<p>Under åren 1977–89 bedrev arkeologiska institutionen vid Umeå universitet en forskningsundersökning av en boplats från äldre järnålder på Genesmon i Själevad socken, norra Ångermanland. Under åren 1991–99 rekonstruerades delar av gården i Gene fornby, ett hundratal meter därifrån. Denna avhandling behandlar uppbyggnad och inredning av ett av gårdens långhus, hus II, samt den treskeppiga byggnadstypens konstruktion och funktion i en större kontext. Syftet med avhandlingen är att beskriva växelverkan mellan teori och praktik i rekonstruktion, att beskriva rekonstruktionsarbete som en föränderlig förklarings- och förståelseprocess samt att undersöka om rekonstruktion kan bidra till ökad förståelse av arkeologiska huslämningar. Efter nära 5000 års dominans i södra och mellersta Skandinavien upphör långhusen att vara det allmänna byggnadsskicket i slutet av yngre järnålder. Varför detta sker blev en viktig fråga för förståelsen av byggnadstypen.</p><p>En hermeneutisk modell används för att beskriva hur tolkningarna under rekonstruktionsarbetet kom att inverka på varandra i en serie av samverkande eller motverkande förklaringar till den arkeologiska lämningen. Utifrån arkeologiska och skriftliga källor beskrivs därefter indelning och inredning av långhuset i sju rumsfunktioner som kan benämnas bur, önd, skåle, fjös, stall, lada och eldhus. Eldens roll, hedersplatsens placering och byggnadstypens förändring i Island blev viktiga delar för att förstå byggnadens ideologiska betydelse. Genom flera experiment med uppvärmning har lösningar sökts på problem med en rökig bostadsmiljö. Erfarenheterna leder slutligen fram till ett förslag på lösning som också illustrerar hur påtagligt förebilden kom att styra tolkningsarbetet.</p><p>Rekonstruktionsarbetet ledde till resultat av olika karaktär: dels erfarenheter om konstruktion, funktion samt material - och tidsåtgång för uppförande av den specifika huslämningen hus II och dels nya generella frågor och ny kunskap som ökar förståelsen kring den treskeppiga byggnadstypen. Långsträckt form, takbärande stolpar, mitthärd och relation till kult och ideologi föreslås som karaktäristiska element för byggnadstypen över tid och rum och byggnadens relation till ideologi föreslås som en av förklaringarna till varför långhusen försvinner i samband med kristnandet. När övergången till ett nytt byggnadsskick med ramverkshus sker under vikingatidens slutskede diskuteras den politiska och kyrkliga makten som styrande till dessa genomgripande förändringar.</p> / <p>During the years of 1977-89 the Department of Archaeology at Umeå University conducted a scientific investigation of an Early Iron Age settlement at Genesmon in the parish of Själevad, northern Ångermanland. Subsequently, during the years 1991-99 parts of the farm were reconstructed at Gene Fornby, a couple of hundred meters away from the site. This thesis deals with the construction and furnishing of one of the farm’s longhouses (House II), and the wider context of the construction and function of the “three-aisled” building type. The purpose of this thesis is to describe the interaction between theory and practice in reconstruction, to describe the reconstruction process as a constantly changing process of explanation and understanding, and to investigate as to whether reconstructions can contribute to an increased understanding of archaeological house remains. At the end of the Late Iron Age, after nearly 5000 years of dominance in Southern and Central Scandinavia, the longhouse ceases to be the dominant form of construction. Understanding why this happened became an important problem in this work. </p><p>During the reconstruction work, different interpretations influenced one another in a series of positive and negative feedbacks into the explanations of the archaeological remains. A hermeneutic model is used to describe this phenomenon. From archaeological and written sources, division and furnishing of the long-houses can be described in terms of seven room functions. These can be classified as storage bur, porch önd, living room skåle, byre fjös, stable stall, barn lada and rough kitchen eldhus. In order to understand the ideological meaning of the buildings the role of the fire, the placement of the seat of honour and the change in the type of building in Iceland became important parts of this study. Numerous heating experiments have been undertaken in order to try to solve the problem of excessive smoke within the building. The experiments finally led to a possible solution that also serves to illustrate just how the model itself came to influence the process of interpretation.</p><p>The reconstruction work led to results of different character: partly data on construction, function and materials – and the time frame for the construction of House II from its archaeological remains; and partly knowledge and new theories which increase our understanding of the three-aisled building form. The elongated form, roof supporting poles, central hearth and a close association with ritual and ideology are suggested as characteristic elements for this type of construction, throughout its chronological and spatial extent. The relationship between the building and Norse ideologies is suggested as one of the explanations for the longhouse’s dissappearance with the introduction of Christianity. At the end of the Viking Age, there is a transition into a new framework based method of construction, and the political and ecclesiastical authorities are discussed as having governed these widespread changes.</p>

<p>In this paper, a navigation support approach for speech-only interaction based on auditory icons for room-based designs is presented, i.e. naturally occurring sounds that have a natural mapping to the system's underlying design metaphor. In contrast to many recent investigations that have focused on multi-modal or augmented reality systems, this paper concerns a unimodal speech and sound-only system. An auditory icon based prototype system for buildings maintenance support using a room-based metaphor was developed. The design was evaluated in a comparison with earcons and no-sound designs. The users’ subjective attitudes toward auditory icons were significantly more positive than to earcons.</p>

<p>The aim of this essay is to examine the relationship between picture and room, between wallpainting and architecture. The basis for such exploration is the mural painting in Sweden at the turn of the 20th century, and the artist in focus is Prince Eugen (1865-1947).</p><p>His works "Sommar"(1904), "Rimfrosr"(1909) & "Staden vid vattnet"(1922) and the rooms in which they are in make for an anlysis concerning how the totality of the space is experienced by the viewer.</p><p>The main issue in mentioned expeience is how the mural is perceived with regard to the other elements in the room. And here, the walls' "flatness" enhancing its decorative qualities plays in. The problem with a mural built on the principles of perspective becomes evident when a wall is seen to vanish through the painting of an illusion on it.</p>

Under åren 1977–89 bedrev arkeologiska institutionen vid Umeå universitet en forskningsundersökning av en boplats från äldre järnålder på Genesmon i Själevad socken, norra Ångermanland. Under åren 1991–99 rekonstruerades delar av gården i Gene fornby, ett hundratal meter därifrån. Denna avhandling behandlar uppbyggnad och inredning av ett av gårdens långhus, hus II, samt den treskeppiga byggnadstypens konstruktion och funktion i en större kontext. Syftet med avhandlingen är att beskriva växelverkan mellan teori och praktik i rekonstruktion, att beskriva rekonstruktionsarbete som en föränderlig förklarings- och förståelseprocess samt att undersöka om rekonstruktion kan bidra till ökad förståelse av arkeologiska huslämningar. Efter nära 5000 års dominans i södra och mellersta Skandinavien upphör långhusen att vara det allmänna byggnadsskicket i slutet av yngre järnålder. Varför detta sker blev en viktig fråga för förståelsen av byggnadstypen. En hermeneutisk modell används för att beskriva hur tolkningarna under rekonstruktionsarbetet kom att inverka på varandra i en serie av samverkande eller motverkande förklaringar till den arkeologiska lämningen. Utifrån arkeologiska och skriftliga källor beskrivs därefter indelning och inredning av långhuset i sju rumsfunktioner som kan benämnas bur, önd, skåle, fjös, stall, lada och eldhus. Eldens roll, hedersplatsens placering och byggnadstypens förändring i Island blev viktiga delar för att förstå byggnadens ideologiska betydelse. Genom flera experiment med uppvärmning har lösningar sökts på problem med en rökig bostadsmiljö. Erfarenheterna leder slutligen fram till ett förslag på lösning som också illustrerar hur påtagligt förebilden kom att styra tolkningsarbetet. Rekonstruktionsarbetet ledde till resultat av olika karaktär: dels erfarenheter om konstruktion, funktion samt material - och tidsåtgång för uppförande av den specifika huslämningen hus II och dels nya generella frågor och ny kunskap som ökar förståelsen kring den treskeppiga byggnadstypen. Långsträckt form, takbärande stolpar, mitthärd och relation till kult och ideologi föreslås som karaktäristiska element för byggnadstypen över tid och rum och byggnadens relation till ideologi föreslås som en av förklaringarna till varför långhusen försvinner i samband med kristnandet. När övergången till ett nytt byggnadsskick med ramverkshus sker under vikingatidens slutskede diskuteras den politiska och kyrkliga makten som styrande till dessa genomgripande förändringar. / During the years of 1977-89 the Department of Archaeology at Umeå University conducted a scientific investigation of an Early Iron Age settlement at Genesmon in the parish of Själevad, northern Ångermanland. Subsequently, during the years 1991-99 parts of the farm were reconstructed at Gene Fornby, a couple of hundred meters away from the site. This thesis deals with the construction and furnishing of one of the farm’s longhouses (House II), and the wider context of the construction and function of the “three-aisled” building type. The purpose of this thesis is to describe the interaction between theory and practice in reconstruction, to describe the reconstruction process as a constantly changing process of explanation and understanding, and to investigate as to whether reconstructions can contribute to an increased understanding of archaeological house remains. At the end of the Late Iron Age, after nearly 5000 years of dominance in Southern and Central Scandinavia, the longhouse ceases to be the dominant form of construction. Understanding why this happened became an important problem in this work. During the reconstruction work, different interpretations influenced one another in a series of positive and negative feedbacks into the explanations of the archaeological remains. A hermeneutic model is used to describe this phenomenon. From archaeological and written sources, division and furnishing of the long-houses can be described in terms of seven room functions. These can be classified as storage bur, porch önd, living room skåle, byre fjös, stable stall, barn lada and rough kitchen eldhus. In order to understand the ideological meaning of the buildings the role of the fire, the placement of the seat of honour and the change in the type of building in Iceland became important parts of this study. Numerous heating experiments have been undertaken in order to try to solve the problem of excessive smoke within the building. The experiments finally led to a possible solution that also serves to illustrate just how the model itself came to influence the process of interpretation. The reconstruction work led to results of different character: partly data on construction, function and materials – and the time frame for the construction of House II from its archaeological remains; and partly knowledge and new theories which increase our understanding of the three-aisled building form. The elongated form, roof supporting poles, central hearth and a close association with ritual and ideology are suggested as characteristic elements for this type of construction, throughout its chronological and spatial extent. The relationship between the building and Norse ideologies is suggested as one of the explanations for the longhouse’s dissappearance with the introduction of Christianity. At the end of the Viking Age, there is a transition into a new framework based method of construction, and the political and ecclesiastical authorities are discussed as having governed these widespread changes.

This dissertation presents a comprehensive study of the intrinsic room temperature ferromagnetism, RTFM, in technologically important thin films of ZnO, MgO, Mg@ZnO, the so-called d0–magnets that do not contain any intrinsic magnetic elements. We also present the first report on magnetism in Mn doped MgO films fabricated by dc magnetron sputtering. We have just published (April 2013 ‘on-line’) a state of the art review entitled ‘p-type ZnO Theory, growth, properties, and devices’ in the prestigious journal ‘Progress in Materials Science’, summarizing the recent advances of the studies on p-type ZnO thin films and pointing out the major challenges that remain in the field. The experimental work then focuses on the magnetic properties of band gap engineered Mg@ZnO films exploiting the fact that by substitutional doping of Mg for Zn in ZnO it is possible to tailor new materials with bandgap energy in the range 3.3 eV to 7.2 eV, thus extending the possibilities for new magnetic and optical device applications. In addition, we show that by doping Mn in MgO its magnetic properties can be enhanced to saturation values as high as 38.5 emu/cm3 in a 92 nm thick film. These studies involve extensive characterization of the high quality films in the thickness range of nanometers, using SQUID magnetometer for magnetic properties, XRD for structural analysis, Dual beam HRSEM/FIB and AFM for accurate film cross-sectioning and surface morphology, EDXS for elemental analysis, UV-VIS NIR for measuring the band gap of MgxZn(1-x)O films, Mg K-edge NEXAFS experiment in order to understand electronic structure of specific cations present in the thin films The origin of the observed room temperature feerromaganetism is attributed to cation vacancies and its consequences on the polarization about these vacancies in the oxides... ZnO films are promising materials for optoelectronic device applications, and the fabrications of high quality p-type ZnO and p–n junction are the key steps to realize these applications. However, reliable p-type doping of the material remains a major challenge because of the self-compensation from native donor defects (VO and Zni) and/or hydrogen incorporation. Considerable efforts to obtain p-type ZnO by doping different elements with various techniques have resulted in remarkable progress in the field both from theoretical and experimental point of view. In our paper, we discuss p-type ZnO materials: theory, growth, properties and devices, comprehensively. We first discuss the native defects in ZnO. Among the native defects in ZnO, VZn and Oi act as acceptors. We then present the theory of p-type doping in ZnO, and summarize the growth techniques for p-type ZnO and the properties of p-type ZnO materials. Experimentally, besides the intrinsic p-type ZnO grown at O-rich ambient, p-type ZnO (MgZnO) materials have been prepared by various techniques using Group-I, IV and V elements. We pay a special attention to the band gap of p-type ZnO by band gap engineering and room temperature ferro magnetism observed in p-type ZnO. Finally, we summarize the devices based on p-type ZnO materials. In presenting the current studies, we first focus on the sputtering process in order to produce high quality films. From a comparative study of RTFM, in MgO films deposited by sputtering from 99.999% pure metallic Mg, Vs MgO targets respectively on glass/Si substrates under identical ambience during deposition it is found that the metallic targets give the best magnetic properties (e.g: with maximum Ms values of ~13.75 emu/g vs ~ 4.2 emu/g respectively on Si substrates.(supplement 2). Furthermore, the Ms values are strongly film thickness dependent with Mg target while it is weakly so for films from MgO target. Also, the as deposited MgO films using metallic Mg target are found to be amorphous, while it is nanocrystalline when the films are sputtered off MgO targets. The overall Ms values are found to be dependent on the oxygen content in the atmosphere during deposition, increasing to 2.69 emu/g at a oxygen partial pressure of 40% of the total working gas pressure. On annealing to nanocrystallize these films in the temperature range 600 to 8000C strong XRD peaks corresponding to (200) orientation are observed, and Ms values decrease proportionately. (supplement 3). With the above information on studies for optimizing the effect of sputtering gas, film thickness, and oxygen partial pressure, PO2, comprehensive investigations on band gap engineering and magnetism in MgxZn(1-x)O co-sputtered thin films from Mg and Zn targets are then closely examined. The optical band gap calculated from absorption spectra shows that the band gaps of Mg-doped ZnO thin films increased linearly from 3.33 to 4.074 eV. Our studies indicate that both the magnetic properties and the band gap of the film can be tailored by tuning the film thickness and PO2 in the working gas. In summary, RTFM ordering in the thin films originates from cation vacancies which couple ferromagnetically and establish long range magnetic order. The ferromagnetic ordering in these materials is shown to arise from defects situated at the cation sites. Electronic structure studies of some selected films disclose that the unoccupied O 2p states exist and this unoccupied state results from cation vacancy (VMg). / <p>QC 20130524</p>

The hospital sound environment is complex. Emergency Departments (EDs), in particular, have proven to be hectic work environments populated with diverse sound sources. Medical equipment, alarms, and communication events generate noise that can interfere with staff concentration and communication. In this study, sound measurements and analyses were conducted in six hospitals total: three civilian hospitals in Atlanta, Georgia and Dublin, Ohio, as well as three Washington, DC-area hospitals in the Military Health System (MHS). The equivalent, minimum, and maximum sound pressure levels were recorded over twenty-four hours in several locations in each ED, with shorter 15-30 minute measurements performed in other areas. Acoustic descriptors, such as spectral content, level distributions, and speech intelligibility were examined. The perception of these acoustic qualities by hospital staff was also evaluated through subjective surveys. It was found that noise levels in both work areas and patient rooms were excessive. Additionally, speech intelligibility measurements and survey results show that background noise presents a significant obstacle in effective communication between staff members and patients. Compared to previous studies, this study looks at a wider range of acoustic metrics and the corresponding perceptions of staff in order to form a more precise and accurate depiction of the ED sound environment.

La r eduction (\scaling") continue des dimensions des transistors MOS- FET nous a conduits a l' ere de la nano electronique. Le transistor a ef- fet de champ multi-grilles (MultiGate FET, MuGFET) avec l'architecture \nano l canal" est consid er e comme un candidat possible pour le scaling des MOSFET jusqu' a la n de la roadmap. Parall element au scaling des CMOS classiques ou scaling suivant la loi de Moore, de nombreuses propo- sitions de nouveaux dispositifs, exploitant des ph enom enes nanom etriques, ont et e faites. Ainsi, le transistor mono electronique (SET), utilisant le ph enom ene de \blocage de Coulomb", et le transistor a atome unique (SAT), en tant que transistors de dimensions ultimes, sont les premiers disposi- tifs nano electroniques visant de nouvelles applications comme la logique a valeurs multiples ou l'informatique quantique. Bien que le SET a et e ini- tialement propos e comme un substitut au CMOS (\Au-del a du dispositif CMOS"), il est maintenant largement consid er e comme un compl ement a la technologie CMOS permettant de nouveaux circuits fonctionnels. Toutefois, la faible temp erature de fonctionnement et la fabrication incompatible avec le proc ed e CMOS ont et e des contraintes majeures pour l'int egration SET avec la technologie FET industrielle. Cette th ese r epond a ce probl eme en combinant les technologies CMOS de dimensions r eduites, SET et SAT par le biais d'un sch ema d'int egration unique a n de fabriquer des transistors \Trigate" nano l. Dans ce travail, pour la premi ere fois, un SET fonction- nant a temp erature ambiante et fabriqu es a partir de technologies CMOS SOI a l' etat de l'art (incluant high-k/grille m etallique) est d emontr e. Le fonctionnement a temp erature ambiante du SET n ecessite une le (ou canal) de dimensions inf erieures a 5 nm. Ce r esultat est obtenu grce a la r eduction du canal nano l "trigate" a environ 5 nm de largeur. Une etude plus ap- profondie des m ecanismes de transport mis en jeu dans le dispositif est r ealis ee au moyen de mesures cryog eniques de conductance. Des simula- tions NEGF tridimensionnelles sont egalement utilis ees pour optimiser la conception du SET. De plus, la coint egration sur la m^eme puce de MOS- FET FDSOI et SET est r ealis ee. Des circuits hybrides SET-FET fonction- nant a temp erature ambiante et permettant l'ampli cation du courant SET jusque dans la gamme des milliamp eres (appel e \dispositif SETMOS" dans la litt erature) sont d emontr es de m^eme que de la r esistance di erentielle n egative (NDR) et de la logique a valeurs multiples. Parall element, sur la m^eme technologie, un transistor a atome unique fonc- tionnant a temp erature cryog enique est egalement d emontr e. Ceci est obtenu par la r eduction de la longueur de canal MOSFET a environ 10 nm, si bien qu'il ne comporte plus qu'un seul atome de dopant dans le canal (dif- fus ee a partir de la source ou de drain). A basse temp erature, le trans- port d' electrons a travers l' etat d' energie de ce dopant unique est etudi e. Ces dispositifs fonctionnent egalement comme MOSFET a temp erature am- biante. Par cons equent, une nouvelle m ethode d'analyse est d evelopp ee en corr elation avec des caract eristiques a 300K et des mesures cryog eniques pour comprendre l'impact du dopant unique sur les caracteristiques du MOSFET a temp erature ambiante.

Denna rapport har skrivits i samband med ett examensarbete i integrerad produktutveckling. Rapporten genomfördes under den avslutande kursen på designingenjörsprogrammet vid högskolan i Skövde 2008 i samarbete med företaget Lundbergs Möbler AB i Tibro. Rapporten redogör för designprocessen där en lösning för att integrera företagets iläggsskivor tas fram för deras matbord. Rapporten skildrar projektets olika delar från förstudie till slutligt koncept. Projektets inledande förstudie påvisade framförallt hur konkurrenternas lösningsprinciper ser ut, hur hanteringen av dagens iläggsskiva ser ut och dess hanteringsproblem samt ergonomin kring hanteringen av iläggsskivan. Det som framkom i förstudien låg därefter som beslutsunderlag för den fortsatta produktutvecklingen. Dessa områden gav en klarhet i om projektet var genomförbart och vidare vilka fysiska begränsningar och möjligheter projektet hade inför det fortsatta produktutvecklingsarbetet. Med den nya kunskapen bakom sig inleddes idégenereringsfasen. Här användes flera olika idégenereringsmetoder för att generera en mängd nya idéer. Idéerna utvecklades sedan för att därefter resultera i tre olika koncept. Förslagen pressenterades därefter för företaget som gick igenom koncepten och beslutade vilket koncept vi skulle arbeta vidare med. Efter företagets val använde vi oss av konceptvalsmatriser i den fortsatta produktutvecklingen för att nå fram till den bästa slutprodukten. Till sist framställdes en CAD-modell av det slutgiltiga konceptet och en teknisk prototyp tillverkad utefter denna modell. Prototypen gav en uppfattning om hur väl mekaniken hos konceptet fungerade. / This report covers the result of a final thesis in Product Design Engineering, in partial fulfillment of the Product Design Engineering program held at the University of Skövde. This report describes a project that was carried out in conjunction with Lundbergs Möbler in Tibro. The objective of the report is to convey the design process of integrating a table leaf into a Lundbergs dining table. The report will also present the product as it goes through the whole design process from idea, materializing in a prototype and concluding to a final concept/product. A pre study displays an overall view of product handling and current market solutions of today's table leaves, where handling issues and ergonomics of table leaf usage is illuminated. The information from the pre study has determined the feasibility of the project and has also been utilized as a foundation for a project specification upon which further product development can commence. With the information from the pre study as a foundation, the idea generation phase could begin. Different creativity methods are used to bring forth several innovatory ideas that can be utilized in improving the product. These ideas were improved on and evaluated to result in three different concepts. These concepts were then presented to Lundbergs Möbler who went through them and decided which concept to go forward with. Conceptual matrices were then used to steer further development of the product. When the concept was developed to satisfaction a CAD-model and a physical prototype has been built from the specifications and measurements from the CAD program. The prototype demonstrated the function of the mechanism that had resulted from the project. The prototype that resulted from integrating a table leaf in a dining table gave a functional mechanism that could be taken into production.

Due to the varieties in knowledge advancements nowadays, the concepts of control room have been created in different directions. These concepts have been implemented in various fields of business to increase advantages over competitors. Meanwhile, an individual company has its own experiences and strategies, the results in the actual implementation are different to the conceptual plan. Most of them were not qualified to the actual specification and expectation. These exposures lead this research to find out and discuss about the proper criteria to improve the control centers’ performance. The viewpoints used in this study are discussed based on the perspectives of control system designers, operators, and researchers to create validity for the analysis and conclusion. The final result of this research can be used to generate realization in the necessities of improving control centers to support the operators’ performances to create competitive advantages for business sectors. In conclusion, this research aspires to be used as a guideline for the control centers design and improvement strategies to increase their performance and productivities.

No description available.