, including new adaptations and reprints of works in prose, comics and cordel, and translated foreign versions, as can be seen in the annexed catalogue of 325 publications of the 74 different Quixotes adaptations.

As histórias em quadrinhos japonesas, conhecidas como mangás, vêm se popularizando muito fora do Japão nas últimas décadas. Partindo de uma abordagem que, nos estudos da tradução, considera a relevância de também se estudar os contextos e fatores externos ao texto, analisamos em nossa pesquisa a tradução para expressões de tratamento japonesas presentes nos mangás Love Hina, Yu Yu Hakusho e Chobits, publicados no Brasil no início dos anos 2000, quando o mercado de histórias quadrinhos japonesas ainda estava se estabelecendo no país, e que, uma década depois, foram reeditados pela mesma editora, mas com a tradução revisada. Questionamos se a experiência acumulada com a prática regular envolvendo a publicação de mangás, a consolidação de uma cultura do mangá no Brasil e consequente formação de um público leitor mais acostumado com características e especificidades do gênero trazem reflexos que são perceptíveis na tradução, veríficáveis por meio das estratégias de tradução empregadas. / Japanese comics, known as manga, have become very popular outside Japan in the last few decades. Based on an approach that in the translation studies considers the relevance of also studying the contexts and factors external to the text, we analyzed in our research the translation for japanese treatment expressions present in Love Hina, Yu Yu Hakusho and Chobits, manga published in Brazil in the early 2000s, when the japanese comic book market was still settling in the country; a decade later these manga were reprinted by the same publisher, but with a revised translation. We question whether the regular practice involving the publication of manga, the consolidation of a manga culture in Brazil and the consequent formation of a readership more accustomed to characteristics and specificities of the genre brings reflexes that are perceptible in translations, verifiable by means of translation strategies employed.

El presente trabajo examina las estrategias traductoras utilizadas en la traslación al español de los topónimos y los conceptos referentes al patrimonio cultural y la naturaleza, es decir, los culturemas del relato sueco El maravilloso viaje de Nils Holgersson a través de Suecia escrito por Selma Lagerlöf. Dos traducciones surgidas en diferentes contextos sociohistóricos en España son contrastadas con el objetivo de determinar de qué manera divergen. Los resultados muestran que la primera traducción en gran medida adapta los conceptos específicos para Suecia al ambiente sociohistórico y natural reconocibles para el lector español. La segunda traducción, al contrario, lleva al lector hispanohablante conceptos que le podrían resultar exóticos. Los topónimos son adoptados sin grandes modificaciones. Aun así, ninguno de los traductores se ajusta a seguir una línea coherente de traducción, el hecho que se puede explicar por la pertenencia del relato al género de la literatura juvenil cuyos objetivos son tanto educar como entretener. / The present study examines the patterns used in the translation into Spanish of some Swedish place names and cultural and natural characteristics in Selma Lagerlöf’s novel The wonderful adventures of Nils. Two translations that emerged in different socio-historical contexts in Spain are compared in order to determine how they diverge. The results show that the first translation largely adapts the Sweden-specific concepts to the notions that are recognizable by the Spanish reader. The second translation, on the contrary, offers to a greater extent culture-specific phenomena to its readers. Place names are mainly adopted without modifications. Despite this, both translators rather use a strategy mix in order to adjust the text to its juvenile audience and to preserve both the didactic and the entertaining values of the Swedish text.