The thesis explores in depth the negotiations to create the United Nations Organization through which Stalin sought to enhance the USSRs power and prestige via traditional, military-oriented means. Although the Kremlin was relatively successful at maximizing Soviet power within the structure of the UNO, its inflexibility on issues such as Poland, Latin American membership, and other issues antagonized its wartime allies, the USA and Britain. This developing fracture seriously undermined cooperation among the victorious great powers both within the new organization and more broadly. As a result, the process of founding the UNO proved to be both a significant cause and reflection of the degeneration of the wartime Grand Alliance into the Cold War. / History

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2017-04-04T16:13:56Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) TESE ALBERTO DIAS DE MORAES VERSÃO DIGITAL.pdf: 6286250 bytes, checksum: b977a3b2aa13fcc1a9b6d4dc29479131 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-04T16:13:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) TESE ALBERTO DIAS DE MORAES VERSÃO DIGITAL.pdf: 6286250 bytes, checksum: b977a3b2aa13fcc1a9b6d4dc29479131 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-24 / O objetivo desta tese é analisar as relações sociais de troca que se estabelecem entre os produtores frutícolas dos perímetros federais irrigados do polo Petrolina-Juazeiro, vale do rio São Francisco, e os agentes dos mercados de frutas frescas. Investigar o modo como essas relações, operadas a montante e a jusante da cadeia produtiva de frutas se apresentam, que contextos e estruturas sociais as influenciam e quais as mediações que requerem. O trabalho realizado permite entender como funcionam esses mercados, de alto grau de individualização e incertezas, característico do modo de produção capitalista. Para além das explicações da teoria econômica, o mercado é aqui entendido como um processo histórico de construção social. A abordagem teórico-metodológica inclui o tema dos sistemas agroalimentares globais e conceitos da economia das organizações, e tem como base contribuições da sociologia da agricultura e dos alimentos e da sociologia econômica; conceitos bourdieusianos de campo, habitus, capitais, poder, hierarquias e interesses, entre outros, são utilizados para compreender os contextos atuais, a ação das forças estruturantes dos mercados e as mediações requeridas nas relações sociais de troca comercial. A investigação empírica, por questão de economia de tempo e de recursos, se concentrou nos dois maiores e mais complexos perímetros federais do polo, o Nilo Coelho, em Petrolina (PE) e o Maniçoba, em Juazeiro (BA), cujos ocupantes foram selecionados e tomados como representativos do universo pesquisado. A metodologia, predominantemente qualitativa, integra diferentes técnicas de pesquisa, inclusive quantitativas, como a aplicação de análise de survey, que serviu para atualizar os dados relativos aos grupos de fruticultores que exploram os denominados lotes de colonos. As entrevistas semiestruturadas foram trabalhadas com o recurso da análise de conteúdo. Os resultados obtidos respondem às hipóteses da pesquisa, revelando um longo processo de construção social, globalizado e com alto grau de incerteza e riscos, a exigir a coordenação de múltiplos fatores. Como demonstrado neste estudo, as relações sociais de troca comercial estão submetidas a influências diversas, que as promovem ou as constrangem, vindas do próprio contexto e de estruturas sociais formadas ao longo de seu desenvolvimento histórico.. O estudo identificou, a partir dos relatos, valiosas oportunidades para a produção de frutas frescas, que estimulam o protagonismo de seus agentes – se bem que não acessíveis para todos -, dadas por características da natureza e da cultura, destacando-se a particularidade do clima; a existência de redes sociais eficientes no acesso aos mercados e ao conhecimento, arranjos institucionais ainda favoráveis à produção e uma disposição empresarial que parece dar sentido à vida. Isto nada obstante, foram relatadas ameaças conjunturais e estruturais à competitividade, vindas, por exemplo, da iminência de crises do abastecimento hídrico, de contingências climáticas e econômicas, dos custos crescentes e das estratégias comerciais de competidores internacionais. Para lidar com as incertezas desse contexto, os agricultores lançam mão, em suas interações de troca comercial, de relações pessoais baseadas em valores morais, em práticas que se revelam, para além dos preços, como fatores de coordenação desses mercados. / The aim of this thesis is to analyse the social relationships of trading that are established among fruit producers of irrigated federal perimeters of the pole Petrolina-Juazeiro in the San Francisco Valley and the agents of fresh fruit markets. It is investigated how these relationships operated at the input and the processing subsystems of agribusiness of the productive chain of fruits are presented, what contexts and social structures influence them and what mediations are required. The work done allows the understanding of how these markets function, of the high degree of individualization and of uncertainty, distinctive of the capitalist means of production. Beyond the theoretical-economical explanations, the market, before mentioned, is here understood as a historical process of social construction. The theorethic-methodological approach includes the theme of global agrifood systems and concepts of economy of organizations and it has as a basis contributions of sociology of agriculture and food, and of economic sociology; Bourdieu‟s own concepts of field, habitus, power, hierarchies and dispute of interests, among others, are utilized to comprehend the nowaday contexts, the action of structuring forces on the markets and the mediations needed in the social relationships of commercial trading. This empirical investigation, due to economy of time and resources, was concentrated in the two biggest and most complex federal perimeters: Nilo Coelho in Petrolina, Pernambuco and Maniçoba in Juazeiro, Bahia whose inhabitants were selected and considered as representatives of the universe studied. The methodology, predominantly qualitative, is composed of different research techniques, including quantitative ones, such as application of analyses of survey that aided in describing the group of fruit growers that exploit the so-called lots of settlers with up-dated data from the agents. The semi-structured interviews used the analysis of content method. The results obtained answered to the hypothesis of the research revealing a long process of social construction that implicates, today, on a mercantile, intensive and globalized context with a high degree of uncertitudes and risks, demanding the coordination of multiple factors. As it is shown in this study, the social relations of commercial trading are submitted to diverse influences that promote or downplay them and are originated from the own context and social structures formed during their historical development.. The study identified, from reports, valuable opportunities to the production of fresh fruit that stimulate the protagonism of their agents – but not accessible to all of them - formed by distinction of nature and of culture, highlighting weather particularities, the existence of efficient social networks to access markets and knowledge, institutional procedures still favorable to production and an entrepreneurial mentality that seems to give life a meaning. Nevertheless it all, conjunct and structural threats to competiveness were related, coming from, for instance, the imminent possibility of collapse of water supply, of climate and economic contingencies, of growing costs and of commercial strategies of international competitors. To deal with the uncertainties of this context, the farmers use, in their commercial interactions, personal relations based on moral values in practices that relent the prices as coordinate factors of these markets.

En raison de la nature cohérente du signal RADAR à synthèse d’ouverture (RSO), les images RSO polarimétriques (RSOPOL) sont affectées par le bruit de chatoiement. L’effet du chatoiement peut être sévère au point de rendre inutilisable la donnée RSOPOL. Ceci est particulièrement vrai pour les données à une vue qui souffrent d’un chatoiement très intense.Un filtrage du bruit est nécessaire pour améliorer l’estimation des paramètres polarimétriques pouvant être calculés à partir de ce type de données. Cette opération constitue une étape importante dans le traitement et l’analyse des images RSOPOL. Récemment une nouvelle approche est apparue en traitement de données visant la solution d’une multitude de problèmes dont le filtrage, la restauration d’images, la reconnaissance de la parole, la classification ou la segmentation d’images. Cette approche est l’apprentissage profond et les réseaux de neurones à convolution (RNC). Des travaux récents montrent que les RNC sont une alternative prometteuse pour le filtrages des images RSO. En effet par leur capacité d’apprendre un modèle optimal de filtrage, ils tendent à surpasser les approches classiques du filtrage sur les images RSO. L’objectif de cette présente étude est d’analyser et d’évaluer l’efficacité du filtrage par RNC sur des données RSOPOL simulées et sur des images satellitaires RSOPOL RADARSAT-2, ALOS/PalSAR et GaoFen-3 acquises sur la région urbaine de San Francisco (Californie). Des modèles inspirés de l’architecture d’un RNC utilisé notamment en Super-résolution ont été adaptés pour le filtrage de la matrice de cohérence polarimétrique. L’effet de différents paramètres structuraux de l’architecture des RNC sur le filtrage ont été analysés, parmi ceux-ci on retrouve entre autres la profondeur du réseau (le nombre de couches empilées), la largeur du réseau (le nombre de filtres par couches convolutives) et la taille des filtres de la première couche convolutive. L’apprentissage des modèles a été effectué par la rétropropagation du gradient de l’erreur en utilisant 3 ensembles de données qui simulent la polarimétrie une vue des diffuseurs selon les classes de Cloude-Pottier. Le premier ensemble ne comporte que des zones homogènes.Les deux derniers ensembles sont composés de simulations en patchwork dont l’intensité locale est simulée par des images de texture et de cibles ponctuelles ajoutées au patchwork dans le cas du dernier ensemble. Les performances des différents filtres par RNC ont été mesurées par des indicateurs comprenant l’erreur relative sur l’estimation de signatures polarimétriques et des paramètres de décomposition ainsi que des mesures de distorsion sur la récupération des détails importants et sur la conservation des cibles ponctuelles. Les résultats montrent que le filtrage par RNC des données polarimétriques est soit équivalent ou nettement supérieur aux filtres conventionnellement utilisées en polarimétrie.Les résultats des modèles les plus profonds obtiennent les meilleures performances pour tous les indicateurs sur l’ensemble des données homogènes simulées. Dans le cas des données en patchwork, les résultats pour la restauration des détails sont nettement favorables au filtrage par RNC les plus profonds.L’application du filtrage par RNC sur les images satellitaires RADARSAT-2,ALOS/PalSAR ainsi GaoFen-3 montre des résultats comparables ou supérieurs aux filtres conventionnels. Les meilleurs résultats ont été obtenus par le modèle à 5 couches cachées(si on ne compte pas la couche d’entrée et de sortie), avec 8 filtres 3×3 par couche convolutive, sauf pour la couche d’entrée où la taille des filtres étaient de 9×9. Par contre,les données d’apprentissage doivent être bien ajustées à l’étendue des statistiques des images polarimétriques réelles pour obtenir de bon résultats. Ceci est surtout vrai au niveau de la modélisation des cibles ponctuelles dont la restauration semblent plus difficiles. / Due to the coherent nature of the Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) signal, polarimetric SAR(POLSAR) images are affected by speckle noise. The effect of speckle can be so severe as to render the POLSAR data unusable. This is especially true for single-look data that suffer from very intense speckle. Noise filtering is necessary to improve the estimation of polarimetric parameters that can be computed from this type of data. This is an important step in the processing and analysis of POLSAR images. Recently, a new approach has emerged in data processing aimed at solving a multi-tude of problems including filtering, image restoration, speech recognition, classification orimage segmentation. This approach is deep learning and convolutional neural networks(CONVNET). Recent works show that CONVNET are a promising alternative for filtering SAR images. Indeed, by their ability to learn an optimal filtering model only from the data, they tend to outperform classical approaches to filtering on SAR images. The objective of this study is to analyze and evaluate the effectiveness of CONVNET filtering on simulated POLSAR data and on RADARSAT-2, ALOS/PalSAR and GaoFen-3 satellite images acquired over the San Francisco urban area (California). Models inspired by the architecture of a CONVNET used in particular in super-resolution have been adapted for the filtering of the polarimetric coherency matrix. The effect of different structural parameters of theCONVNET architecture on filtering were analyzed, among which are the depth of the neural network (the number of stacked layers), the width of the neural network (the number of filters per convoluted layer) and the size of the filters of the first convolution layer. The models were learned by backpropagation of the error gradient using 3 datasets that simulate single-look polarimetry of the scatterers according to Cloude-Pottier classes. The first dataset contains only homogeneous areas. The last two datasets consist of patchwork simulations where local intensity is simulated by texture images and point target are added to the patchwork in the case of the last dataset. The performance of the different filters by CONVNET was measured by indicators including relative error on the estimation of polarimetric signatures and decomposition parameters as well as distortion measurements on the recovery of major details and on the conservation of point targets.The results show that CONVNET filtering of polarimetric data is either equivalent or significantly superior to conventional polarimetric filters. The results of the deepest models obtain the best performance for all indicators over the simulated homogeneous dataset. Inthe case of patchwork dataset, the results for detail restoration are clearly favourable to the deepest CONVNET filtering. The application of CONVNET filtering on RADARSAT-2, ALOS/PalSAR andGaoFen-3 satellite images shows results comparable or superior to conventional filters. The best results were obtained by the 5 hidden layers model (not counting the input and outputlayers), with 8 filters 3×3 per convolutional layer, except for the input layer where the filtersize was 9×9. On the other hand, the training data must be well adjusted to the statistical range of the real polarimetric images to obtain good results. This is especially true when modeling point targets that appear to be more difficult to restore.

"Mama's Boy" is a book of fiction and nonfiction by Jamie Berger. It deals with mothers and sons and feminism and pornography and poker and love and New York and San Francisco and Western Massachusetts.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Shoulder pain was constantly reported as a problematic symptom causing dysfunction and quality of life interference after neck dissection in head and neck cancer patients. Due to a lack of conceptual framework and inconsistency of instrument selection, a comparison among previous studies was almost impossible, making it difficult to understand the phenomenon. The current study applied the University of California, San Francisco School of Nursing Symptom Management Model. The purposes of the study were to (a) describe the symptom experience of shoulder pain at 1 month after neck dissection, (b) describe the relationships among symptom experience of shoulder pain, functional status, and quality of life, and (c) identify the contextual variables, concurrent symptoms, and/or adherence predicting symptom experience of shoulder pain, functional status, and/or quality of life. This was a descriptive study with a convenience sample of head and neck cancer patients. The data were collected via a medical record review, a self-administered survey, and a physical examination. The data from 29 patients were entered for descriptive statistics, Pearson correlations, and multiple regressions. At 1 month after surgery, 62% of patients reported they had shoulder pain at some point within a week. Their shoulder pain was from mild to moderate. Fifty-nine percent complained that shoulder pain bothered them about the moderated level. In the final model, symptom experience, shoulder pain, was significantly correlated with one outcome, active shoulder abduction, but not the other, total quality of life, generic quality of life, and head and neck quality of life. Active shoulder abduction was significantly correlated with three quality of life measures. Adding significant predictors of symptom experience and outcomes into the final model, there is a potential that the model would be useful to guide treatment strategies. Treatment for myofascial pain of the levator scapulae could relieve shoulder pain after neck dissection and improve head and neck quality of life. Those with level V dissection were high risk populations of developing shoulder pain. Risk factors of quality of life, which were depression, loss of sensation, and radiation would describe how an intervention could change or unchange the patient’s life.

La commedia dell'arte is a recognized, vibrant theatrical form that emerged in Italy during the Renaissance. However, while great attention has been given to the particulars of the genre (performance techniques, important troupes, leading players), there lacks a study behind the reasoning for its vast international popularity. In this thesis, I explore why this particular genre was able to cross cultural and linguistic boundaries, finding a dedicated and enthusiastic following in most European countries for over 200 years. After analyzing commedia dell'arte's original development in the Italian peninsula, examining the predominating Carnival ideology and the ability of the troupes to establish both regional and national symbols through the creation of specific stock characters, I will concentrate on the international tours and performances. By looking at the adaptive qualities of the troupes, and specifically their ability to play off of Europe's lack of national identity and Northern European's fascination with their exotic southern neighbor, I will discuss the reaction of Northern Europe with the Italian theatre, with a detailed look into the success of the troupes abroad. The popularity of the troupes will also be explored through the unique adaptation, assimilation and adoption of commedia dell'arte techniques and characters into developing national theatres of the other countries. I will conclude with a look of how commedia dell'arte has been and can continue to be effectively used in today's theatre. The examination of what drew both native and foreign audiences to the commedia dell'arte performances opens up possibilities for modern practitioners who wish to capitalize on the ability of the troupes to successfully play to a wide spectrum of people.

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À partir de la décennie 1970, on voit surgir dans la plupart des métropoles en Occident des quartiers comprenant une grande concentration de ménages gays et d’établissements commerciaux destinés à cette clientèle. Les recherches menées sur le phénomène ont négligé de se pencher sur la façon dont la trajectoire de la communauté homosexuelle locale s’articule au parcours historique, politique et urbain de la ville où le quartier est situé. Ce travail vise à combler cette lacune et à éclairer la trajectoire qui a mené la population gay à s’approprier un espace urbain. Il dresse d’abord un panorama des quartiers étant devenus le secteur homosexuel de la ville et de la vie de ses habitants dans les métropoles de San Francisco, Paris et Montréal, à partir de sources secondaires sur l’urbanisation du quartier et sur la communauté gay locale depuis 1900 jusqu’à nos jours. Ensuite, il compare leur évolution selon une périodisation comportant deux axes principaux : l’époque où les homosexuels avaient un vécu clandestin dans la ville et la période où les gays cherchaient à vivre leur sexualité dans la sphère publique. Le résultat montre une trajectoire similaire où la sortie de la clandestinité aboutisse à un quartier ouvert, gentryfié et touristique qui passe par une formation de ghetto liée au contexte économique et politique national, mais aussi au cadre urbain de la ville. En identifiant les facteurs déterminants, il était possible de concevoir l’existence de figures types de quartier gay rendant possible la vie communautaire : le quartier gay portuaire et militant, le quartier symbole d’une culture et le quartier bastion ethnique. / Since the 70's most of major western cities have witnessed the proliferation of neighbourhoods with a large concentration of gay households as well as commercial establishments for this patrons. Previous research have neglected the correlation between the trajectory of homosexual community and the historical, political and urban course of the cities in which those neighbourhoods are located. This paper aims to fill that gap by analyzing the course which lead to the gay population to appropriate urban space. Firstly, through secondary sources about urbanization going back to the 1900, this study establishes an overview of locations that turned into the gay quarters of the city and that of the life of the inhabitants of the metropolitan areas of San Francisco, Paris and Montreal. Then their evolution is compared using two distinct periods: when homosexuals had a clandestine life in the city and the period when gay sought to live their sexuality in the public sphere. The result shows a similar trajectory where the exit of the underground lead to an open district, gentrified and touristic zone which goes through the formation of a ghetto strongly tied with the economic and politic spheres as well as with the urban background of the city. By identifying this scenario as key it was possible to conceive the existence of figures types of gay area making community life as possible: the port and militant gay district, the district symbol of a culture and the neighbourhood ethnic bastion.