abstract: This thesis examines the role of the media and popular culture in defining the shape and scope of what we think of today as "science." As a source of cognitive authority the scientific establishment is virtually beyond dispute. The intellectual clout of science seemingly elevates it to a position outside the influence of the general population. Yet in reality the emergence and evolution of the public sphere, including popular culture, has had a profound impact on the definition and application of science. What science is and how it relates to the life of the ordinary person are hardly static concepts; the public perception of science has been molding its boundaries since at least the 18th century. During the Enlightenment "natural philosophy" was broadly accessible and integrated nicely with other forms of knowledge. As the years passed into the 19th century, however, science became increasingly professionalized and distinct, until the "Two Cultures" had fully developed. The established scientific institution distanced itself from the nonscientific community, leaving the task of communicating scientific knowledge to various popularizers, who typically operated through the media and often used the mantle of science to further their own social or political agendas. Such isolation from orthodox science forced the public to create an alternate form of science for popular consumption, a form consisting mainly of decontextualized facts, often used in contrast to other forms of thought (i.e. religion, art, or pseudoscience). However, with the recent advent of "Web 2.0" and the increasing prominence of convergence culture, the role of the public sphere is undergoing a dramatic revolution. Concepts such as "collective intelligence" are changing consumers of information into simultaneous producers, establishing vast peer networks of collaboration and enabling the public to bypass traditional sources of authority. This new hypermobility of information and empowerment of the public sphere are just now beginning to break down science's monolithic status. In many ways, it seems, we are entering a new Enlightenment. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.A. English 2012

The main aim of this diploma thesis is to answer the question: What information do the scientists (who are actively researching in various areas of ecology) consider as the most important for the students from different school grades? We gathered answers from 31 scientists. For graduates of elementary school the scientists consider very important and fundamental the areas which deal with introduction to ecology, resources of organism, biomes, aquatic ecosystems, other interactions and flow of energy and matter in ecosystems. For High School graduates, scientists find important the area of resources of organism, biomes and other interactions, flow of energy and matter in ecosystems. For students who passed the High School leaving exams in biology the areas they consider as most important ecological factors, introduction to ecology, resources of organisms and other interactions.

SANTOS, Vivian Matias dos. Sobre mulheres, laboratórios e fazeres científicos na Terra da Luz. 2012. 358f. – Tese (Doutorado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em Sociologia, Fortaleza (CE), 2012. / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-10-22T12:07:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012-TESE-VMSANTOS.pdf: 4295969 bytes, checksum: bd5ce2c7741ba0f103a2a440763c912f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo(marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-10-22T13:23:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2012-TESE-VMSANTOS.pdf: 4295969 bytes, checksum: bd5ce2c7741ba0f103a2a440763c912f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-10-22T13:23:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012-TESE-VMSANTOS.pdf: 4295969 bytes, checksum: bd5ce2c7741ba0f103a2a440763c912f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / The current women’s participation in scientific field is paradoxical: today, in Brazil, women are majority of admissions in higher education, however they are minority in traditionally male areas of university education; similarly, women have stay in scientific career, but has not accumulated sufficient scientific capital to take on the decision positions of the Science, Technology and Innovation Policy. Therefore, an incisive female participation at the university has no meaning the elimination of discriminatory practices in the scientific field. As a result, this research objective to analyze how gender relations are present in scientific field’s consolidation in Ceará-Brazil, taking as reference the biographical approach, interpreting trajectories of three scientist women: Irlys Barreira, a sociologist; Marlúcia Santiago, a physicist, and Regine Vieira, biologist and poet. However these women have consolidated their scientific careers, on their narratives could be perceived the permanency of gender discrimination, for example the difficulty to conciliate academic work and family, especially when they have children. Immersed in the constant disputes between family time and time for science, these women construct strategies to consolidate their careers: they shaped high-performance productivity; also in their trajectories, laboratories are strategically important because it is where they develop research, contribute to the training of students, raise resources and they articulate with researchers from other institutions in Brazil or outside it. They are women that lace science’s networks through their journeys, works, lineages, becoming recognized. The biographical approach in this study intends to contribute in the direction of breaking silence and invisibility that still involve women in sociological, anthropological, philosophical and historical studies of science. / A inserção profissional de mulheres no campo científico contemporâneo ainda é delineada por uma realidade paradoxal: por um lado, se no Brasil elas já representam a maioria das matrículas no ensino superior, por outro, ainda são quase ausentes nos nichos tradicionalmente masculinos; também, se elas já permanecem na carreira científica, ainda não conseguiram acumular capital científico a ponto de serem igualmente expressivas nas esferas decisórias da Política de Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação nacional. Deste modo, percebe-se que a participação feminina mais incisiva na universidade não tem implicado na eliminação de mecanismos discriminatórios no campo científico. Tendo em vista tal problemática, esta pesquisa objetiva analisar como as relações de gênero fazem-se presentes na consolidação do campo científico cearense, trazendo como referência a abordagem biográfica, a interpretação das trajetórias de três mulheres cientistas: Irlys Barreira, pertencente às humanidades, mais especificamente à sociologia; Marlúcia Santiago, física, atuante nas ciências supostamente “exatas”; e Regine Vieira, bióloga e poetiza, com os seus trânsitos entre o ramo de saberes biológicos e o campo literário. Embora as três tenham suas carreiras científicas consolidadas e consagradas, em suas narrativas pôde ser percebida a permanência de mecanismos discriminatórios - que ainda se fazem presentes nas trajetórias de mulheres nos mais distintos ramos profissionais - sintetizados na dificuldade em conciliar vida acadêmica e vida familiar, especialmente quando estas mulheres possuem filhos. Assim, imersas na constante disputa entre o tempo para a família e o tempo para a ciência, e dedicando um esforço diferenciado e desigual em relação ao esforço dedicado por seus pares-concorrentes homens, arquitetaram certas estratégias para consolidar suas carreiras: elas forjaram uma performance de intensa produtividade, superando, inclusive, a média nacional de publicações realizadas por homens e mulheres pesquisadores de suas respectivas áreas; também, em suas trajetórias, observa-se a importância estratégica dos laboratórios por elas coordenados, por meio dos quais desenvolvem suas pesquisas, contribuem para a formação de estudantes de graduação e pós-graduação. Ademais, é também por meio dos laboratórios que se articulam no seio da política científica captando recursos, estabelecendo parcerias, articulando-se com pesquisadores de outras instituições no país ou fora dele. São mulheres que tecem as redes da ciência por meio de suas viagens, de suas obras, de suas linhagens, fazendo-se presentes e reconhecidas. Ao biografá-las, este estudo tenta contribuir para a ruptura do silêncio e invisibilidade que tem envolvido as mulheres nos estudos sociológicos, antropológicos, filosóficos e históricos da ciência.

abstract: Without scientific expertise, society may make catastrophically poor choices when faced with problems such as climate change. However, scientists who engage society with normative questions face tension between advocacy and the social norms of science that call for objectivity and neutrality. Policy established in 2011 by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) required their communication to be objective and neutral and this research comprised a qualitative analysis of IPCC reports to consider how much of their communication is strictly factual (Objective), and value-free (Neutral), and to consider how their communication had changed from 1990 to 2013. Further research comprised a qualitative analysis of structured interviews with scientists and non-scientists who were professionally engaged in climate science communication, to consider practitioner views on advocacy. The literature and the structured interviews revealed a conflicting range of definitions for advocacy versus objectivity and neutrality. The practitioners that were interviewed struggled to separate objective and neutral science from attempts to persuade, and the IPCC reports contained a substantial amount of communication that was not strictly factual and value-free. This research found that science communication often blurred the distinction between facts and values, imbuing the subjective with the authority and credibility of science, and thereby damaging the foundation for scientific credibility. This research proposes a strict definition for factual and value-free as a means to separate science from advocacy, to better protect the credibility of science, and better prepare scientists to negotiate contentious science-based policy issues. The normative dimension of sustainability will likely entangle scientists in advocacy or the appearance of it, and this research may be generalizable to sustainability. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Sustainability 2015

Abstract The digitalization of the society, the changing structures of education and the tightening resources have hastened the development of open learning environments. The aim of this study was to develop a ubiquitous 360° learning environment (360° ULE) on histotechnology (HT) education and evaluate its effects on student satisfaction and on HT knowledge in the biomedical laboratory science degree. In addition, the purpose was to provide systematic and transparent information on the development process. The study proceeded in two phases, i.e. development and evaluation. In the development phase, the criteria for ubiquitous learning environments (ULE) and the use in higher education were defined by a scoping review. Based on the review the first version of ULE was produced in the histotechnology (HT) context. The ULE was piloted in a study where an experimental group (n = 29) studied via ULE and a control group (n = 28) via a conventional web-based learning environment (WLE). The data was collected at the end of the term by an electronic questionnaire, and it was analyzed statistically. In the evaluation phase, the effects on the student's HT knowledge of (n = 115) and on satisfaction (n = 112) were evaluated in a quasi-experimental study. The data was electronically collected in the beginning and at the end of the term and analyzed statistically. The results from scoping review showed that the ULEs were not widely used in higher education. The criteria for ULEs were defined as flexibility, context-awareness, personalization and interactivity. These criteria were emphasized in the production of the ULE, evaluated in both phases. Based on the pilot study the flexibility, context-awareness and personalized operations were perceived as positive, whereas interactivity was seen as needing further development. In the final study, the students were very satisfied with the used ULE with significant improvements in their HT knowledge. Based on the results the development process of 360° ULE was stated as effective and valid. The process was described systematically and transparently. Further development, optimization, and evaluation was recommended when implementing the 360° ULE as a part of HT curricula in the biomedical laboratory science degree. / Tiivistelmä Yhteiskunnan digitalisoituessa, koulutuksen rakenteiden muuttuessa ja resurssien tiukentuessa avointen oppimisympäristöjen kehittäminen korkeakouluopetuksen tarpeisiin on välttämätöntä. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli kehittää ubiikki oppimisympäristö (ULE) histoteknologian opetukseen ja arvioida sen vaikutuksia bioanalyytikko-opiskelijoiden tyytyväisyyteen ja tietoon histoteknologiasta. Tavoitteena oli tuottaa uutta tietoa, jota voidaan hyödyntää kehitettäessä tulevaisuuden oppimisympäristöjä ja arvioitaessa 360o -tekniikan laajempaa hyödyntämistä koulutuksen eri osa-alueilla. Tutkimus eteni kahdessa vaiheessa: oppimisympäristön kehittäminen ja sen vaikuttavuuden arviointi. Ensimmäisessä vaiheessa määritettiin ULE:n kriteerit kartoittavan kirjallisuuskatsauksen menetelmällä ja kuvattiin niiden käyttöä korkeakouluopetuksessa. Tämän perusteella kehitettiin ULE:n ensimmäinen versio, histoteknologian (HT) opetukseen, jota käytettiin pilottitutkimuksessa. Koeryhmä (n= 29) opiskeli ULE:ssa ja vertailuryhmä (n=28) perinteisessä verkko-oppimisympäristössä (WLE). Aineisto kerättiin sähköisellä kyselyllä opetuksen jälkeen ja analysoitiin tilastollisesti. Tutkimuksen toisessa vaiheessa arvioitiin ULE:n vaikuttavuutta opiskelijoiden tietoon histoteknologiasta (n=115) sekä tyytyväisyyttä (n=112) oppimisympäristön käyttöön. Aineistot kerättiin kvasikokeellisella asetelmalla bioanalyytikko-opiskelijoilta ennen ja jälkeen opetuksen. Aineistot analysoitiin tilastollisesti. Kartoittava katsaus osoitti ULE:n vähäisen käytön korkeakouluopetuksessa. Tärkeimmiksi kriteereiksi osoittautuivat joustavuus, tilannesidonnaisuus, personoidut toiminnot ja interaktiivisuus. Näitä ominaisuuksia painotettiin kehitystyössä ja arvioitiin molemmissa vaiheissa. Pilottitutkimuksen tulosten perusteella joustavuus, tilannesidonnaisuus ja personoidut toiminnot nähtiin positiivisina, kehitettävää interaktiivisuudessa, jonka perusteella ULE:a optimoitiin varsinaista tutkimusta varten. Tulosten mukaan opiskelijat olivat erittäin tyytyväisiä ULE:n käyttöön ja heidän osaamisensa vahvistui merkittävästi. Tulosten perusteella kehitysprosessi todettiin tehokkaaksi ja luotettavaksi. Prosessi kuvattiin järjestelmällisesti ja läpinäkyvästi. Tulosten perusteella suositellaan kehittämistyön ja optimoinnin jatkamista, jonka jälkeen ULE voidaan liittää osaksi bioanalytiikan HT opintoja ja opetussuunnitelmaa.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / A inserÃÃo profissional de mulheres no campo cientÃfico contemporÃneo ainda à delineada por uma realidade paradoxal: por um lado, se no Brasil elas jà representam a maioria das matrÃculas no ensino superior, por outro, ainda sÃo quase ausentes nos nichos tradicionalmente masculinos; tambÃm, se elas jà permanecem na carreira cientÃfica, ainda nÃo conseguiram acumular capital cientÃfico a ponto de serem igualmente expressivas nas esferas decisÃrias da PolÃtica de CiÃncia, Tecnologia e InovaÃÃo nacional. Deste modo, percebe-se que a participaÃÃo feminina mais incisiva na universidade nÃo tem implicado na eliminaÃÃo de mecanismos discriminatÃrios no campo cientÃfico. Tendo em vista tal problemÃtica, esta pesquisa objetiva analisar como as relaÃÃes de gÃnero fazem-se presentes na consolidaÃÃo do campo cientÃfico cearense, trazendo como referÃncia a abordagem biogrÃfica, a interpretaÃÃo das trajetÃrias de trÃs mulheres cientistas: Irlys Barreira, pertencente Ãs humanidades, mais especificamente à sociologia; MarlÃcia Santiago, fÃsica, atuante nas ciÃncias supostamente âexatasâ; e Regine Vieira, biÃloga e poetiza, com os seus trÃnsitos entre o ramo de saberes biolÃgicos e o campo literÃrio. Embora as trÃs tenham suas carreiras cientÃficas consolidadas e consagradas, em suas narrativas pÃde ser percebida a permanÃncia de mecanismos discriminatÃrios - que ainda se fazem presentes nas trajetÃrias de mulheres nos mais distintos ramos profissionais - sintetizados na dificuldade em conciliar vida acadÃmica e vida familiar, especialmente quando estas mulheres possuem filhos. Assim, imersas na constante disputa entre o tempo para a famÃlia e o tempo para a ciÃncia, e dedicando um esforÃo diferenciado e desigual em relaÃÃo ao esforÃo dedicado por seus pares-concorrentes homens, arquitetaram certas estratÃgias para consolidar suas carreiras: elas forjaram uma performance de intensa produtividade, superando, inclusive, a mÃdia nacional de publicaÃÃes realizadas por homens e mulheres pesquisadores de suas respectivas Ãreas; tambÃm, em suas trajetÃrias, observa-se a importÃncia estratÃgica dos laboratÃrios por elas coordenados, por meio dos quais desenvolvem suas pesquisas, contribuem para a formaÃÃo de estudantes de graduaÃÃo e pÃs-graduaÃÃo. Ademais, à tambÃm por meio dos laboratÃrios que se articulam no seio da polÃtica cientÃfica captando recursos, estabelecendo parcerias, articulando-se com pesquisadores de outras instituiÃÃes no paÃs ou fora dele. SÃo mulheres que tecem as redes da ciÃncia por meio de suas viagens, de suas obras, de suas linhagens, fazendo-se presentes e reconhecidas. Ao biografÃ-las, este estudo tenta contribuir para a ruptura do silÃncio e invisibilidade que tem envolvido as mulheres nos estudos sociolÃgicos, antropolÃgicos, filosÃficos e histÃricos da ciÃncia. / The current womenâs participation in scientific field is paradoxical: today, in Brazil, women are majority of admissions in higher education, however they are minority in traditionally male areas of university education; similarly, women have stay in scientific career, but has not accumulated sufficient scientific capital to take on the decision positions of the Science, Technology and Innovation Policy. Therefore, an incisive female participation at the university has no meaning the elimination of discriminatory practices in the scientific field. As a result, this research objective to analyze how gender relations are present in scientific fieldâs consolidation in CearÃ-Brazil, taking as reference the biographical approach, interpreting trajectories of three scientist women: Irlys Barreira, a sociologist; MarlÃcia Santiago, a physicist, and Regine Vieira, biologist and poet. However these women have consolidated their scientific careers, on their narratives could be perceived the permanency of gender discrimination, for example the difficulty to conciliate academic work and family, especially when they have children. Immersed in the constant disputes between family time and time for science, these women construct strategies to consolidate their careers: they shaped high-performance productivity; also in their trajectories, laboratories are strategically important because it is where they develop research, contribute to the training of students, raise resources and they articulate with researchers from other institutions in Brazil or outside it. They are women that lace scienceâs networks through their journeys, works, lineages, becoming recognized. The biographical approach in this study intends to contribute in the direction of breaking silence and invisibility that still involve women in sociological, anthropological, philosophical and historical studies of science.

Previous research has established coaches' important role in developing elite athletes (Durand, Bush, Thomson & Salmela 1996). Athlete enhancement and assisting athletes achieve “peak performance” has been a major objective for elite coaches as well as sports scientists (Williams & Kendall, 2007) Despite this common goal, research also question whether sports scientists and the research they pursue really effects coaches knowledge and constitute a foundation for today and tomorrows athletic performances (Bishop 2008).  This study examined elite coaches’ needs and use of sport science research as well as the interaction between elite coaches and sport scientists. Following interviews of ten elite coaches, content analysis revealed that sport science is both a formal and informal resource of knowledge for coaches. Development of athletes is seen as the main objective of research retrieval and personal and/or direct contact with the sport scientist is considered to be the best way to assemble. Sport science research effects coaches daily work both directly and indirectly and coaches’ educational standards seem to be the key for successful research implementation. A successful interaction consists of decreasing the physical distance, mutual responsibility for contact seeking, commonly enunciation of relevant research issues and usage of different uniting links.

Dans une interview de 2007, Michael Spence, lauréat du prix Nobel d’économie en 2001, à la question « existe-t-il un leader du logiciel de gestion de risque ? » répond : « La place est à prendre ». Nous souhaitons démontrer qu’une méthodologie de recherche d’information basée sur la déclaration de « liaisons de connaissances », « pensée » sous la forme d’hypothèse de recherche, est capable de contribuer à anticiper une crise dans le domaine pharmaceutique. Le concept est d’anticiper les possibles dangers pour la poursuite des travaux scientifiques sur la transgénèse animale, en surveillant l’environnement de cette discipline. Pour cela nous avons identifié 8 risques potentiels, et identifié les leviers des phénomènes d’influences. Lorsqu’une des hypothèses de recherche se renforce, alors une actualisation des connaissances sur une thématique est émise, un peu à la manière des signaux d’alertes précoces. Une information qualifiée en connaissances est alors proposée aux décideurs. Le challenge à relever est de travailler simultanément sur des bases de données structurées et sur des données non structurées extraites d’Internet, de sorte de proposer un enrichissement en connaissances du document, sous la forme d’une métadonnée supplémentaire, s’affranchissant de la maîtrise des langages d’indexation, et optimisant la recherche d’information en adéquation avec les besoins, les attentes, et les liaisons de connaissances du décideur explicitées dans le profil de veille. Ce profil de veille personnalisé, qui détecte qu’une hypothèse de recherche émise devient forte, intègre le phénomène d’interprétation. Par analogie, citons la méthodologie des chercheurs lors de leurs travaux de bibliographie papier : en feuilletant des revues, ils mettent instantanément en relief l’information parce que des connexions de connaissances intuitives se sont construites. Pour transposer cette opération et l’automatiser, le profil de veille concentre un ensemble de connaissances implicites et explicites, autant d’informations, support du processus d’interprétation. Ainsi, on glisse de la veille vers l’intelligence économique, un environnement dans lequel un documentaliste peut se révéler l’acteur clé de cette méthodologie / In 2007, Michael Spence, 2001 Nobel-prize-winning economist, when asked “is there a leading solution in risk management”, he answered “there is an opportunity”. Information Retrieval Methodology is becoming an indispensable tool to manage risk and provide support to an efficient decision making. This PhD work validates this thesis on an example of Research and Development of transgenic animal technologies. In particular we demonstrate the strength of this methodology in context of development of an early warning system focused on detection of 8 risks and lobbying actions designed to influence legislation and public opinion. A conventional bibliographic research based on keyword search tends to give a large corpus with number of irrelevant documents and documents often ranked inadequately in terms of importance. The end-user is thus forced to browse the suggested documents manually in search for relevant information. Intuitively he or she may identify non-obvious relations between the collected information and the subject based on his/her understanding of the field. However such documents would be discarded or low-ranked in a conventional search. Our search methodology automatises this natural interpretation and understanding process. In practice this challenge is addressed by adding extra metadata to structured databases including internet web sites. This metadata provide indexation of search results by means of an in-depth knowledge based on the facts and relations (i.e. understanding) between them as provided by the end user. Furthermore our approach avoids the need to master multiple indexation languages and overrides the Google search ranking system. Hence this methodology combines information retrieval with features of competitive intelligence build through close cooperation between the information scientists and end-users

Detta examensarbete har inspirerats av det inkonsekventa tillämpandet av olika kännetecken vid definiering av Big Data och hur det vidsträckta arbetet som expertrollen för konceptet går att förhålla till just dessa kännetecken. Studiens syfte är således att ge en klarare bild över vad den diffusa rollen Data Scientist går ut på och lyfta fram vad de grundläggande uppgifterna i rollen innebär med dessa kännetecken som riktlinjer. Information om rollen har samlats in genom semi-strukturerade intervjuer med Data Scientists i verksamheter av varierande typer och storlekar. Studiens analys ger målande beskrivningar över hur arbetet för deltagande respondenter ser ut, och fastslår hur deras arbetsuppgifter förhåller sig till olika kännetecken för Big Data. Studiens resultat skildrar hur arbetet för de olika respondenterna förhåller sig till definitionen för Big Data, och hur arbetet skiljer sig beroende på vilken typ och storlek av verksamhet som Data Scientists är verksam i. Resultatet belyser också att arbetet för Data Scientists går att gemensamt förhålla till kännetecknen Value, Visualization och Validity vilket besvarar studiens grundläggande frågeställningen. Resultatet och undersökningen i sig reflekteras över i uppsatsens diskussionsdel där upptäckter som gjorts under arbetets gång skildras, både om Big Data som koncept och om rollen Data Scientist, vilket bland annat ger förslag på vidare studier som kan leda till kategoriseringar av rollen.

The scientist-practitioner model underscores the importance of effectively translating research into practice. However, family science research can be difficult for professionals and lay people alike to understand due to the use of scientific jargon. To narrow the gap between research publication and practice, the Military REACH team produced an eight-step process to create a dictionary of terms relevant to research and the military. This dictionary aids Military REACH’s target audiences (i.e., military families, helping professionals, and military leadership and policy makers) in comprehending complex terminology and, therefore, facilitates the understanding and implementation of research. To date, over 220 terms have been included in this online dictionary. Application of the eight-step method will also be discussed to facilitate the adaptation for other online dictionaries.