The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether development faults can be considered part of the term faulty in the Swedish Consumer Services Act and where the liability for developmental faults lies in connection with construction in general, and especially with single house construction. Developmental faults are a kind of latent defects. In legal terms developmental faults are defined as defects that have arisen despite that the work has been made in what is considered to be a professional way at the time of completion. A construction is defective if it deviates from the professional standard, or from what has been agreed. The assessment shall be made according to the circumstances at the time of the inspection of the construction. This is particularly interesting in the case of developmental faults, since the construction methods are often poorly tested, and the defects usually show up at a later time. Developmental faults in real estate seem to be a part of the buyer’s liability. The Swedish Supreme Court concluded this in their rulings Fritidshuset i Transtrand and Malmöfasaden. The Swedish Supreme Court however, reserved themselves by saying that deviations can be made from this conclusion. An example of such a deviation come from a ruling called Villorna i Lund, where the Supreme Court stated that single house buyers must, especially when the houses are new, be able to expect that the houses are generally functional and not having any special defects that make them less suited for accommodation. The question of liability regarding developmental faults in construction tend to be determined in each individual case. Special consideration is made to whether the fault is substantial and if the fault is caused by the contractor’s carelessness, which the Supreme Court concluded in their ruling Myresjöhus II. An exception is made for single house constructions, where an argument can be made that the contractor always is liable for developmental faults. Both precedent, especially Myresjöhus II, and doctrine show that contractors have a responsibility for their method of choice. Whether the method has been widely used in the industry previously has no implications on the responsibility of the contractors if the method is defective. This paper concludes that developmental faults cannot be considered part of the general term of faulty in the Swedish Consumer Services Act. However it can be considered part of the term faulty regarding single house construction. Regarding the question of liability, it can be divided in three sections. Developmental faults in real estate lies as a general rule under the buyer’s liability. The liability of developmental faults in construction is determined in each individual case with regard to whether the fault is substantial and if the fault is caused by the contractor’s carelessness. Lastly, developmental faults in connection with single house construction is part of the contractor’s liability. These liabilities are, of course, only viable provided that a complaint has been made within the specified liability period.

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The subject of this essay is passivity regarding criminal activity, more specifically the which responsibility the passive observer holds regarding an ongoing crime. The essay is handling three different viewpoints regarding this question; pure omissions, omissions regarding a legal responsibility to act and omission regarding participation in another’s criminal activity. The essay also briefly handles the question regarding whether a, general, legal responsibility to act in an emergency would help to clarify the current legal situation regarding passivity.

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This qualitative study aims to examine women's understanding and perception of the concept of honor and their handling of honor culture. The purpose of the study is also to investigate in what way honor oppression has affected women's social relationships. The study is based on Bourdieu's theories of symbolic violence and social capital, but also on the theoretical concept of intersectionality. The study uses a qualitative method where the empirical material was collected through five interviews with women aged 22 - 30 years living in Stockholm. In the interviews, the women shared their stories and narratives. The results have been summarized in three different identified themes, which are honor, vulnerability and social relations. The results show that women have experienced honor culture and oppression as controlling and limiting, hence they have chosen to start a new life without the influence of their parents. Due to this, their social lives have been limited and forced the women to break many social ties. The conclusion of this study indicates that low integration of the fathers is of importance for the problems that arise which leads to the formation of a superior and subordinate relationship between the daughters and the fathers. / Denna kvalitativa studie syftar till att undersöka kvinnors förståelse och uppfattning av begreppet heder och deras hantering av hederskultur. Studiens syfte är även att undersöka på vilket sätt hedersförtryck har påverkat kvinnornas sociala relationer. De teoretiska utgångspunkterna för studien grundar sig i Bourdieus teorier om det symboliska våldet och det sociala kapitalet. Vidare analyseras empirin även med hjälp av det teoretiska begreppet intersektionalitet.   Studien grundar sig i en kvalitativ metod där det empiriska materialet samlats in genom 5 stycken kvalitativa intervjuer med unga kvinnor i åldrarna 22 - 30 år som bor i Stockholm. I intervjuerna har kvinnorna delat med sig av sina historier och berättelser. Resultatet har sammanfattats i tre olika teman vilket är heder, utsatthet och sociala relationer. Resultatet visar att kvinnorna har upplevt hederskultur och förtryck som kontrollerande och begränsande, därav har de valt att påbörja ett nytt liv utan föräldrarnas inverkan. Deras sociala liv har på grund av detta begränsats och gjort kvinnorna tvungna till att bryta många band. Slutsatsen i denna studie visar att låg integration hos papporna har en stor betydelse för problemen som uppstår och leder till att det bildas en över- och underordnad relation mellan döttrar och fäder.

The purpose of this study is to shed light on how preschool teachers’ reason about the preschool curriculum goal (Skolverket, 2018, s.14) “to give each child the possibility to develop an understanding of […] how people, nature, society affect each other”, and how they work with this curriculum goal. To take part in the preschool teachers' descriptions, semi-structured interviews were conducted with five preschool teachers. The results showed that the concepts of people, nature and society can be described in different ways, but that the preschool teachers´ see the connection between them. Some of the preschool teachers considered it challenging to work with the curriculum goal, while others could describe more concretely how they work with the goal. In regards to the curriculum goal the preschool teachers´ described it with the concept of sustainable development. The conclusion is that the curriculum goal is considered large and difficult, but that the preschool teachers´ still work with it through various activities. / Syftet med den här studien är att belysa hur förskollärare resonerar kring förskolans läroplansmål (Skolverket, 2018, s.14) ”att ge varje barn förutsättningar att utveckla förståelse för […] hur människor, natur och samhälle påverkar varandra”, samt hur de arbetar med detta läroplansmål. För att ta del av förskollärarnas beskrivningar har semistrukturerade intervjuer genomförts med fem förskollärare. Resultatet visar att begreppen människa, natur och samhälle kan beskrivas på olika sätt men att förskollärarna ser sambandet mellan dem. Några av förskollärarna ansåg att det var utmanande att arbeta med läroplansmålet medan andra kunde beskriva mer konkret hur de arbetar med målet. Förskollärarna kopplade även ihop läroplansmålet med konceptet hållbar utveckling. Slutsatsen var att läroplansmålet anses stort och svårt men att förskollärarna ändå arbetar med det genom olika aktiviteter.

The judgments of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) in Schrems I and II have raised many questions regarding the circumstances in which personal data can be transferred legally from the EU to the US. Hence, the overarching purpose of this thesis is to examine and analyze these circumstances.  According to article 45 of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), a third country must ensure an adequate level of protection for personal data if it is to be transferred there. A first condition which must be met in order to reach that level is that the EU Commission, when making decisions about whether a third country offers an adequate level of protection, conforms to its competence according to EU law. The level of protection also has a procedural dimension. Furthermore, in order for an adequate level of protection to be reached, there must be limitations on the third country’s possibilities to conduct foreign intelligence surveillance. One problem with the CJEU’s interpretation of the level of protection in Schrems I and II is that it did not clarify under which circumstances exactly a proportionality analysis must be conducted. Another problem that the judgments have given rise to is that an adequate level of protection is very hard to reach for third countries, since it must be essentially equivalent to the level that applies within the EU. The extra-territorial application of the GDPR and the EU level of protection for personal data could also have a limiting effect on international trade.  According to article 46 of the GDPR, standard contractual clauses (SCC’s) can be used to transfer personal data to a third country when the EU Commission has not made a decision under article 45. The CJEU’s judgment in Schrems II has clarified that the determining factor when deciding whether SCC’s are lawful is whether they contain effective mechanisms that make it possible to ensure that the EU level of protection is maintained, and whether transfers of personal data using SCC’s will be stopped or forbidden if the clauses are set aside or impossible to abide by.  According to article 47 of the GDPR, binding corporate rules (BCR’s) can also be used to transfer personal data to a third country. The decision of a supervisory authority to approve BCR’s, however, does not take into account transfers to specific third countries. Anyone who transfers personal data to a third country using BCR’s must therefore decide in each individual case whether the use of the rules will provide a level of protection in the receiving country that fulfills the demands of the GDPR. The CJEU’s conclusions regarding the US level of protection for personal data indicates that a transfer there using BCR’s could be illegal.

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