Les ressources en eau sont généralement considérées comme l'une des ressources naturelles les plus importantes du développement social, en particulier pour soutenir les usages domestiques, agricoles et industriels. Au cours de la dernière décennie, en raison de l'augmentation des activités humaines, telles que l'urbanisation et l'industrialisation, les impacts sociaux sur l'environnement naturel deviennent de plus en plus intenses. Par conséquent, de nos jours, les problèmes d'eau par rapport à avant deviennent plus compliqués. Pour faire face au problème complexe depuis les années 1970, les gens ont reconnu que le système d'aide à la décision (DSS) présente des avantages évidents. De plus, avec le développement de l'informatique et des techniques web, les DSS sont souvent utilisés pour appuyer la décision locale. Les décideurs pour gérer les ressources naturelles de la région en particulier les ressources en eau. La modélisation hydrologique en charge de la représentation des caractéristiques du bassin versant joue un rôle important dans le système d'aide à la décision environnementale (EDSS). Parmi les différents types de modèles, le modèle hydrologique distribué déterministe est capable de décrire l'état réel de la zone d'étude de manière plus détaillée et précise. Cependant, le seul obstacle à la limitation des applications de ce type de modèle est pointé vers le grand besoin de données demandé par sa configuration de modélisation. Dans cette étude d'évaluation de la modélisation hydrologique dans le projet AquaVar, un modèle distribué déterministe (MIKE SHE) est construit pour l'ensemble du bassin versant du Var avec moins d'informations de terrain disponibles dans la zone. Grâce à une stratégie de modélisation raisonnable, plusieurs hypothèses sont conçues pour résoudre les problèmes de données manquantes dans les intervalles de temps quotidiens et horaires. La simulation est étalonnée sur une échelle de temps quotidienne et horaire de 2008 à 2011, qui contient un événement de crue extrême en 2011. En raison des impacts des données manquantes sur les entrées et les observations du modèle, l'évaluation de l'étalonnage de la modélisation n'est pas seulement basée sur des coefficients statistiques tels que le coefficient de Nash, mais aussi des facteurs physiques (p. ex. valeurs maximales et débit total). Le modèle calibré est capable de décrire les conditions habituelles du système hydrologique varois, et représente également le phénomène inhabituel dans le bassin versant tel que les inondations et les sécheresses. Le processus de validation mis en œuvre de 2011 à 2014 dans l'intervalle de temps journalier et horaire confirme la bonne performance de la simulation dans le Var. La simulation MIKE SHE dans Var est l'une des parties principales du système de modélisation distribuée déterministe de l'EDSS d'AquaVar. Après l'étalonnage et la validation, le modèle pourrait être utilisé pour prévoir les impacts des événements météorologiques à venir (par exemple, des crues extrêmes) dans cette région et produire les conditions aux limites pour d'autres modèles distribués déterministes dans le système. La conception de l'architecture EDSS, la stratégie de modélisation et le processus d'évaluation de modélisation présentés dans cette recherche pourraient être appliqués comme un processus de travail standard pour résoudre les problèmes similaires dans d'autres régions. / Water resource is commonly considered as one of the most important natural resources in social development especially for supporting domestic, agricultural and industrial uses. During the last decade, due to the increase of human activities, such as urbanization and industrialization, the social impacts on the natural environment become more and more intensive. Therefore, recently, water problems compared to before become more complicated. To deal with the complex problem, since 1970s, started from the companies, people recognized that the Decision Support System (DSS) has obvious advantages Moreover, with the development of computer science and web techniques, the DSS are commonly applied for supporting the local decision makers to manage the region natural resources especially the water resources. The hydrological modelling in charge of representing the catchment characteristics plays significant role in the Environment Decision Support System (EDSS). Among different kinds of models, the deterministic distributed hydrological model is able to describe the real condition of the study area in more detail and accurate way. However, the only obstacle to limit the applications of this kind of model is pointed to the large data requirement requested by its modelling set up. In this study of hydrological modelling assessment in AquaVar project, one deterministic distributed model (MIKE SHE) is built for the whole Var catchment with less field information available in the area. Through one reasonable modelling strategy, several hypothesises are conceived to solve the missing data problems within daily and hourly time intervals. The simulation is calibrated in both daily and hourly time scale from 2008 to 2011, which contains one extreme flood event at 2011. Due to the impacts of missing data on both model inputs and observations, the evaluation of modelling calibration is not only based on the statistic coefficients such as Nash coefficient, but also effected by some physical factors (e.g. peak values and total discharge). The calibrated model is able to describe usual condition of Var hydrological system, and also represent the unusual phenomenon in the catchment such as flood and drought event. The validation process implemented from 2011 to 2014 within both daily and hourly time interval further proves the good performance of the simulation in Var. The MIKE SHE simulation in Var is one of the main parts of the deterministic distributed modelling system in the EDSS of AquaVar. After the calibration and validation, the model could be able to use for forecasting the impacts of coming meteorological events (e.g. extreme flood) in this region and producing the boundary conditions for other deterministic distributed models in the system. The design of the EDSS architecture, modelling strategy and modelling evaluation process presented in this research could be applied as one standard working process for solving the similar problems in other region.

Underrepresentationen av kvinnligt ledarskap inom idrott har under de senaste åren blivit mycket uppmärksammat av både forskare och institutioner. Forskningen redogör för att kvinnliga huvudtränare stöter på hinder både på samhälls-, organisations- och individnivå. Problemen relateras framför allt till rekrytering och könsstereotyper, det finns uppfattningar om hur en kvinnlig ledare ska vara och det finns uppfattningar om hur en tränare ska vara - dessa två stämmer inte alltid överens med varandra. Kvinnliga ledare hämmas av de könsstereotyper som råder i samhället samtidigt som forskning visar att kvinnliga huvudtränare hämmas vid en rekrytering. Kvinnliga huvudtränare är underrepresenterade generellt i idrottsvärlden.Syftet med arbetet är att undersöka om samma problematik som forskningen redogör för även förekommer i Sverige. Syftet med studien är därför att bidra med ökad förståelse om varför kvinnliga huvudtränare är underrepresenterade i SHE, svenska högstaligan för damer i handboll. För att kunna uppfylla studiens syfte och svara på problemformuleringen utgår rapporten från semistrukturerade intervjuer som genomförts med sju olika föreningar som deltar i SHE säsongen 2020/2021. Den teoretiska referensramen är utformad utifrån tidigare forskning, statistik över hur många män och kvinnor som har genomfört en tränarutbildning, könsstereotyper som tycks hämma kvinnor samt information om hur en rekryteringsprocess går till. Studiens empiri som grundar sig i föreningarnas svar ställs i relation till den teoretiska referensramen i studiens analys. I studiens analys kan författarna konstatera att det finns faktorer som hämmar men också faktorer som borde gynna kvinnor. Kvinnliga huvudtränare anses till viss del hämmas av de könsstereotyper som råder i dagens samhälle och det finns även en del av rekryteringsprocessen där kvinnliga ledare skulle kunna hämmas. Den slutgiltiga slutsatsen som presenteras är tudelad men tyder trots allt på att kvinnliga huvudtränare i den svenska högstaligan skulle kunna hämmas av både rekryteringsprocessen och könsstereotyper. / The underrepresentation of female leadership in sports has recently been noticed by both researchers and institutions. Female head coaches face obstacles on social, organizational, and individual levels. The problems are mainly related to recruitment and gender stereotypes, there are perceptions of how a female leader should be and how a head coach should be. These two do not match each other. Female leaders are affected negatively by the society’s gender stereotypes and research shows that female head coaches are examined more closely. Female head coaches are underrepresented generally in the world and statistics show that it’s the same in Sweden. The purpose of the work is thus to examine the Swedish Handball Elite (SHE) and investigate if the same problem exists in Sweden too. The purpose of the study is to contribute with a better understanding of why female head coaches are underrepresented in the SHE.To be able to fulfill the purpose of the study and respond to the problem formulation semi-structured interviews have been made with different teams in the SHE. The theoretical frame of reference is designed based on previous research, statistics of how many women and men that have completed a coaching education, gender stereotypes that affect women negatively and information about how a recruitment process works. The study’s empirical data that is based on the team’s answers and is set in relation to the theoretical frame of reference in the analysis of the study. In the analysis of the study the authors can state that there are factors that both positive and negative affect women. Female head coaches are considered to be negatively affected by the gender stereotypes that prevail in the society and there are also parts of the recruitment process where women could be negatively affected. The conclusion that is presented is somewhat divided but indicates that female head coaches in the SHE partly could be affected negatively by both the recruitment process and gender stereotypes.

Huvudsyftet med den här studien var att undersöka vilka parametrar som har störst inverkan på trädens vattentillgång i BlåGrönGråa-system (BGG-system), utvecklat av Edge, och vilka förbättringar som kan göras för att vegetationen bättre ska klara av torka. Ett annat mål med denna studie var attundersöka hur väl det går att efterlikna och simulera BGG-system i modelleringsverktyget MIKESHE, utvecklad av Danish Hydraulic Institute (DHI). För att undersöka vilka parametrar som har störst inverkan på BGG-systems vattenhalt varierades; storleken på tillrinningsområdet, crop factor, växtsubstrat, djup på regnbäddarna, växtval, dräneringsdjup och dräneringshastigheten. Alla simuleringarna genomfördes med meteorologisk data för perioden 1991-2020 för att underöka hur årsvariationer påverkar vattenhalten i systemet. Resultaten visar att stadsträd som inte erhåller något tillskott av vatten via tillförsel av dagvatten kommer utsättas för extremt ogynnsamma förhållanden när det kommer till vattentillgång, och att den parameter som har störst inverkan på vattenhalten i BGG-system är storleken på tillrinningsområdet. För att ytterligare förbättra vattentillgången för träden i BGG-system kan växtsubstratet förbättras genom att öka mängden växttillgängligt vatten. Detta föreslås dock framförallt för större träd eller då tillrinningsområdet inte kan utökas ytterligare. Variationen av djupet på regnbäddarna har relativt liten effekt på resultatet, vilket delvis kan förklaras av andra val i satta parametrar. Växtvalet visar sig i denna studie har liten effekt på vattenhalten, vilket delvis beror på modellens utformning och valdaparametrar. Variationen av dräneringsdjupet och dräneringshastigheten visar sig inte ha någon effekt på de resultat som undersöks i denna studie. Modellen som har satts upp beskriver systemet på ett tillförlitligt sätt, och är ett bra första steg föratt ytterligare öka förståelsen för trädens förutsättningar i dagvattenhantering. Men för att kunna dramer långtgående slutsatser om hur träden klarar av torrperioder behöver ytterligare undersökningargenomföras på BGG-system. / The main purpose of this study was to investigate which parameters have the greatest impact on thetrees’ water supply in BlueGreenGray-systems (BGG-system), developed by Edge, and what improvements can be made to the system to make the vegetation able to withstand periods of droughts better. Another aim of this study was to investigate how well it is possible to imitate and simulate BGG-systems in the modeling tool MIKE SHE, developed by the Danish Hydraulic Institute (DHI). To investigate which parameters have the greatest impact on the water content in BGG-systems the following parameters was varied; the size of the catchment area, crop factor, plant substrate, depth of the rain beds, plant selection, drainage depth and drainage rate. All simulations were performed with meteorological data for the period 1991-2020 to investigate how annual variations affect the watercontent in the system. The results show that city trees that do not receive any addition of water via the supply of stormwater will be exposed to extremely unfavorable conditions when it comes to water supply, and that the parameter that has the greatest impact on the water content in BGG-systems is the size of the catchment area. To further improve the water supply for the trees in a BGG-system, the plant substrate can be improved by increasing the amount of plant available water. However, this is mainly proposed for larger sized trees or when the catchment area cannot be expanded further. The variation in the depth of the rain beds has a relatively small effect on the result, which can be partly explained by other choices in set parameters. The choice of plant in this study has little effect on the water content, which is partly due to the model’s design and selected parameters. The variation of the drainage depth and the drainage rate does not appear to have any effect on the results examined in this study. The model that has been set up describes the system in a reliable way, and is a good first step to furtherincrease the understanding of the trees conditions in stormwater management. However, in order tobe able to draw more far-reaching conclusions about how trees cope with dry periods, further studiesneed to be carried out on BGG-systems.

La performance, qui n'a pas cessé d'évoluer depuis les années 1960, est un médium qui invite à repenser les limites du corps. Elle est symbole de prise de contrôle de soi et d'un retour au charnel dans un monde contemporain régi par les machines. Médium privilégié des femmes et de leur auto-représentation, incarnation même de leur engagement féministe, transgression des valeurs religieuses, morales et aliénantes… elle s'articule entre le spectaculaire, la mise en scène ou l'exil, bouscule le réel grâce au direct et à l'effet parfois « coup de poing » qu'elle suscite. Elle navigue entre perte des repères, onirisme ou spiritualité artistique mais aussi entre politique sociale, radicalisme parfois et auto-dérision souvent. « Performer la femme sauvage » est une interrogation autour de la représentation, l'incarnation et la transgression du corps féminin et la prise de position « borderline » entre nature et culture, féminin-masculin, conte de fée et pornographie, chienne et louve, politique et poétique… Par le biais de deux écrivaines très distinctes mais qui ont une commune et impressionnante capacité à s'adresser à tous-tes, il sera question de voir comment certain-e-s artistes, grâce à leur engagement et leur force individuelle, permettent d'ouvrir une brèche dans laquelle toute personne peut se reconnaître. Ainsi, loin de cette « hétéro-normalisation » qui cantonne les femmes dans des rôles bien définis, la performance symbolise avant tout le droit de disposer de son propre corps sans entrave ni culpabilité, tout en invitant à se baser sur sa chair comme seule preuve d’existence. Développement intérieur et expérience ont fait de cette recherche le fruit d’un parcours singulier. / Performance - which has kept evolving since the 1960’s - is a medium that invites us to rethink the limits of the body. It is a symbol of taking control over oneself. It also implies a return to the physical, carnal world in our current society essentially ruled by technology. Performance is a medium of choice for women and their self-representation. It embodies their feminist commitment alongside the transgression of religious, moral and alienating values… it takes places somewhere between the show, staging or exile and shatters reality with its direct, « in your face » impact. Performance may not only emerge from disorientation, fantasy or artistic spirituality but also from some sort of radicalism and social politics often tinted with self-deprecating humour. « Performing wild woman » raises questions about the representation, the incarnation and the transgression of the female body and the « borderline » position between nature and culture, male and female, pornography and fairy tale, she-dog and she-wolf, fantasy and politics. Through the work of two very different writers sharing a common and impressive ability to address everyone, we shall study how it is possible for committed artists to open a breach to which everyone can identify. Finally, far from the « heterosexual normality » that confines women to specific roles, performance mostly symbolizes the right to reclaim enjoy one’s own body without guilt or restriction, inviting everyone to regard their flesh as the only proof of their existence. This research is the result of a particular journey made of internal development and experience.

During the recent summers, Gotland has suffered from drinking water shortage and due to the climate change, the water shortage can possible increase in the future. To find a solution, the Swedish Environmental Research Institute IVL and Region Gotland are going to build a testbed at Storsudret located on the south of Gotland, to investigate different sustainable solutions. One possible solution is to increase the water level in Lake Mjölhatteträsk, located at Storsudret, to increase the water storage. This master thesis has focused on the water balance of the lake to understand whether it is possible to store more water in the lake and how large areas that would be flooded in the event of an increase in the water level. This has been done using a combination of field data sampling with geophysical methods, hydraulic tests, water depth measurements, existing hydrometeorological data from Lantmäteriet and the Geological Survey of Sweden (SGU) and modelling with the tools MIKE SHE and MIKE HYDRO River created by DHI and also GIS. The result of this master thesis showed that there is a very thin soil layer with possibly high clay and silt content to the west of the lake. At the bottom of the lake, a thick clay layer exists which reduces the hydraulic connection between the lake and the surroundings. The potential to store and extract water in the sand layer in the west is therefore small. However, there is potential to produce enough water in the lake to meet the water demand at Storsudret, according to the model created in MIKE SHE. This would require a dam at a suggested location at the outflow with a height of 0.12 m. / Gotland har under de senaste åren lidit utav vattenbrist under somrarna och på grund av klimatförändringarna är det möjligt att vattenbristen kan komma att öka i framtiden. För att hitta en lösning har Svenska Miljöinstitutet (IVL) och region Gotland fått i uppgift att anlägga en testbädd på Storsudret på södra Gotland, där olika hållbara lösningar ska testas. En möjlig lösning är att höja vattennivån i sjön Mjölhatteträsk på Storsudret för att på så vis kunna lagra mer vatten. Den här masteruppsatsen har fokuserat på hur sjöns vattenbalans ser ut för att förstå om det är möjligt att lagra mer vatten i sjön och hur stora områden som skulle bli översvämmade vid en ökning av vattennivån. Detta har gjorts med hjälp av en kombination av fältstudier med geofysiska mätningar, hydrauliska tester, vattendjupmätningar och flödesmätningar tillsammans med digitala databaser från Lantmäteriet och Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning (SGU) samt modellering med verktygen MIKE SHE och MIKE HYDRO River som skapats av DHI och även GIS. Resultatet för den här masteruppsatsen visade att det finns ett mycket tunt jordlager med eventuellt högt ler och silt innehåll väster om sjön. Vid botten av sjön finns ett tjockt lerlager som minskar den hydrauliska förbindelsen mellan sjön och omgivningen. Potentialen att lagra och utvinna vatten i sandlagret i väst är därmed liten. Däremot finns det potential att producera tillräckligt med vatten i sjön för att kunna uppfylla vattenbehovet på Storsudret, enligt modellen skapad i MIKE SHE. Detta skulle innebära en dam vid en föreslagen punkt vid utflödet som har en höjd på 0.12 m.

[pt] O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a contaminação da água subterrânea por metais pesados provenientes da Área de Disposição de Resíduos (ADR) do município de Resende, RJ. O escopo compreende um estudo preliminar com base em levantamento e mapeamento de dados espaciais; investigação in situ e em laboratório, incluindo a instalação de poços de monitoramento, amostragens e caracterização de solos, águas subterrâneas e chorume, ensaios de condutividade hidráulica, K; e modelagem da pluma de contaminação usando o programa MIKE SHE. Em geral, a caracterização apresentou argilas arenosas, siltes arenosos e, areias siltosas, cujos principais minerais foram quartzo, caulinita, e muscovita com presença de biotita e feldspato. Os valores de K variaram de 10(-5) a 10(-6) m/s; o pH entre 4,59 e 6,93 (água subterrânea) e 7,93 e 8,16 (chorume); a condutividade elétrica na água variou de 0,032 a 7,113 mS/cm, coerente com os sólidos totais dissolvidos e com maiores valores no chorume e no poço mais próximo a ADR. Análises detectaram 14 metais dissolvidos (Al, As, B, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se e Zn) em concentrações acima do permissível por lei. A modelagem mostrou como a distribuição espacial e a anisotropia dos solos influenciam o fluxo e transporte do cloreto (advectivo) e do cromo (sorção). Quando são considerados solos anisotrópicos, a pluma de Cl- atinge o Rio Paraíba do Sul, à 2,5 km de distância, em 43 anos enquanto a pluma do Cr dista apenas 55 m da fonte. Embora os resultados experimentais não tenham sido claros em determinar se todos os metais encontrados são necessariamente da fonte de contaminação da ADR ou de origens naturais, as simulações deste modelo indicaram baixo impacto ambiental dos metais para o rio. / [en] The objective of this work is to evaluate the groundwater contamination due to heavy metals from the Waste Disposal Area (WDA) in the municipality of Resende, RJ. The scope consists of a preliminary assessment based on surveying and mapping spatial data; in situ and laboratory investigation, including the installation of monitoring wells, sampling and characterization of soils, groundwater and waste leachate, hydraulic conductivity tests, K; and contaminant plume modelling using the program MIKE SHE. Overall, the characterization revealed sandy clays, sandy silts and silty sands. The predominant minerals were quartz, kaolinite, and muscovite along with the presence of biotite and feldspar. The values of K varied from 10(-5) to 10(-6) m/s; the pH between 4.59 and 6.93 (groundwater) and 7.93 and 8.16 (leachate); the electrical conductivity in the water varied from 0.032 to 7.113 mS/cm, consistent with the total dissolved solids and with higher values attributed to the leachate and the well closest to the WDA. Analysis detected 14 dissolved metals (Al, As, B, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se and Zn) with concentrations above the legal limit. The model illustrated how the soils spatial distribution and anisotropy influence the flow and transport of chloride (advective) and chromium (sorption). When considering anisotropic soils, the Clplume reached the Paraíba do Sul River, 2.5 km away, in 43 years while the Cr plume only moved 55 m from the source. Although the experimental results were not clear in determining whether all the metals found necessarily originated from the contaminant source from the WDA or from natural origins, the simulations of this model indicated a low environmental impact to the river.

Due to precipitation poor winters and springs and over-exploitation of groundwater reserves during the summer months as a consequence of tourism, the island of Gotland has experienced fresh water shortages during recent years which has led to harsh restrictions in the use of municipal water. In order to find a solution to the islands fresh water problems, the region of Gotland and the Swedish Environmental Institute (IVL) have initiated a project in which the southernmost part of Gotland, Storsudret, will be used as a test site for new methods of sustainable freshwater storage and extraction methods. A, for Sweden, new method currently being investigated is the use of subsurface dams in order to increase the storage capacity of soil groundwater, thus increasing the possible extractions. Methods for finding suitable sites for subsurface dams has been investigated by Imran Jamali, 2016, and Ludvig Almqvist, 2017. There is however a need in further investigating and developing methods for subsurface dam location. This master thesis has focused on performing on-site data collection and on the use of groundwater flow model to evaluate the possibility of placing a subsurface dam on Storsudret, as steps in a method to localize areas suitable for subsurface dams. On site data was collected through resistivity measurements and water level measurements. This was used as input data for the flow model, MIKE SHE, together with more general GIS-data available. Flow modelling was performed during the period 2015-2018, which included the initially dry years of 2015-16 and the summer of 2017, and the more precipitation rich second half of 2017 and spring of 2018. Subsurface dams were modelled to investigate the results on the surroundings. The result did not show any obvious locations for the placement of a subsurface dam within the modelled area. The site considered to be most suitable for dam placement was modelled but showed only a rather small additional stored volume. However, the model result indicated that large possibilities for freshwater extraction already could be present in an existing geological formation in the area, even without the presence of a subsurface dam. As a tool for finding the specific location of groundwater dams, it was concluded that MIKE SHE gives a good overview over the general hydrogeological features and flow paths. Thus, it is a valuable tool when it comes to finding interesting sites for further investigations. However, due to problems in obtaining detailed enough input data, the model is considered to be less suitable for finding specific locations for dam placement when investigating a larger domain. / På grund av nederbördsfattiga vintrar och ett överuttag från grundvattenreservoarerna under turistsäsongen på somrarna, har Gotland erfarit vattenbrist under senare år vilket lett till hårda bevattningsförbud för såväl kommunalt och enskilt vatten. För att hitta en lösning på denna vattenbrist har Region Gotland och Svenska Miljöinstitutet (IVL) initierat ett projekt på den södra delen av Gotland, Storsudret, som kommer att användas som en testplats för nya lösningar inom lagring och uttag av färskvatten. En, för Sverige, ny metod som för nuvarande undersöks är användandet av grundvattendammar som ett sätt att öka lagringskapaciteten i marken och på så sätt kunna öka uttagen av grundvatten. Metoder för att finna lämpliga platser för grundvattendammar har undersökts av Imran Jamali, 2016, och Ludvig Almqvist, 2017. Därtill finns ett behov av att vidare undersöka och utveckla metoder för lokalisering av grundvattendammar. Denna masteruppsats har fokuserat på att utföra data-inhämtning i fält och bygga upp en grundvattenflödesmodell för att utvärdera möjligheten att placera en grundvattendam på Storsudret, som ett vidare steg i att utveckla en metod för att finna lämpliga platser för grundvattendammar. Data från fältundersökningar hämtades genom resistivitetsmätningar och vattenståndsmätningar. Dessa data användes som inmatning i grundvattenflödesmodellen, MIKE SHE, tillsammans med mer generell GIS-data. Flödesmodellering utfördes under perioden 2015-2018, vilket inkluderade torrår under perioden 2015-2016 och slutet av sommaren 2017 och mer nederbördsrik period under hösten 2017 och våren 2018. Grundvattendammar modellerades för att undersöka områdespåverkan. Resultaten visade på ingen självklar lokalisering för en grundvattendamm inom det modellerade området, på grund av platt geologi utan tydliga utflödespunkter blev resultatet av en damm endast en liten ökad grundvattenvolym. Däremot visade modellresultaten att stora uttagsmöjligheter för grundvatten redan fanns i existerande geologiska formationer även utan en grundvattendamm närvarande. Som ett steg i metoden att finna lämpliga platser för grundvattendammar var MIKE SHE ett bra verktyg för att ge en god överblick över de generella hydrogeologiska flödena. MIKE SHE är ett värdefullt verktyg när det kommer till att hitta intressanta platser för vidare undersökningar. Däremot fanns problem med att finna detaljerade inmatningsdata vilket gör modellen mindre lämplig för att finna exakta grundvattendamsplaceringar inom ett större område.

鄭會欣. / 本論文於1997年10月呈交. / 論文(博士)--香港中文大學歷史學部, 1998. / 參考文獻: p. 174-184. / 中英文摘要. / Ben lun wen yu 1997 nian 10 yue cheng jiao. / Available also through the Internet via Dissertations & theses @ Chinese University of Hong Kong. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest dissertations and theses, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Zheng Huixin. / Lun wen (Bo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue li shi xue bu, 1998. / Can kao wen xian: p. 174-184. / Zhong Ying wen zhai yao.

Kristin Clippard's MFA Thesis Project: A Director's Mash-up of She Stoops to Conquer or the Mistakes of a Night by Oliver Goldsmith

This study evaluated the impacts of shallow and deep open drains on groundwater levels and drain performance under varying climate scenarios and irrigation application rates. The MIKE SHE model used for this study is an advanced and fully spatially distributed hydrological model. Three drain depths, climates and irrigation application rates were considered. The drains depths included 0, 1 and 2 m deep drains. The annual rainfall and meteorological data were collected from study area from 1976 to 2004 and analysed to identify the typical wet, average and dry years within the record. Similarly three irrigation application rates included 0, 10 and 16 ML/ha-annum. All together twenty seven scenarios (3 drains depths, 3 climates and 3 irrigation application rates) were simulated. The observed soil physical and hydrological data were used to calibrate and validate the model. Mean square error (R[superscript]2) of the simulated and observed water table data varied from 0.7 to 0.87. Once validated the MIKE SHE model was used to evaluate the effectiveness of 1 and 2 metre deep drains. The simulated water table depth, unsaturated zone deficit, exchange between unsaturated and saturated zones, drain outflow and overland flow were used to analyse their performance. The modeling results showed that the waterlogging was extensive and prolonged during winter months under the no drainage and no irrigation scenario. In the wet climate scenario, the duration of water logging was longer than in the average climate scenario during the winter months. In the dry climate scenario no waterlogging occurred during the high rainfall period. The water table reached soil surface during the winter season in the case of wet and average climate. For the dry climate, the water table was about 0.9 metres below soil surface during winter. / One and 2 metre deep drains lowered the water table up to 0.9 and 1.8 metres in winter for the wet climate when there was no irrigation application. One metre deep drains proved effective in controlling water table during wet and average climate without application of irrigation water. One metre deep drains were more effective in controlling waterlogging a in wet, average and dry years when the irrigation application rate was 10 ML/ha-annum. With 16 ML/ha-annum irrigation application, 1 metre deep drains did not perform as efficiently as 2 metre deep drains in controlling the water table and waterlogging. In the dry climate scenario, without irrigation application, 1 metre deep drains were not required as there was not enough flux from rainfall and irrigation to raise the water table and create waterlogging risks. Two metre deep drains lowered the water table to greater depths in the wet, average and dry climate scenarios respectively when no irrigation was applied. They managed water table better in wet and average climate with 10 and 16 ML/ha-annum irrigation application rate. Again in the dry climate, without irrigation application 2 metre deep drains were not required as there was a minimal risk of waterlogging. The recharge to the groundwater table in the no drainage case was far greater than for the 1 and 2 metre deep drainage scenarios. The recharge was higher in case of 1 metre deep drains than 2 metre deep drains in wet and average climate during winter season. / There was no recharge to ground water with 1 and 2 metre deep drains under the dry climate scenarios and summer season without irrigation application as there was not enough water to move from the ground surface to the unsaturated and saturated zones. When 10 ML/ha-annum irrigation rate was applied during wet, average and dry climate respectively, 1 metre deep drains proved enough drainage to manage the recharge into the groundwater table with a dry climate. For the wet and average climate scenarios, given a 10 ML/ha-annum irrigation application rate, 2 metre deep drains managed recharge better than 1 metre deep drains. Two metres deep drains with a 10 ML/ha-annum irrigation application rate led to excessive drainage of water from the saturated zone in the dry climate scenario. Two metres deep drains managed recharge better with a 16 ML/ha-annum irrigation application rate in the wet and average climate scenarios than the 1 metre deep drains. Two metres deep drains again led to excessive drainage of water from the saturated zone in dry climate. In brief, 1 metre deep drains performed efficiently in the wet and average climate scenarios with and without a 10 ML/ha-annum irrigation application rate. One metre deep drains are not required for the dry climate scenario. Two metre deep drains performed efficiently in the wet and average climate scenarios with 16 ML/ha-annum irrigation application rate. Two metre deep drains are not required for the dry climate scenario.