Submitted by Ricardo Cedraz Duque Moliterno (ricardo.moliterno@uefs.br) on 2015-07-28T01:31:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o Bianca Final.pdf: 956007 bytes, checksum: beb73baaedae8e53837ad84aa8d164cc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-28T01:31:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o Bianca Final.pdf: 956007 bytes, checksum: beb73baaedae8e53837ad84aa8d164cc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-31 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Lamiaceae is a family of flowering plants of great importance due to its aromatic herbs with pharmaceutical properties. Endemic species from the semiarid region of Brazil, as Martianthus leucocaphalus (Mart. Ex Benth.) J. F. B. Pastore, produce essential oils of great phytochemical and economic potential, due to its proven antimicrobial and antifungal activities. This species is not yet commercially cropped, but it is already known that biotic and abiotic factors play an important role on the production of essential oils, making it difficult to to explore these compounds. In this sense, we aimed to evaluate the effect of climate in different months of the year in edaphoclimatic conditions of Feira de Santana, BA, on the growth, production and composition of essential oil from M. leucocaphalus. Experiments were performed on Horto Florestal Experimental Unit from Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana. We monthly quantified growth, by foliar area parameters, using fresh and dried leaves, branches and inflorescences. In each period we evaluated content and chemical composition of essential oilds under a combination of Gas Chromatography techniques (CG), in order to quantify constituents and Gas Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry (CG/EM) to identify these constituents. Climatic data were obtained over INMET. Obtained data were analyzed under SAS, using Spearman correlation among variables and descriptive statistics. A mean test was performed on SISVAR for comparison. Total dried mass (MST) and essential oil content (TO) were higher on months of great solar intensity and lower on months with abundant precipitation. Constituents varied considerably due to climatic factors, with major concentration of the majoritary compound on more humid months with a low solar irradiance. / A fam?lia Lamiaceae possui not?vel import?ncia devido ?s suas ervas arom?ticas com potencial farmac?utico. Esp?cies end?micas do semi?rido do Brasil, como Martianthus leucocaphalus (Mart. ex Benth.) J.F.B.Pastore produzem ?leo essencial com elevado potencial fitoqu?mico e econ?mico, com atividade antimicrobiana e antif?ngica comprovada. A esp?cie ainda n?o ? cultivada comercialmente, entretanto, sabe-se que a produ??o de ?leos essenciais sofre grande influ?ncia de fatores bi?ticos e abi?ticos, o que dificulta a explora??o desses compostos. Visando avaliar a influ?ncia clim?tica na produ??o do ?leo essencial de M. leucocephalus e, com isso, identificar a melhor ?poca de plantio e colheita da esp?cie para a produ??o de compostos bioativos, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do clima, ao longo de diferentes meses do ano, em condi??es edafoclim?ticas de Feira de Santana-BA, sobre o crescimento, produ??o e composi??o do ?leo essencial dessa esp?cie. O experimento foi realizado na Unidade Experimental Horto Florestal da Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana. Foi quantificado mensalmente o crescimento, atrav?s dos par?metros ?rea foliar, massa fresca e seca de folhas, ramos e infloresc?ncias. Em cada per?odo foi avaliado o teor e composi??o qu?mica dos ?leos essenciais atrav?s da combina??o de t?cnicas de Cromatografia Gasosa (CG), para quantifica??o dos constituintes e Cromatografia Gasosa acoplada a Espectrometria de Massas (CG/EM) para identifica??o dos mesmos. Os dados clim?ticos foram obtidos atrav?s do INMET. Os dados obtidos foram analisados atrav?s da ANAVA, realizando-se a correla??o de Spearman entre as vari?veis e teste de Scott-Knott para compara??o das m?dias. A massa seca total (MST) e o teor de ?leo essencial (TO) foram maiores nos meses com elevada intensidade solar e menor nos meses com muita precipita??o. Os constituintes variaram consideravelmente em fun??o dos fatores clim?ticos, com maior concentra??o do composto majorit?rio nos meses mais ?midos com baixa irradi?ncia solar.

La brûlure foliaire causée par Alternaria dauci est la maladie foliaire la plus dommageable pour les cultures de carottes, entravant la récolte mécanique. Seuls des cultivars partiellement résistants sont connus et commercialisés, mais leurs niveaux de résistance sont insuffisants. Les mécanismes de la résistance quantitative des plantes aux agents pathogènes sont mal caractérisés. Nous avons choisi d'étudier ces mécanismes dans l'interaction A. dauci-carotte. Auparavant, plusieurs résultats expérimentaux convergents ont montré que la résistance aux toxines fongiques entre en jeu dans cette interaction. Les tests de toxicité effectués avec des suspensions cellulaires de carotte ont révélé une corrélation entre la résistance des carottes à A.dauci et la résistance des cellules de carotte aux exsudats du champignon. Ces résultats nous ont incités à étudier les toxines impliquées dans le pouvoir pathogène d'A. dauci et afin de pouvoir étudier la réponse de la plante à celles –ci. En utilisant les profils HPLC de la phase organique d'exsudats de différentes souches de champignons, nous avons découvert une corrélation entre la production de toxines et l’agressivité de ces souches suggérant que la production de toxines joue un rôle majeur dans l’interaction A. dauci-carotte. Nous avons effectué l'extraction, la purification et la caractérisation de l'une des molécules candidates que nous avons nommé aldaulactone. Nous avons démontré sa toxicité grâce à un nouveau protocole de quantification de cellules mortes et vivantes. Un transcriptome d’A. dauci et une étude de l’expression des gènes en fonction de la production d’aldaulactone ont été utilisées pour étudier sa voie de biosynthèse. / Alternaria leaf blight, caused by the necrotrophic fungus Alternaria dauci, is the most damaging foliar disease of carrots, especially because it hampers leaf-pull harvesting. Only partially – and insufficiently – resistant cultivars exist. In general, partial resistance mechanisms are poorly understood, so we chose to study them in this interaction. Previous results obtained in the lab highlighted a correlation between plant resistance to the fungus and plant cell resistance toward fungal toxins. It was also shown using carrot cell suspensions that fungal exudates’ toxicity was only present in the organic phase. These results led us to better characterize the toxins produced by A. dauci, in order to get a deeper understanding of carrot cell resistance mechanisms toward those toxins. HPLC analysis of the exudates from different fungal strain uncovered a correlation between toxin production and the aggressiveness of the fungal strains, suggesting that toxin production is an important component of said aggressiveness. We extracted, purified and characterize one of these candidates, and named it aldaulactone. Using a new image analysis protocol, we demonstrated the toxicity of Aldaulactone on carrot cell suspensions. Transcriptomic data from Alternaria dauci were used to explore the biosynthesis pathway of Aldaulactone. Candidate Genes were selected and their level of expression compared with aldaulactone production in various A. dauci cultures.

To date, few studies have focused on the effects of genetically modified trees (GM trees) on the environment. One concern with GM trees is that they may have unanticipated effects on non-target organisms, i.e. effects on organisms that are not direct targets of the genetically modified trait. The main objective of this thesis was to study potential non-target effects from the interaction between GM trees and natural enemies, including phytopathogens and herbivorous insects. To study this I used a system consisting of GM trees featuring changes in growth-related characteristics, and naturally occurring enemies. The GM trees used were the aspen hybrids Populus tremula x tremuloides: one unmodified wild type clone T89 (control) and transgenic lines with altered expression of gibberellin (GA 20-oxidase), sucrose (SPS) or pectin (PME); and Populus tremula x alba: one unmodified wild type clone INRA 717-1-B4 (control) and lines modified to suppress the activity of the enzymes in the lignin biosynthetic pathway, i.e. CAD, COMT, CCR or CCoAOMT. The natural enemies used were the parasitic phytopathogens Melampsora pinitorqua, M. populnea and Venturia tremulae, and the herbivorous leaf-beetle Phratora vitellinae. To address this question inoculation experiments, feeding preference experiments, analyses of secondary chemistry and field inventories were performed. The results of the studies showed that the GM trees significantly affected the interaction with the natural enemies, both in the laboratory as well as in the field. For instance, both M. pinitorqua and V. tremulae showed an altered disease incidence on the GM trees of P. tremula x tremuloides compared to the unmodified wild type T89, where all tested transgenic lines exhibited altered susceptibility to the pathogens. However, there were also differences in aggressiveness to the aspens depending on pathogen population. The results from the field inventory showed that lines within all tested transgenic construct, COMT, CAD, CCoAOMT and CCR of P. tremula x alba differed significantly from the wild type INRA 717-1-B4 in susceptibility to M. populnea. In addition, the susceptibility to the rust also differed significantly between lines carrying the same transgenic constructs. Furthermore, we found that overexpression of SPS in P. tremula x tremuloides, unintentionally induced changes in plant secondary chemistry, where the GM-line SPS33A exhibited the largest deviation from the wild type T89 in contents of plant phenolics and nitrogen, and that these changes coincide with a concurrent decrease in herbivory by P. vitellinae on this line. I argue that the altered interactions are the result of physiological changes in the trees. They can originate from direct effects i.e. altered expression of the modified trait, indirect effects of the genetic modification process e.g. pleiotropy, or effects from the transformation process e.g. position effects, to which the tested natural enemies respond. The result stresses the importance of further research on the causes and mechanisms responsible for the altered interaction between GM trees and non-target organisms, as well as evaluating the potential environmental effects of cultivation of GM trees in the field. Such research will require collaboration between researchers from different disciplines, such as plant ecology and physiology, functional genomics, proteomics and metabolomics.

Pilzentwicklung und Sekundärmetabolismus werden durch Einwirkung von Umwelteinflüssen von Regulatorproteinen kontrolliert. Das VeA Protein repräsentiert die velvet-Domänen-Familie der Pilzregulatoren. VeA passt die sexuelle Entwicklung und den dazu gehörenden Sekundärmetabolismus von Aspergillus nidulans an die Lichtverhältnisse an. VeA bindet im Dunkeln an VelB und bildet schließlich den trimeren VelB-VeA-LaeA (velvet) Komplex. VeA dient als Brückenprotein für das velvet-Domänen-Protein VelB als Regulator der Entwicklung und die Methyltransferase LaeA als Regulator des Sekundärmetabolismus. VelB kann mit VosA einen zweiten licht-regulierten Komplex bilden, der die asexuelle Entwicklung reprimiert. Auch VosA gehört zur Familie der Velvet- Proteine. LaeA kontrolliert die Bildung der VelB-VosA und VelB-VeA-LaeA Komplexe während der Entwicklung. laeA Nullmutationen können nicht mehr auf Licht reagieren, was ihre Schlüsselrolle als Regulatoren der Entwicklung unterstreicht. Die Abwesenheit von LaeA führt zur Bildung von wesentlich kleineren Fruchtkörpern. Grund hierfür ist das Fehlen runder Hülle-Zellen, die den jungen Fruchtkörper ernähren und in seiner Entwicklung unterstützen. LaeA spielt damit eine dynamische Rolle während der morphologischen und biochemischen Entwicklung des Pilzes, indem die Expression, Interaktion und die Modifikation der velvet Regulatoren kontrolliert werden. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit wurde die VeA-Plattform für Protein-Protein Interaktionen weiter untersucht. VeA interagierende Proteine (Vips) identifiziert in einen „Yeast-two-hybrid“ System führten zu einem trimeren Methyltransferase-Komplex, der Signaltransduktion mit epigenetischer Kontrolle verbindet. Der neuartige Komplex enthält das Plasmamembran-assoziierte Trimer VapA-VipC-VapB. Das Dimer VipC-VapB ist über das FYVE-ähnliche Zinkfinger Protein VapA an die Plasmamembran gebunden und ermöglicht dem nuklearen VelB-VeA-LaeA Komplex die Aktivierung der Transkription der sexuellen Entwicklung. Sobald die Abkopplung vom VapA stattgefunden hat, wird VipC-VapB zum Kern transportiert. VipC-VapB interagiert physikalisch mit VeA, vermindert dessen Transport zum Kern und die Stabilität. Folglich wird der Anteil des VelB-VeA-LaeA Komplexes im Kern reduziert. Die nukleare VapB Methyltransferase vermindert die Entstehung des fakultativen Chromatins indem es die Histon 3 Lysin 9 Methylierung (H3K9 me3) vermindert. Dies begünstigt die Aktivierung der frühen Regulatorgene flbA und flbC, die dann das asexuelle Programm im Licht vorantreiben. Der VapA-VipC-VapB Methyltransferase-Weg vereinigt die Kontrolle des Kernimportes und der Stabilität von Transkriptionsfaktoren mit der Modifikation von Histonen. Erst dieses komplexe Zusammenspiel unterschiedlicher Mechanismen erlaubt eine angemessene Antwort für die Differenzierung des Pilzes.

Foi realizada uma investigação fitoquímica envolvendo diversos órgãos de plantas adultas (raízes, caules, folhas, inflorescências e sementes), plântulas (cultivadas in vivo e in vitro) e suspensões celulares de P. solmsianum. Dos órgãos estudados de plantas adultas, as raízes apresentaram a maior complexidade e diversidade química da planta, abrangendo ácidos benzóicos e benzaldeídos substituídos, esteróides, fenilpropanóides, lignanas tetraidrofurânicas e aristolactamas, enquanto que os outros órgãos acumulam principalmente fenilpropanóides e lignanas tetraidrofurânicas. As raízes de plântulas apresentaram semelhança qualitativa de metabólitos secundários quando comparadas às raízes de plantas adultas. No entanto, as partes aéreas apresentaram diferentes compostos como farnesol, fitol e α-tocoferol. Os extratos de plântulas separadas por tamanho foram comparados em relação à diversidade dos metabólitos encontrados, não sendo observada uma variação qualitativa muito significativa. Os extratos obtidos das células de suspensões celulares de P. solmsianum indicaram prevalência de ácidos graxos e esteróides, enquanto que o extrato obtido do meio de cultura apresentou como componente majoritário o ácido salicílico. / The phytochemical investigation was carried out to describe the composition in organs of adult plants (roots, steams, leaves, inflorescences and seeds), plantlets (in vivo and in vitro) and cell suspensions of Piper solmsianum. The roots of adult plants presented highest chemical diversity including benzoic acids, benzaldehydes, sterols, phenylpropanoids, tetrahydrofuran lignans and aristolactams, whereas aerial organs accumulate mainly phenylpropanoids and tetrahydrofuran lignans. The roots from plantlets presented qualitative similarity of secondary metabolites when compared to the roots of adult plants. However, the aerial parts from plantlets presented different composition including farnesol, phytol and α-tocopherol in addition to phenylpropanoids, but the plantlets at different developmental stages showed no significant qualitative variation. The extracts of cell suspensions of P. solmsianum indicated a suppressed phenylpropanoid metabolism with fatty acids and sterols in the cells and salicylic acid as major excreted compound in the culture medium.

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / A biodiversidade brasileira abrange plantas de importância medicinal que podem ser utilizadas na formulação de novos fármacos. Contudo, tem sido reduzida em velocidade alarmante, em função de diferentes ações antrópicas. A cultura de tecidos vegetais propicia a conservação e uso do germoplasma permitindo a obtenção de substâncias de importância medicinal. As leishmanioses são consideradas um problema de saúde pública mundial sendo a espécie Leishmania braziliensis de maior importância epidemiológica no Brasil. Recentemente tem-se registrado aumento da resistência à linha de tratamento usual. Do mesmo modo, o uso indiscriminado de antibióticos levou ao aumento de bactérias multirresistentes, que representam sério risco de infecção. A espécie Annona mucosa (Jacq.) possui substâncias, como acetogeninas e alcaloides, que apresentam atividades antiparasitária e antimicrobiana. Nesse sentido, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o potencial leishmanicida e antibacteriano de extratos de A. mucosa de material produzido in vitro e in vivo. Foi proposto um protocolo de germinação in vitro, ainda não reportada para a espécie, com vistas à obtenção de plântulas axênicas. Em meio WPM foram cultivados explantes hipocotiledonares e foliares em meio MS, suplementados com PIC e diferentes concentrações de KIN, BAP ou TDZ. Os calos obtidos foram cultivados em meio líquido de mesma composição para a produção de suspensões celulares. Os materiais foram submetidos à extração metanólica e posterior fracionamento em hexano e diclorometano. Para a avaliação da atividade dos extratos sobre L. braziliensis foi usado o modelo in vitro, com a forma promastigota, e in vivo na forma amastigota, a partir do tratamento de macrófagos peritoneais de camundongos infectados com o parasito. Ambas as formas foram tratadas com os extratos por 96 e 48h, respectivamente. A atividade antimicrobiana foi avaliada por macrodiluição do extrato em Mueller-Hinton, sendo avaliado o crescimento das cepas após 16h de incubação a 48C. A germinação in vitro da espécie foi alcançada em substrato vermiculita estéril umedecido com solução de sais do meio MS, com taxa média de 85%. A maior produção de calos friáveis foi obtida em meios contendo KIN, com potencial uso para cultivo em suspensões celulares. Os extratos do material in situ e in vitro apresentaram atividade leishmanicida, apesar da toxicidade para macrófagos. Culturas de células em suspensão apresentaram potencial leishmanicida in vitro e redução da infecção em macrófagos. Os extratos do material avaliado apresentaram atividade antimicrobiana seletiva, com inibição do crescimento de Streptococcus pyogenes e Bacillus thurigiensis em diferentes concentrações avaliadas. Os métodos biotecnológicos empregados permitiram a obtenção de materiais com propriedades medicinais para as atividades leishmanicida e antibacteriana, assim como o material in vivo, constituindo este estudo o primeiro relato para as atividades propostas em A. mucosa. / The Brazilian flora encompasses medicinal importance species that can be used to develop new drugs. However, plants have been reduced in alarming rate, due to various human activities. Plant tissue culture promotes the conservation and use of species allowing for the production of bioactive substances for medicinal products. Leishmaniasis is considered a worldwide health problem, where Leishmania braziliensis is the most epidemiological importance specie in Brazil. Recently it has been registered increased resistance to treatment line. Similarly, the widespread use of antibiotics has led to an increase in multidrug-resistant bacteria, which represent a serious risk of infection. Annona mucosa have substances, such as acetogenins and alkaloids that exhibit antiparasitic and antimicrobial activities. In view of the problem, the aim of this work was to evaluate the leishmanicidal and antibacterial potential of extracts of A. mucosa obtained in vitro and in vivo. We proposed a protocol of in vitro germination, not yet reported for the species, aiming to achieve axenic seedlings. Hypocotyls explants was cultivated in WPM and leaf explants on MS medium supplemented with PIC and different concentrations of KIN, BAP or TDZ. The formed callus was cultured in liquid medium of the same composition for the production of cell suspensions. The materials were subjected to methanolic extraction and subsequent fractionation in hexane and dichloromethane. The activity of extracts on L. braziliensis was evaluated in vitro in the form promastigote and in vivo in amastigote form, in infected mice macrophages. Both, were treated with the extract per 96h and 48h, respectively. The evaluation of antimicrobial activity was performed by macrodilution assay in Mueller-Hinton, analyzing the growth of the strains after 16h of incubation at 48C. The in vitro germination of A. mucosa was achieved in sterile vermiculite as substrate and has a 85% germination rate. The higher callus formation and friability was obtained in media containing KIN, that may be cultured in suspension. The extracts of the material in situ and in vitro showed leishmanicidal activity, despite the toxicity in macrophages. Cell suspension cultures showed antileishmanial potential in vitro and reduction of infection in macrophages. The evaluated extracts showed selective antimicrobial activity, with growth inhibition of Streptococcus pyogenes and Bacillus thuringiensis in different tested concentrations. It was concluded that the biotechnological techniques allowed to use plant materials regarding pharmacological properties for antileishmanial and antibacterial activities.

In dieser Arbeit wird die Eignung eines Haarwurzelsystems (HR) aus transgenen Sonnenblumen-hairy roots zur biotechnologischen Produktion von α-Tocopherol untersucht. Es wurden hairy roots mit und ohne Transgene erzeugt. Transgene HR exprimieren Tocopherolbiosynthesegene aus Arabidopsis thaliana. Die HR wurden unterschiedlichen Stressoren unterworfen, um die α-Tocopherolproduktion binnen eines Zeitraums zu überprüfen. Stressoren waren verringerte Kohlenstoffquelle, Beleuchtung und der Zusatz von Zytokininen. Die Produktionsleistung des Systems ist schlussendlich ungenügend zur kostengünstigen Produktion von α-Tocopherol.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:42:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Aline_Tiecher.pdf: 953254 bytes, checksum: 81f9251c16d61394af7e4c299bfe3c4a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-08 / UV-C radiation is utilized in postharvest of fruits with the objective of reducing inoculum and disease incidence. However, it is possible that it acts as an abiotic stressor agent, activating defense mechanisms of plant tissues, which is characterized by the induction of secondary metabolism, especially through the synthesis of phenolics compounds and carotenoids, involved in the protection of oxidative stress. In this context, molecular changes derived from the action of UV-C radiation were evaluated in tomato, during storage (20-23°C), and its relationship with biochemical and physiological responses and with events influenced by the plant hormone ethylene. For such, the following treatments were performed: UV-C at 3,7 kJ m-2; 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) at 2 ppm, and 1-MCP + UV-C. From these treatments it was observed that a reduction in fruit firmness occurred in untreated and UV-C treated fruit as maturation advanced, accompanied by the accumulation transcripts of a gene encoding the enzyme polygalacturonase (PG), indicating that UV-C treatment did not contribute for the maintenance of this quality attribute. On the other hand, 1-MCP participated in the maintenance of flesh firmness, even though PG transcript accumulation was found, suggesting this gene is not the primary responsible for this property. UV-C radiation induced an increase in ethylene content, but still, a delay in fruit color development occurred in fruit from this treatment. As expected, 1-MCP treated fruit showed a delayed peak of ethylene production, of the color development, and of decrease in flesh firmness. Lycopene content was lower in fruit subjected to 1-MCP treatment. However, in fruit treated with 1-MCP + UV-C, β-carotene content was significantly higher in the exocarp of the fruit, which conferred them an orange color. p-Hydroxybenzoic acid was the predominant phenolic compound found in exocarp and mesocarp, and quercetin was found in higher content in fruits subjected to 1-MCP + UV-C treatment. δ-tocopherol was the only tocopherol identified in tomato fruit, present in high levels in the exocarp of the fruit. Genes coding for enzymes responsible for synthesis of carotenoids, phytoene synthase (PHS) and δ-carotene desaturase (ZCD) for the synthesis of phenylpropanoids, phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and chalcone synthase (CHS), antioxidant enzymes, catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) showed initially high accumulation of transcripts in the exocarp and later in the mesocarp of fruit subjected to UV-C radiation. In general, UV-C radiation induced ethylene production, and yet slowed down maturation, particularly regarding color changes. Flesh firmness was not affected by UV-C treatment. Molecular responses to UV-C radiation application started in the exocarp and were in sequence found in the mesocarp. / A radiação UV-C é utilizada na pós-colheita de frutos com o objetivo de reduzir o inóculo e a incidência de doenças. Porém, é possível que atue como estressor abiótico, ativando mecanismos de defesa dos tecidos vegetais, que é qualificado pela indução do metabolismo secundário, especialmente pela síntese de compostos fenólicos e carotenóides, envolvidos na proteção ao estresse oxidativo. Nesse contexto, foram avaliadas alterações moleculares decorrentes da ação da radiação UV-C no armazenamento de tomates (20-23°C), e suas relações com as respostas bioquímico-fisiológicas e com os eventos influenciados pelo hormônio vegetal etileno. Para isso realizaram-se os seguintes tratamentos: UV-C a 3,7 kJ m-2; 1-metilciclopropeno (1-MCP) a 2 ppm; e 1-MCP + UV-C. Desses tratamentos, observou-se que ocorreu redução na firmeza dos frutos não-tratados e tratados com UV-C à medida que a maturação avançou, acompanhado do acúmulo de transcritos do gene que codifica para a enzima poligalacturonase (PG), indicando que o tratamento UV-C não contribui para a preservação desse atributo de qualidade. Por outro lado, o 1-MCP participou na preservação da firmeza de polpa, mesmo tendo havido acúmulo de transcritos da PG, sugerindo não ser esse gene o responsável maior por essa propriedade. A radiação UV-C promoveu incremento no teor de etileno, e mesmo assim houve retardo no desenvolvimento da coloração nos frutos submetidos a esse tratamento. Como esperado, frutos tratados com 1-MCP apresentaram retardo no pico da produção de etileno, no desenvolvimento de coloração e na diminuição da firmeza de polpa. O teor de licopeno foi menor nos frutos submetidos ao tratamento com 1-MCP. No entanto, nos frutos que foram submetidos ao tratamento com 1-MCP + UV-C, o teor de β-caroteno foi significativamente superior no epicarpo dos frutos, o que lhes conferiu uma coloração alaranjada. O ácido p-hidroxibenzóico foi o composto fenólico predominante encontrado no epicarpo e mesocarpo dos frutos, e a quercetina apresentou maiores teores nos frutos submetidos ao tratamento com 1-MCP + UV-C. δ-tocoferol foi o único tocoferol identificado nos frutos de tomate, o qual apresentou elevados teores no epicarpo dos frutos. Os genes que codificam para as enzimas responsáveis pela síntese de carotenóides fitoeno sintase (PSY) e δ-caroteno desaturase (ZCD); pela síntese de fenilpropanóides, fenilalanina amônia liase (PAL) e chalcona sintase (CHS); enzimas antioxidantes, catalase (CAT) e superóxido dismutase (SOD) apresentaram alto acúmulo de transcritos inicialmente no epicarpo e posteriormente no mesocarpo dos frutos submetidos à radiação UV-C. De modo geral, a radiação UV-C estimulou a produção de etileno, e mesmo assim reduziu a velocidade de maturação, especialmente no que tange à alteração de coloração. A firmeza de polpa não foi afetada pelo tratamento com UV-C. As respostas moleculares à aplicação da radiação UV-C iniciam no epicarpo e, em seguida, são observadas no mesocarpo.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study evaluated the UV-C irradiation in tissues of rachis with and without berries, and berries with stems of Vitis vinifera and Vitis labrusca. In berries of cv. Isabella, the volatile compounds were analyzed on days 2, 5 and 10 of storage at 20 ºC and the effect of UV-C irradiation on the 5th day of storage. The experiments were based on four treatments of UV-C radiation (0, 1, 2 and 3 kJ m-2) with four cv. (Niagara white, Trebbiano, Cabernet sauvignon and Isabella) and evaluation times (three in berries and four rachis). The rachis with and without berries and the berries with stems remained stored at 20 ºC to evaluate physiological parameters. Ethylene production rate, respiratory rate and total polyphenols were evaluated in all tissues. Only in the rachis was determined by weight loss on days 1, 3 and 5, reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars on the 5th day. Berries and the juice from the cv. Isabella the 5th day of storage at 20 °C the total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), anthocyanins, total phenols, sugars and the ratio (TSS/ TA) were measured. In berries of cv. Isabella on days 2, 5 and 10 storage and berries irradiated with UV-C in amounts of 0, 1, 2 and 3 kJ m-2, volatiles were extracted by solid phase microextration. After desorption, the volatile compounds were separated by gas chromatography, identified by mass spectrometry and quantified by flame ionization detector. For the sensory analysis of the juice discriminatory tests for paired comparison of difference and test ranking were used. The physiological response of UV-C irradiation depends on the cv. and the irradiated tissue. Only the rachis of grape Vitis labrusca ‗Niagara white behaves climateric during storage in post-harvest and may reduce the self life of table grapes. This study found a possible hormetic dose of 3 kJ m-2 only for the cv. Isabella berry. 84 volatile compounds were detected over the days of storage. After 5 days storage, berries irradiated with UV-C 66 volatiles were found. And the dose of 3 kJ m-2 increased the concentration of esters and aldehydes, and 43,8% increase in the total polyphenols in berry. In the paired comparison test of difference, the judges showed greater intensity in the aroma of the juice from grapes irradiated. In the ranking test, the judges were unable to discriminate between different doses of irradiation, though differing dose control (0 kJ m-2) of the irradiated treatments. The analytical test enabled by gas chromatography to determine statistical differences between the different doses detected volatiles, especially at a dose of 3 kJ m-2, in which panelists found no difference. / Este trabalho avaliou a irradiação UV-C em tecidos vegetais de ráquis com e sem bagas, e bagas com pedúnculo de Vitis vinifera e Vitis labrusca. Nas bagas da cv. Isabel, foram analisados os compostos voláteis nos dias 2, 5 e 10 de armazenamento a 20 ºC e sobre o efeito da irradiação UV-C no 5º dia de armazenamento. Os experimentos basearam-se em quatro tratamentos de irradiação UV-C (0, 1, 2 e 3 kJ m-2), com quatro cv. (Niágara branca, Trebbiano, Isabel e Cabernet sauvignon) e tempos de avaliação (três nas bagas e quatro nas ráquis). As ráquis com e sem bagas e as bagas com pedúnculo permaneceram armazenadas a 20 ºC para avaliar parâmetros fisiológicos. Em todos os tecidos foram avaliadas a taxa de produção de etileno, taxa respiratória e polifenóis totais. Apenas na ráquis foi determinado a perda de peso nos dias 1, 3 e 5, além de açúcares redutores e não redutores no 5º dia. Nas bagas e no suco da cv. Isabel do 5º dia de armazenamento a 20 ºC foram mensurados os sólidos solúveis totais (SST), acidez total titulável (ATT), antocianinas totais, polifenóis totais, açúcares totais e a relação (SST/ATT). Nas bagas da cv. Isabel dos dias 2, 5 e 10 de armazenamento e nas bagas irradiadas com UV-C nas doses de 0, 1, 2 e 3 kJ m-2, foram extraídos os compostos voláteis por microextração em fase sólida. Após a dessorção, os compostos voláteis foram separados em cromatógrafo a gás, identificados pelo espectrômetro de massas e quantificados por detector de ionização em chamas. Para a análise sensorial do suco, foram utilizados os testes discriminativos de comparação pareada de diferença e teste de ordenação. A resposta fisiológica da irradiação UV-C depende da cv. e do tecido irradiado. Apenas a ráquis da uva Vitis labrusca ‗Niágara branca se comporta de forma climatérica durante o armazenamento na pós-colheita, podendo reduzir a vida de prateleira da uva de mesa. Neste estudo foi encontrada uma possível dose hormética de 3 kJ m-2 somente para a baga da cv. Isabel. Foram detectados 84 compostos voláteis ao longo dos dias de armazenamento. No 5º dia de armazenamento, das bagas irradiadas com UV-C, foram encontrados 66 compostos voláteis, sendo que a dose de 3 kJ m-2 aumentou a concentração de ésteres e aldeídos, além de elevar em 43,8% os polifenóis totais na baga. No teste de comparação pareada de diferença, os provadores indicaram maior intensidade no aroma do suco proveniente de uvas irradiadas. No teste de ordenação, os julgadores não conseguiram discriminar as diferentes doses de irradiação, mas diferenciaram a dose controle (0 kJ m-2) dos tratamentos irradiados. O teste analítico por cromatografia gasosa permitiu determinar diferença estatística entre as doses nos diferentes compostos voláteis detectados, principalmente na dose de 3 kJ m-2, na qual os julgadores não encontraram diferença.

Magnaporthe grisea est responsable de la pyriculariose du riz, principale maladie de cette céréale. L’entrée du champignon dans la plante hôte se fait via l’appressorium. La différenciation de cette structure résulte d’une réorientation génétique et métabolique, et nécessite une régulation génétique fine. Une étude transcriptomique comparant les stades mycélium et appressorium a permis de montrer qu’environ 1300 ORFs sont surexprimées au stade appressorial. Ce transcriptome a permis l’identification de 32 gènes codant pour des facteurs de transcription pour lesquels dix mutants de délétion ont été générés et caractérisés. L’étude de leur pouvoir infectieux a révélé que le mutant délété du gène TF7 présente une pathogénie réduite de 70% sur plant d’orge. De plus, ce mutant est incapable de former des appressoria sur membrane artificielle sauf en présence d’un inducteur chimique (1,16- hexadecanediol). Par ailleurs, lorsque les appressoria sont formés, ils éclatent au bout de 14 heures. Cette altération peut être compensée par l’addition de sorbitol comme osmoprotecteur. Ce mutant est hypersensible à la Nikkomycine Z, un inhibiteur de la chitine synthase suggérant une altération du métabolisme pariétal. Un transcriptome différentiel réalisé à partir d’appressoria sauvages et mutés différenciés sur membrane de Téflon a révélé que des gènes impliqués dans le métabolisme de la chitine sont sous-exprimés dans le mutant ΔTf7. Le facteur de transcription Tf22 dont la délétion conduit à une réduction de 70% de la pathogénie sur riz a également fait l’objet d’une attention particulière. En effet, la recherche d’homologie a montré la présence de deux protéines homologues à Tf22 chez les deux champignons phytopathogènes S. nodorum et C. nicotianae et au-delà de la conservation d’un cluster potentiel de gènes du métabolisme secondaire, identifié chez C.nicotianae. La caractérisation du mutant a montré que l’expression de ce cluster potentiel est régulée négativement par le gène TF22 / Magnaporthe grisea is responsible for rice blast, the major disease of rice. The entry of the fungus in the host plant is via a specialized cell called appressorium. The differentiation of this structure results from a genetic and metabolic shift, and requires fine control mechanisms. A transcriptomic study comparing vegetative mycelium and appressorium mature stage, characteristic of the pre-penetration step was realized. In order to identify new regulatory networks specific of the appressorial differentiation, we focused on 32 genes encodi. Ten deletion mutants of transcription factor genes were generated and characterized. The study of their infectivity revealed that the TF7 gene deleted mutant has a reduced pathogenicity of 70% on barley plant resulting from an inability to penetrate the plant surface. Moreover, unlike the parental strain, this mutant is unable to form appressoria on artificial membrane except in the presence of a chemical inducer (1.16-hexadecanediol). Moreover, when appressoria are formed, they burst after 14 hours. This alteration can be compensated by a sorbitol solution acting as an osmoprotectant. This mutant is hypersensitive to nikkomycin Z, a chitin synthase inhibitor suggesting an alteration of parietal metabolism. A differential transcriptome was conducted comparing wild and mutated appressoria differentiated on Teflon membrane revealed that genes involved in chitin metabolism are dependent on the transcription factor Tf7. A second transcription factor Tf22 whose, deletion leads to a reduction of 70% of pathogenesis on rice, has also been studied. Indeed, the homology search showed the presence of two proteins homologous to Tf22 for S. nodorum and C. nicotianae. Beyond the conservation of the transcription factor, we observed the conservation of a potential cluster of genes of secondary metabolism identified in C.nicotianae. The characterization of the mutant revealed that expression of this potential cluster is negatively regulated by the gene TF22