Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T18:40:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Magali Aparecida Camazano.pdf: 740899 bytes, checksum: a0beef09f1c292595d15bc89e031aaca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-14 / Deregulation and globalization of financial services allied with the sophisticated technology used to perform financial operations have increased the complexity of banking activities resulting in the subsequent exposure of financial corporations to operational risk. Several cases of huge losses related to operational risk have been reported in the last 10 years as the bankruptcy of the traditional Barings Bank in England. Therefore, the New Basel Capital Accord (Basel II), published by the Basel Committee in 2004, established that internationally active banks are required to allocate capital to cope with operational risk (just as required for credit and market risks). The Brazilian Central Bank, following the demands as established by the Basel II Accord has also determined that Brazilian financial corporations are required to allocate regulatory capital to face operational risk as well as implement an operational risk management framework. At the same time, losses related to operational risk occurred in different segments of the economy where American corporations as Enron and WorldCom perpetrated huge accounting frauds resulting in their subsequent bankruptcy in 2001 and 2002 respectively. These events led to the enactment of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. On account of the importance of operational risk management for the soundness of the financial market and the close relation existing between such risk and the requirements mandated by Sarbanes-Oxley, such as the enhancement of accounting internal controls and corporate governance attributes, this paper intends to study the influence as set forth by the American Act over the operational risk management within the Brazilian financial corporations that are required to comply with this Act such as Bradesco, Itaú and Unibanco. Thus, a comparison was made between the framework established by the Basel Committee for the banking operational risk management and the mandates of Sarbanes-Oxley Act. This study disclosed that both, either the Basel Committee framework as the Sarbanes-Oxley Act focus on the same purposes, that is, control and mitigate the events likely to result in operational risk. Sarbanes-Oxley enables the enhancement of both, accounting internal controls and corporate governance practices, as it will serve as an additional tool for the management of operational risk, cooperating with and supplementing the Basel Committee framework. Therefore, Sarbanes-Oxley allows the Brazilian financial corporations to lower the capital allocation for operational risk due to their decreasing exposure to related risk / A desregulamentação e a globalização dos serviços financeiros associadas à sofisticação das tecnologias financeiras têm aumentado a complexidade das atividades bancárias e a conseqüente exposição dos bancos ao risco operacional. Casos diversos de perdas catastróficas relacionadas ao risco operacional se fizeram presentes nos últimos 10 anos, a exemplo da quebra do tradicional Barings Bank, na Inglaterra. Por decorrência, o Novo Acordo de Capital da Basiléia (Basiléia II), divulgado pelo Comitê da Basiléia em 2004, introduziu a necessidade de alocação de capital para risco operacional (tal qual para os riscos de crédito e de mercado) pelos bancos internacionalmente ativos. O Banco Central do Brasil, à luz do Acordo Basiléia II, igualmente instituiu a necessidade de alocação de capital regulatório para o risco operacional por parte das instituições financeiras brasileiras, bem como a implementação de estrutura de gerenciamento do risco operacional. Paralelamente, prejuízos relacionados ao risco operacional ocorreram em outros segmentos da economia, destacando-se os escândalos contábeis e falências das empresas americanas Enron e WorldCom em 2001 e 2002, respectivamente, culminando na promulgação do Sarbanes- Oxley Act of 2002. Face à importância do gerenciamento do risco operacional para a solvência do mercado financeiro e à estreita relação existente entre tal risco e os requerimentos impostos pelo Sarbanes-Oxley, tais como o aprimoramento de controles internos contábeis e de aspectos de governança corporativa, este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar a influência das exigências da Lei americana sobre o gerenciamento do risco operacional das instituições financeiras brasileiras sujeitas à sua observância, a saber: Bradesco, Itaú e Unibanco. Para tanto foi adotado o método de procedimento comparativo, tendo sido realizado cotejo entre o marco regulatório do Comitê da Basiléia para o gerenciamento do risco operacional bancário e as exigências do Sarbanes-Oxley Act, cujo resultado revelou a existência de convergência entre ambos, pois possuem a mesma base conceitual de propósitos, qual seja, controlar os fatores de consubstanciação do risco operacional. O Sarbanes-Oxley proporciona o aperfeiçoamento dos controles internos contábeis e das práticas de governança corporativa, caracterizando-se como um instrumento adicional ao gerenciamento do risco operacional, contribuindo e complementando o marco regulatório do Comitê da Basiléia. Outrossim, o Sarbanes-Oxley propicia a redução de alocação de capital para risco operacional, pelas instituições financeiras brasileiras, haja vista seu potencial de redução à exposição ao referido risco

La divulgation d’informations sur les risques est une problématique centrale de la communication des entreprises cotées. De nombreuses dispositions réglementaires ont été mises en œuvre aux Etats-Unis et en Europe pour promouvoir la transparence sur les risques et les dispositifs de contrôle mis en place pour leur gestion. Les exigences de certification de l’efficacité de ces dispositifs conduit à la question de savoir si ou comment les entreprises non-financières françaises, ayant une double cotation aux Etats-Unis et en France, sont conformes à ces règlementations. Dans ce contexte, il est soutenu que la mise en évidence des différents niveaux de formalisation des dispositifs de contrôle des risques, à travers la communication des entreprises, permet de dégager des typologies originales de mise en conformité et de gouvernance des organisations. La démarche de recherche adoptée est basée sur l’étude de cas longitudinale qui permet de suivre les entreprises du lancement des projets de mise en conformité, à la stabilisation des processus de production de la certification des procédures de contrôle des risques. Les données recueillies (entretiens, rapports annuels) font l’objet d’une analyse de contenu à travers le COSO2. Une seconde étape est leur traitement statistique pour discriminer les réponses stratégiques dans le temps et entre entreprises. Les observations empiriques mettent en exergue différentes réponses stratégiques en fonction de deux périodes et des préoccupations économiques et stratégiques des entreprises. / Risk oriented disclosure is a central issue of listed companies communication. Many Risk-based regulations have been implemented in the US and Europe to promote transparency about risks and controls mechanisms. Under the requirements of the SOX, executives must certify the public company’s financial results (section 302) and have to issue a report on the effectiveness of the company’s internal controls over financial reporting (section 404). The increase of mandatory risk reporting leads to the question of whether or how the French non-financial companies cross-listed in the US and France are compliant with these regulations. In this context and across corporate communication, it is argued that different levels of risk control’s formalization can highlight original typology of compliance and corporate governance. This research uses a longitudinal case study in order to explore the implementation of risk control measures and the risk narrative disclosure strategies to enhance organizational legitimacy. The collected data (interviews, risk disclosures within annual reports) are subject to a content analysis through COSO2. A second step is a statistical analysis to discriminate strategic responses over the time and between companies. Empirical observations point to different strategic responses to institutional processes based on two periods as well as economic and strategic business concerns. The first phase shows that risk control process is structured in order to build the auditability of organization. While, in the second phase companies develop different strategic responses more consistent with their concerns.

Cette thèse a pour objectif principal d’apporter une contribution à la littérature concernant la structure et l’efficacité du conseil d’administration (CA). Elle s’articule autour de quatre chapitres. Le premier chapitre est une revue de la littérature, tandis que les trois autres portent sur des questions de recherche distinctes. La première étude présentée dans le deuxième chapitre de cette thèse a pour objectif d'étudier les déterminants de la taille du CA, de l'indépendance de ses membres et de la dualité des fonctions de direction et de présidence du CA. Les principaux apports de cette étude peuvent être résumés comme suit : tout d'abord, nos résultats sont fondés sur l'analyse d'un des plus grands échantillons utilisés dans ce domaine, avec à peu près 16000 observations (entreprises-années) pour près de 2300 entreprises américaines observées de 1997 à 2010. De plus, sur le plan méthodologique, une batterie de tests statistiques a été réalisée afin de vérifier la robustesse de nos résultats, notamment des tests tenant compte des biais d'hétérogénéité et de simultanéité. Enfin, cette étude est probablement la première à démontrer que le passage de la loi SOX a limité la capacité des dirigeants à influencer la composition du CA. La deuxième étude s’attache à analyser les deux principales fonctions du CA, qui sont le conseil au chef d'entreprise et le contrôle de ses activités. Ainsi, comprendre la capacité du CA à remplir ces fonctions est une question fondamentale que nous nous proposons d’approfondir. Cette étude vient enrichir la littérature émergente sur la fonction consultative du CA en fournissant de nouveaux éléments de preuves sur l'importance de cette fonction dans la création de valeur de l'entreprise. Ces résultats apportent également des éclairages sur le conflit potentiel existant entre les deux principales fonctions du CA. Enfin, cette étude s'inscrit dans le courant de pensée qui cherche à évaluer l'impact des caractéristiques des entreprises sur l'efficacité de leurs structures de gouvernance. Le principal objectif de la troisième étude présentée dans le dernier chapitre de cette thèse est de déterminer si la rémunération à base d’actions des administrateurs peut affecter les décisions futures en matière d'acquisition, et le cas échéant, comment. Les résultats de cette étude apportent un nouvel éclairage concernant la rémunération des administrateurs. Cette étude met en exergue l'importance des pratiques de rémunération incitative sous forme d’actions et d’options pour les membres du CA. Par ailleurs, bien que de nombreuses études aient été réalisées afin d'analyser la relation existante entre les mesures incitatives à destination des administrateurs et la performance de l'entreprise, notre étude est l'une des premières à explorer les mécanismes à travers lesquels ces mesures peuvent influencer la valeur de l'entreprise. / This thesis aims at providing contributions to the existing literature on the structure and effectiveness of corporate boards. It comprises three essays that address distinct research questions. The first study examines the trends and determinants of corporate board structure using a panel data sample. This study extends the existing literature on the determinants of board structure in three important ways. First, our results are based on one of the largest samples used in this area, with almost 16,000 firm-year observations for nearly 2,300 firms observed from 1997 to 2010. Second, in terms of methodology, a set of statistical tests was performed in order to check the robustness of our findings, including tests that account for heterogeneity and simultaneity. Finally, this is probably the first study to show that the enactment of SOX has reduced the ability of CEOs in influencing board composition. Specifically, while SOX does not fundamentally alter the economic determinants of board structure, our results show that the documented negative impact of well performing CEOs on board independence in the pre-SOX era is no longer significant post-SOX. In the second study, the principal objective is to investigate the effects of advisory directors' presence on the board and monitoring intensity on the board's overall effectiveness in value creation. This study makes some significant contributions to the literature. First, it complements and extends the growing literature on the board's advisory function by providing strong new evidence on the importance of this board function in value creation. Second, it also provides some evidence on the potential conflict between the two primary functions of corporate boards. Finally, this study adds to the literature that attempts to assess the impact of firm and industry characteristics on the effectiveness of specific governance structures. The last study has as main objective to examine the relation between director compensation structure and shareholder interests in the context of acquisitions. This study contributes to the literature in several ways. First, we add to the recent but burgeoning literature that deals with the determinants of director compensation. Guided by theoretical work in this area, we show that director compensation is mainly consistent with firm's needs for monitoring and advising. Second, we extend the body of research that highlights the importance of equity-based compensation by providing evidence that the use of incentive-based compensation schemes to reward directors also matters. Finally, although many studies have examined the relation between directors' incentives and firm performance, this work is one of the first to examine the channels through which directors' equity-based pay affects shareholders' value.

壽險業作為經營風險的特許行業，承擔著穩定社會、資金的聚集和供給，以及促進經濟成長等重要功能。近年來由於低利率、匯率變動及國內外經濟環境日益惡化，保險業的本業利潤逐年降低，壽險業的經營面臨重大的挑戰。 保險公司倒閉在國外並不是新鮮事，根據統計，1978～1994年，不到20年間，全球共有648家保險公司破產。導致保險公司破產的原因很多，其中美國在2000～2001年破產的公司大部份是準備金不足；日本保險公司的破產原因則多為投資損失。此外，一些無法意料的天災及人禍之理賠，例如美國911恐怖事件以及卡翠那風災，使得各國保險公司對於企業風險管理更加重視。標準普爾信用評等公司於2006年起，正式將企業風險管理（ERM）制度列入保險業的信用評等項目，更加速保險公司執行企業風險管理的速度。目前國內保險業風險管理制度之實施，則仍屬於起步階段。 保險業屬於高度競爭及高度監理之行業，因此，如何在保持領先的競爭地位及提供優質的客戶服務的同時，亦能恪遵法令、落實內部控制制度及企業風險管理制度，進而創造出屬於自身的藍海策略，以期追求穩定持續成長的獲利，實為壽險業者必須重視的議題。 本研究探討目前保險業所面臨的風險及挑戰，分析金管會對保險公司重大裁罰之種類，並描述及探討個案公司實施內部控制、沙賓法案及企業風險管理制度之狀況與歷程，以及其可能遇到的瓶頸與障礙。本研究結果對於國內保險業實施內部控制、沙賓法案及企業風險管理的過程，可提供助益。 / Life insurance industry conducts business that requires approval from its regulatory authority. The industry provides an array of functions, such as managing risks, maintaining social stability, pooling and supplying funds, etc. In recent years, life insurance industry has faced with serious challenges due to its decreasing operating profit margin caused by low interest rates, volatility of foreign exchange rates, and deteriorating economic environment around the globe. The bankruptcy among insurance companies is nothing new over the world. There were as many as 648 companies going bankrupt during 1978 to 1994. The causes of the aforementioned bankruptcy were many. For example, Japan companies became insolvent mostly due to investment losses; those in the U.S. were caused by insufficient reserves. Huge insurance claims for unpredictable natural or man-made disasters, such as 9/11 terrorist attack, hurricane Katrina, and the subprime mortgage crisis in the U.S., have attracted most companies’ attention worldwide to “enterprise risk management (ERM)”. Hence, Standard & Poor’s started in 2006 to apply the ERM analysis to its credit rating for the insurance industry, and this measure propels insurance companies into the implementation of ERM. Nonetheless, Taiwanese insurance companies are just at the inception of ERM. Insurance industry must comply with stringent regulations while confronting keen competition. An insurance company must take a lead in competition, provide quality services to its customers, abide by regulations, and implement internal controls and ERM in an integrated fashion. In doing so, an insurance company can develop its own blue ocean strategy and maintain sustainable growth and profit. This research probes into the risks and challenges faced by Taiwan insurance industry in dealing with various risks and challenges, including the serious sanctions by the Financial Supervisory Commission. We present a case study of local life insurance company with respect to its process of integrating internal control systems, compliance to Sarbanes-Oxley Act and implementation of ERM. A number of deficiencies, bottlenecks and obstacles were identified and analyzed, followed by related suggestions. Our results provide insights and helpful suggestions to the integration of internal controls, Sarbanes-Oxley compliance, and ERM for Taiwan insurance industry.

Compliance programs have grown since the early 1990s and evolved more formally into corporate institutional or enterprise-wide programs with the passage of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Formal institutional compliance programs are emerging in colleges and universities to assist in the management of the myriad of regulations and requirements placed on them by accrediting bodies, creditors, boards, donors, grantors, and federal and state regulators. An effective compliance program provides the structure for the institution and its employees to conduct operations ethically, with integrity, and in compliance with legal and regulatory requirements. The goals of this study were to identify organizational structures that assist large, public universities in effectively managing institutional compliance, the elements that shape these structures, and the benefits and limitations of those structures.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T18:40:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cesar de Alencar Leme de Almeida.pdf: 655055 bytes, checksum: f39f9ce0ebf4e900239c0acb570a56ae (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06-09 / More and more, Brazilian companies have offered their securities to the investment public at international stock exchanges, especially the New York Stock Exchange. However, financially attractive to issuers as compared to other fund-raising sources, a public offering abroad calls for compliance with other regulatory requirements. In the case of the US, the financial scandals publicized early in this decade led to changes in money market regulations, with more stringent requirements on listed companies. Among the various requirements then imposed is the strengthening of Audit Committees for improvement of Corporate Governance practices. Because Audit Committees are not legally required under the Brazilian corporate legislation, the Brazilian Securities Commission (CVM) together with authorities from other countries which do not have such commission agreed with the Securities & Exchange Commission SEC to replace Audit Committees with similar agencies; e.g., the Fiscal Council, in the case of Brazil. According to the SEC, as it is independent of the Administrative Council, the Fiscal Council might perform an Audit Committee s functions, providing that some of the latter s attributions are also taken over. Against this background, there are currently two groups of Brazilian, non-financial companies listed in the New York Stock Exchange, namely: one which voluntarily formed its Audit Committee, and one which maintained its Fiscal Council with expanded functions, now known as "Conselho Fiscal Turbinado" (Powered Fiscal Council). The study was primarily designed to identify the Brazilian companies listed at the NYSE New York Stock Exchange, and among them, those which formed their Audit Committee and those which maintained their Fiscal Council. A bibliographic survey was conducted to identify the differences between the Brazilian and the US capital markets, the attributions assigned to Audit Committees, and their compliance with the respective agencies´ Internal Regulations. Thus, it was possible to check for compliance with these attributions and the similarity of functions established by the Audit Committees and Fiscal Councils researched. The research findings prove that the attributions of these two agencies are homogeneous. Lastly, possible new academic studies on this subject are presented / Cada vez mais, empresas brasileiras têm lançado seus papéis nas bolsas de valores internacionais, em especial na Bolsa de Valores de New York. Ao mesmo tempo em que é atrativo financeiramente para as empresas o lançamento de seus papéis no exterior, comparativamente com outras fontes de recursos, algumas exigências estabelecidas pelos órgãos reguladores precisam ser atendidas. No caso norte-americano, os escândalos vividos no início desta década fizeram com que a legislação que regulamenta o funcionamento do mercado de capitais fosse alterada, introduzindo normas mais rígidas para as empresas de capital aberto. Entre as diversas exigências impostas, está o fortalecimento do Comitê de Auditoria no processo de melhoria das práticas de Governança Corporativa. O Comitê de Auditoria, por não estar previsto na legislação societária brasileira, fez com que a Comissão de Valores Mobiliários, com outros países que também não possuem esse órgão, negociasse com a Security Exchange Commission SEC, a substituição do Comitê de Auditoria por órgãos assemelhados, no caso do Brasil, o Conselho Fiscal. A SEC entendeu que, por possuir independência em relação ao Conselho de Administração, o Conselho Fiscal poderia exercer as funções do Comitê de Auditoria, desde que algumas atribuições fossem a ele incorporadas. Diante desse cenário, existem atualmente dois grupos de empresas brasileiras, não financeiras, listadas na Bolsa de Valores de New York, aquele que constituiu o Comitê de Auditoria voluntariamente e o outro grupo que manteve o Conselho Fiscal com funções ampliadas, passando a ser conhecido como Conselho Fiscal Turbinado. O estudo consistiu primeiramente em identificar quais são as empresas brasileiras listadas na NYSE New York Stock Exchange. Entre essas empresas, quais instituíram o Comitê de Auditoria e quais mantiveram o Conselho Fiscal. Foi efetuado levantamento bibliográfico com o objetivo de apresentar as diferenças entre o mercado de capitais no Brasil e nos Estados Unidos da América, além de identificar as atribuições impostas aos Comitês de Auditoria, bem como a aderência dessas atribuições aos Regimentos Internos desses dois órgãos. Foi possível verificar não só o grau de atendimento em relação a essas atribuições, mas também o nível de similaridade de funções estabelecidas pelos Comitês de Auditoria e Conselhos Fiscais pesquisados. Os resultados da pesquisa comprovam, de forma inequívoca, que não há homogeneidade nas atribuições destes dois órgãos. Finalmente apresenta-se possíveis novos estudos acadêmicos que poderiam advir deste tema

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T18:40:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Valter da Silva.pdf: 1304368 bytes, checksum: f46419e89e3e812e5ba1f02df33d5b5f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-26 / Due to major scandals occurred in the financial market, mainly in America, the credibility of companies have become decisive to the operation of the stock market and every economic system worldwide. At the time of the scandals, the fragility of internal controls as well as the improper disclosure of information related to their financial reports became appallingly apparent. That led to the establishment of regulatory measures for corporate practices in order to obtain transparency regarding information disclosed to the public. The Sarbanes-Oxley Law is among those regulations. This Law, also known in business circles as SOX Law, is aimed to offer protection to investors against possible financial and accounting frauds. It affects especially open capital corporations that trade on the American stock exchange. That was one of the reasons for the research, that is to say, the fragility of the existing laws in Brazil and in the United States. Thus, the general objective of this study is to identify and analyze if the Sarbanes-Oxley Law improves internal controls of companies when compared to the Joint Stock Association Law, to the Brazilian Civil Code (6.404/76 up to date until 11.941/09 Law and 10.406/02) and to the Directions on Corporate Management of the Federal Securities Commission (CVM Brazil). When defining the initial methodology for this study, a decision to compose a review of the literature based on bibliographical findings and published articles, electronic media, thesis and dissertations, as well as documental analysis of the Laws was made aiming to theoretically support the research. In the second part of the methodology, a study was accomplished through a research about the perception of professionals in accounting and controlling areas, as to the improvement of internal controls in relation to the SARBANES-OXLEY Law. A questionnaire was prepared and submitted to some professionals from a company belonging to a multinational group in the automotive segment established in Brazil. That group was chosen because it has stocks traded at the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), thus it has to comply with the requirements of the SOX Law and Law 6.404/76 up to date until 11.941/09 Law, as well as with other laws required in Brazil. Survey and Escala Likert were the used methods. After gathering data from the questionnaires, they were systematized and analyzed in order to get to the results. Such results presented in this dissertation were found surprisingly positive. It was found that many Brazilian open capital corporations are already getting adapted to the good practices of Corporate Management established by CVM, and they are making use of standards of conduct well above those required by the referred law. Many requirements of the SOX Law are already active in Brazil, which leads to the conclusion that there are few changes to be made in order to promote the adaptation of the Law to the Brazilian scenery / Devido aos grandes escândalos ocorridos no mercado financeiro, principalmente, no mercado americano, a credibilidade das empresas passou a ser decisiva para o funcionamento do mercado de capitais e de todo sistema econômico mundial. Descobriu-se à época dos escândalos o quão frágeis se mostraram os controles internos, bem como a má divulgação de informações relacionadas aos seus relatórios financeiros. Com isso foram necessárias providências regulamentadoras das práticas corporativas para se obter transparência nas informações disponibilizadas, sendo uma dessas regulamentações a Lei SARBANES-OXLEY. Esta Lei, também conhecida em Negócios, como Lei SOX, tem como meta oferecer proteção aos investidores de possíveis fraudes financeiras e contábeis. Atinge, especialmente, as empresas de capital aberto e que possuem ações nas bolsas de valores americanas. Esta foi uma das motivações de pesquisa, ou seja, a fragilidade das Leis, existentes no Brasil e Estados Unidos. Assim, o objetivo geral deste estudo é identificar e analisar se a Lei SARBANES-OXLEY aperfeiçoa os controles internos das companhias, quando comparada à Lei das Sociedades Anônimas, ao Código Civil Brasileiro (6.404/76 atualizada até a Lei 11.941/2009 e 10.406/02) e às instruções sobre Governança Corporativa da Comissão de Valores Mobiliários (CVM). Na definição da metodologia inicial para este estudo optou-se por compor a revisão da literatura com levantamentos bibliográficos, em artigos, em meio eletrônico, em teses e dissertações, bem como análise documental das Leis buscando embasar teoricamente a pesquisa. Na segunda parte da metodologia é realizado um Estudo com a realização de uma pesquisa sobre a percepção dos profissionais das áreas de contabilidade e controladoria, sobre o aperfeiçoamento dos controles internos à luz da Lei SARBANES-OXLEY. Para tanto houve a elaboração de um questionário aplicado aos profissionais de uma empresa pertencente a um grupo multinacional do segmento automotivo instalado no Brasil. A escolha desse grupo se deu pelo fato deste possuir ações negociadas na Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), se enquadrando, desse modo, às exigências da Lei SOX e Lei 6.404/76 atualizada até a lei 11.941/09, bem como às demais leis exigidas no Brasil. Os métodos utilizados foram o Survey e a Escala Likert. Após a coleta de dados dos questionários, estes foram sistematizados e analisados para se chegar aos resultados. Tais resultados apresentados nesta dissertação são, de certa forma, surpreendentes, porque descobriu-se que muitas empresas brasileiras de capital aberto já estão se adequando às boas práticas da Governança Corporativa determinadas pela CVM e, fazendo uso de padrões de conduta superiores aos exigidos pela referida lei. Disso decorre que muitas das exigências da Lei Sox já estão em vigor no Brasil, o que conduz à conclusão que são poucas as mudanças a serem feitas para promover a adequação da Lei ao cenário brasileiro

The purported costs of provincial autonomy in Canadian securities regulation have been well documented. Proposals for centralizing the securities regulatory regime, whether under a national regulator or through restricting the scope of provincial divergence from national standards, have consistently cited the costliness of the current regime. However, policymakers' cognitive biases lead them from time to time to overemphasize the need for decisive and swift action, which in turn causes them to abandon sound decision-making processes. Provincial autonomy ensures that policymaking with national reach is process-oriented and is more likely to be guided by facts and rational projections. Supporters of centralization discount or ignore these features of decentralization and are too sanguine about the ability of centralized regulators to adhere to process. Any further proposals for reform should properly account for these effects.

The purported costs of provincial autonomy in Canadian securities regulation have been well documented. Proposals for centralizing the securities regulatory regime, whether under a national regulator or through restricting the scope of provincial divergence from national standards, have consistently cited the costliness of the current regime. However, policymakers' cognitive biases lead them from time to time to overemphasize the need for decisive and swift action, which in turn causes them to abandon sound decision-making processes. Provincial autonomy ensures that policymaking with national reach is process-oriented and is more likely to be guided by facts and rational projections. Supporters of centralization discount or ignore these features of decentralization and are too sanguine about the ability of centralized regulators to adhere to process. Any further proposals for reform should properly account for these effects.

銀行是商業金融活動中不可或缺的一環，其經營管理的良窳直接與經濟、財政之穩定息息相關。近年來，銀行經營環境丕變，業務日趨龐雜，不論是金融界或監理機關，都已意識到作業風險管理的重要性。對於銀行業這樣一個關乎國計民生的重要產業，深入了解其作業風險應有之程序，以及其進行作業風險管理時之內控作為，應有見微知著之管理意義。 新版巴塞爾資本協定(The New Basel Capital Accord，亦稱”Basel II”)已於2004年6月底正式定案，預計2006年底開始實施，其中進階方法將在2007年底適用，Basel II的修訂範圍頗大，將對各國銀行業及金融監理機關產生重大影響，各國為因應新巴塞爾資本協定的實施也早已開始進行各項研究評估及法案研擬。我國金管會為使國內銀行資本適足性管理及風險管理能力符合國際水準，已於民國九十三年九月二十一日發函通知銀行，參照國際規範修訂我國「銀行資本適足性管理辦法」及「銀行自有資本與風險性資產計算方法說明」等規定，預定將與國際同步於民國九十五年底正式實施新巴塞爾資本協定，因此各家銀行必須及早規劃以因應新巴塞爾資本協定相關措施，並建立妥善風險管理機制，以確保法規遵循及提昇競爭力。 而美國國會為強化證券市場之監控及公司治理，亦已於2002年7月30日公布SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002(沙氏法案)，為美國自30年代推行公司治理架構以來，影響最為重大之財經改革法案。沙氏法案針對公司治理提出一系列的要求，為避免企業在資訊揭露方面造假或扭曲，特別針對內部控制的建立、維持及其有效性，要求企業管理階層必須負起責任，同時亦要求企業必須出具對有關財務報導之內部控制有效性的評估報告。 Basel II與沙氏法案有其相異之處，前者係對全世界銀行業者之規範，後者則係美國針對公開發行等級以上公司所作之規範，舉凡已屬公開發行之公司，其任何資訊揭露均足以影響投資人決策，而發行公司任何不實或虛偽資訊揭露，均可能影響資本市場，使廣大投資人權益受損。雖然Basel II著眼在銀行，沙氏法案重點在證券市場公司之治理，然則兩者均著重有系統的由內而外、由上而下的控制機制，不獨要求業者必須建立良好之控制機制，同時在各項控制機制上亦必須有書面做為佐證，而兩項規範亦均導入外控機制，在Basel II為第三支柱之市場紀律，在沙氏法案則為會計師對企業內控有效性之意見，兩者自有其神似之處。 作者任職於美商銀行從事後台管理工作多年，擬藉本論文之撰寫及探討，補強銀行業者對銀行作業風險及控制自評全貌之了解。