Origin of the survey: During the latter half of the year 1921, Professor Paul Monroe, of Teachers College, Columbia University, working under the auspices of the Chinese National Association for the Advancement of Education made an extensive tour in China for the purpose of lecturing on educational administration, and making a critical investigation of the schools and higher institutions. Professor Monroe discovered many serious defects in the system of education, and pointed out with particular emphasis the weakness and inadequacy of the science instruction, and the urgent need for improving it.

Currently there are urgent water related problems, such as use of groundwater and surface water resources, which need a more integrated view on the hydraulic cycle and how the different processes interact with each other. This has led to new ways of thinking in management of watersheds, which sparked the creation of new integrated tools for flow characterization. Characterization of a watersheds flow is an important step in future research regarding water quality and climate change issues. The Krycklan catchment, located in the northern part of Sweden, has been under research for many years. With a great deal of measurements regarding stream water chemistry as well as climate measurements (evaporation, transpiration and temperature), the catchment has great potential regarding solute transportation and climate change investigation. This thesis was made to aid in future research by characterization of the catchments groundwater and surface flow, by the use of an integrated model software tool, MIKE-SHE. The model have been calibrated and validated with the help of real time observed measurements at Krycklan combined with model data from SMHI:s HYPE-model. Throughout the calibration it was discovered that the hydraulic conductivities were important for the surface and groundwater interaction, regulating base flow as well as peak flows. The shape and timing of the spring flood was also affected by the snow melt while the summer peaks for the upstream rivers, probably due to the relatively large difference in topography elevation, were more affected by the representation of the topography created by the grid size. A smaller grid-size resulted in a finer representation of the topography, which resulted in a quicker runoff to the upstream rivers without an increase of base flow. This gave better fitted hydrographs of the flows in the upstream rivers compared to observed measurements. The final model created was able to capture the discharge-hydrograph and groundwater fluctuations with small error and high correlation coefficients compared to observed data and model data from SMHI. The results as well as the calibration process helped with a deeper understanding of the modeling tool itself as well. Future improvements that can be considered are to introduce new calibration data and the use of an even smaller grid size. This can improve the understanding of the catchment as well as the representation of the flow in the upstream rivers. However, the effects of a smaller grid size must be reflected upon. The model will most likely become more unstable and the run time of the model will greatly increase. One suggestion to solve this issue is to look into a sub-catchment to reduce these complications.

An increase in the frequency and intensity of storm events is predicted by numerous climate researchers for the north of Europe. Not only this but also landuse change in form of clear-cutting can have an impact on the discharge of rivers and with that on road drainage structures. Extensive societal costs can be the consequences of blockage and underdimensioned structures. Hydrological models are powerful instruments that can be used to assess the future dimension requirements for road drainage structures especially in specifically vulnerable areas. In this thesis the hydrological model MIKE SHE was set up to study the discharge and water level at two pipe bridges and one culvert within the catchment of the river Hakerud in Västra Götaland, Sweden. Three scenarios were considered including a changing climate until 2050 and 2100 and a clear-cut scenario aiming to find out if the current design is sufficient for the future. This model can be used as an example model set-up for similar studies taking the recommendations of the experience gained in this thesis into consideration. For the Swedish Transport Administration further studies on this basis can contribute to decision making on the dimensioning of road drainage structures in the future to ensure a safe and robust infrastructural system.

The natural movement of water is known as the hydrological cycle. Many different factors affect the hydrological cycle and the availability of freshwater. The availability of freshwater is essential for many human activities. Three of the UN SDG’s (Sustainable Development Goals), number 2, 6 and 7, directly or indirectly relate to freshwater supplies. SDG number 2, zero hunger; a part of fulfilling this goal is to have enough available freshwater to irrigate crops. SDG number 6 is about access to clean water and sanitation. It is possible to desalinate saline water, treat unclean water or transport water long distances, but these are often costly and energy demanding processes. Therefore, it is important to manage the freshwater supplies that are available wisely. Access to clean and affordable energy is SDG number 7. One source of clean and affordable energy is hydropower, in order to produce electricity in a hydropower plant, plenty of water and a change in potential energy is needed . To be able to fulfil all these goals, it is important to include all of the perspectives when making policies regarding agriculture, building hydropower plants or making big infrastructure changes. The complex relationships between the different areas of interest can make it complicated to analyse the effects of a change made in any area. The concept of connecting different perspectives is called Nexus. This aim of this thesis was to evaluate different computer-based hydrological modelling tools, and how they can be used for Nexus assessments. This was done by performing a market research, choosing two tools for further assessment, creating evaluation criteria and perform a case study on a watershed in Uganda. The case study results and the evaluation criteria were then compared to an existing model in WEAP. The two selected hydrological modelling tools were MIKE SHE and SWAT. These two modelling tools were evaluated based on specified evaluation criteria. In the case study they modelled the same area in Kamwenge, Uganda. The output of the models was compared and calibrated against observed flow in the river at the outlet of the watershed. The results of the case study were incomplete since the MIKE SHE model was not calibrated successfully. The different models have different strengths. The format of output data and flexibility of the program is superior in MIKE SHE, while SWAT is more intuitive and demands less computer power. Over all SWAT is easier to use and model in for a novice user, while MIKE SHE requires more expertise in order to run a successful model. SWAT is able to model more of the Nexus perspectives and are therefore the preferred model. / Många faktorer påverkar tillgängligheten av sötvatten som är väsentligt för många mänskliga aktiviteter. Tre av FN:s globala hållbarhets mål, nummer 2, 6 och 7 relaterar direkt eller indirekt till tillgång till sötvatten. Mål nummer 2, ingen hunger; en del av att uppfylla detta mål är att det måste finnas vatten för att bevattna grödor. Mål nummer 6, tillgång till rent vatten och sanitet; det är möjligt att rena vatten eller att transportera det längre distanser, men det är ofta energikrävande och kostsamt. Därför är det viktigt att förvalta tillgängliga sötvatten resurser klokt. Hållbar energi för alla är mål nummer 7. En källa till hållbar och ren energi är vattenkraft, för att producera vattenkraft behövs en skillnad i potentiell energi och mycket vatten. För att kunna uppfylla alla dessa mål är det viktigt att inkludera alla perspektiv när man bestämmer policys för jordbruk, bygger vattenkraftverk eller gör andra stora ändringar i infrastrukturen. De komplicerade förhållandena mellan dessa olika intresseområden för vatten kan göra det svårt att förutse hur en förändring i en av dem påverkar de andra. Konceptet att koppla ihop olika perspektiv kallas Nexus. Målet med denna uppsats var att utvärdera olika hydrologiska modelleringsverktyg och hur de kan användas för Nexus bedömning. Det gjordes genom att en marknadsundersökning genomfördes och två modelleringsverktyg valdes ut. De två utvalda modelleringsverktygen var MIKE SHE och SWAT. Dessa två verktyg utvärderades baserat på specificerade kriterier. I fallstudien modellerade båda modelleringsverktygen samma område i Kamwenge, Uganda. De båda modellerna kalibrerades mot observerade utflöden från avrinningsområdet. Resultaten jämfördes med en existerande modell i WEAP. Resultaten från fallstudien är ofullständiga då kalibreringen för MIKE SHE modellen inte lyckades.

Film och tv-serier är medier som kan bidra till att upprätthålla stereotyper, som i sin tur konstruerar myter om kvinnor och män. Tidigare serier om superhjältar har fått kritik för att ha bidragit med att framställa misogyna ideologier om kvinnor, men på senare år har den stora filmoch serieproducenten Marvel, som skapar superhjälteserier, arbetat aktivt för att skapa ett mer inkluderat superhjälte-universum som innefattar en mer utvecklad syn på kvinnor. Denna studie har som syfte att, ur ett feministiskt filmteoretiskt perspektiv, undersöka hur myter om kvinnlighet konstrueras i den nya superhjälteserien She-Hulk: Attorney at law som kom ut hösten år 2022. Resultatet av analysen, som arbetades fram med hjälp av multimodal kritisk diskursanalys, visar på att det konstrueras flera variationer av myter om kvinnor. I denna serie bekräftas traditionella stereotyper om kvinnlighet, medan den också försöker belysa viktiga utdrag från verkligheten.

Water is ubiquitous on our planet and constitutes a vital part of ecosystems. It supports the life of all beings on the earth while simultaneously evokes water-related issues such as water shortage, water contamination. As UN advocates, a globally shared blueprint for available clean water is depicted in Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, there still exists a gap between current water management situations and our sustainable goals Modelling based on Hydro-Meteorological Data provides a way to understand regional hydrological processes and monitor environmental chemistry changes, especially for anthropogenic pollution. Furthermore, hydrological models make it possible to predict changes in water quantity and quality, under the context of climate change. The study area of this project is located in the Kringlan catchment, Norrström basins, occupying an area of 54.5 km2. The local discharges merge into Rastälven river and flow to the east, eventually discharging into the Baltic Sea. This project builds up a water balance model based on the meteorological data in the time frame from 2011 to 2012. The water balance model is calibrated to accurately simulate realistic hydrological components interactions, during each process, various parameters have been tested and adjusted to improve model robustness. Meanwhile, the project tries to strike a balance between the complexity of the model and amount of time it takes to run the model. The calibrated model is also validated to ensure model performance using statistical analysis. Additionally, a particle tracking model for the saturated zone is developed on the basis of the water balance model. Chloride is chosen as the trace element due to its feature of unreactive in ecological systems. The model results could also provide a value to groundwater age estimation. Suggested by previous researches targeting the area, leakage from vegetation and forest soil in this catchment have contributed to imbalances in local Cl- budgets. An internal source of chloride from soil leaching is specified in the model at the same time with an external source from stream discharge. The coupled modelling through the application of MIKE SHE software and calibration process help us to understand dynamic processes of hydrological modelling and chloride particle transport in the Kringlan catchment. A future improvement to consider is extending the current model boundary to a larger area and introducing more reference data. It is also possible to establish a fully integrated solute transport model to investigate Chloride transport in the catchment. / Vatten ersätter en viktig del av ekosystemet men det framkallar vattenrelaterade problem som vattenbrist och vattenförorening samtidigt. Emellertid finns det fortfarande ett gap mellan nuvarande vattenhanteringssituationer och våra hållbara mål. Modellering baserad på meteorologiska data erbjuder en möjlighet att förstå regionala hydrologiska processer och övervaka förändringar av miljömässiga kemikalier, särskilt för antropogena föroreningar. Dessutom finns det en hög potential för att förutse förändringar i vattenmängd och kvalitet med hydrologiska modeller, i samband med klimatförändringar. Studieområdet ligger i Kringlans upptagningsområde som ett av Norrström basins, med en yta på 54,5 km2. De lokala utsläppen sammanfogas i Rastälven och strömmar österut, så småningom mynnar i Östersjön. Detta projekt bygger upp en vattenbalansmodell baserad på meteorologiska data inom tidsramen från 2011 till 2012. Vattenbalansmodellen är kalibrerad för att exakt simulera realistiska hydrologiska komponentinteraktioner. För att förbättra modellens robusthet har olika parametrar testats och anpassats under varje process. Samtidigt försöker projektet att hitta en balans mellan modellens komplexitet och hur lång tid det tar att driva modellen. En partikelspårningsmodell för den mättade zonen har utvecklats med utgångspunkt i vattenbalansmodellen. Klorid används som spårämne eftersom det är inert i ekologiska system. Modellsresultaten kan också ge ett värde för grundvattenberäkningen. Tidigare undersökningar inriktade på området föreslår att läckage från vegetation och skogsmark i detta avrinningsområde har bidragit till obalanser i lokala Cl- budgetar. Med hjälp av MIKE SHE modellen har vi undersökt dynamisk process för hydrologisk modellering och kloridpartikelspårning i Kringlan avrinningsområde. Vad som kan gör i framtiden är att förlänga den nuvarande modellgränsen till ett större område med mer referensdata. Det är också möjligt att upprätta en fullständigt integrerad lösningsmodell för att undersöka kloridtransporter i ett avrinningsområde.

This essay aims to do a discourse analysis of two versions of the tv-series She-Ra. One version from 1985 and one from 2018. Furthermore its purpose is to compare the different versions and see what has changed and what hasn't. This will be done based on three questions with focus on the main character. The questions will be about visualty, sexuality and femininity. The series will also be discussed in relations to theory about representation, the heterosexual matrix and femininity. Additionally it will also take on the subject of the damsel in distress and the animated women.

Student Number : 0401052V - MA research report - School of Literature and Language Studies - Faculty of Humanities / This research report analyzes the representation of violence in Zakes Mda’s Ways of Dying and She Plays with the Darkness. Ways of Dying questions whether social stability and democracy would be fully realized in post-apartheid South Africa as is predicted in Black South African literature written between 1970 and 1994. Mda’s disillusionment is shown in his examination of undemocratic and violent practices committed within the liberation movement against the oppressed and of “black-on-black” violence in South Africa. She Plays with Darkness posits that political corruption and repression in Lesotho occurred as a result of the erosion of African values and traditions, which caused political leaders and the middleclass to dismiss the well-being of their society for personal gains. For Mda, however, societies and individuals can be redeemed from violence through memory, testimony, fantasy and art. Both novels reveal his endeavor to creatively narrate the experience of violence.

Uppsatsen syftar till att undersöka hur två översättare har tolkat och översatt de kinesiska idiom som förekommer i verket Camel Xiangzi skriven av Lao She. Den ena översättningen utfördes av Shi Xiaojing år 1981 och den andra översättningen av Howard Goldblatt år 2010. Utifrån en kvalitativ komparativ metod med hjälp av Mona Bakers sex översättningsstrategier gällande översättning av idiom, har respektive översättares översättning av idiom identifierats och kategoriserats enligt Bakers strategier. Dessutom syftar uppsatsen till att undersöka om det förekommer några likheter och skillnader gällande översättarnas översättningar. Genom att använda två lexikon om översättning av kinesiska idiom kunde 30 idiom i Camel Xiangzi identifieras. Resultatet visade att endast tre av Mona Bakers översättningsstrategier kunde identifieras vid översättarnas översättningar av idiom. De strategierna var: “using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form”, “translation by paraphrase'' and “translation by omission of entire idiom”. Det visade sig även vid översättning av en del av idiomen krävdes det att Bakers strategier kombinerades eller identifierades med uppsatsförfattarens egna konstruerade strategier. Slutligen visade studien att Mona Bakers översättningsstrategier inte alltid lämpar sig vid översättning av kinesiska idiom, vilket delvis beror på kulturella skillnader mellan språken. / The thesis aims to investigate how two translators, Shi Xiaojing and Howard Goldblatt have interpreted and translated the Chinese idioms that appear in the work Camel Xiangzi written by Lao She. Based on a qualitative comparative method using Mona Baker's six translation strategies for translating idioms, each translator's translation of idioms has been identified and categorized according to Baker's strategies. In addition, the thesis aims to investigate whether there are any similarities and differences regarding the translators' translations. Using two dictionaries on the translation of Chinese idioms, 30 idioms in Camel Xiangzi could be identified. The results showed that only three of Mona Baker's translation strategies could be identified in the translators' translations of idioms. The strategies were: “using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form”, “translation by paraphrase” and “translation by omission of entire idiom”. Furthermore the result showed that when translating part of the idiom, Baker's strategies were required to be combined or identified with the essay author's own created strategies. Finally, the study showed that Mona Baker's translation strategies were not always suitable for translating Chinese idioms, which is partly due to cultural differences between the languages.

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