The Eastern Shore of Virginia is a narrow peninsula separating the Chesapeake Bay from the Atlantic Ocean. Residents of the rural counties of Accomack and Northampton County share a strong sense of cultural identity based on geography, rooted in a distinct communal sense of place reinforced by an agricultural lifestyle. Storytelling around dinner tables and on front porches at dusk, speeches at high school graduations, family recipes talked through in a grandmother’s kitchen – it is through oral language that Eastern Shore people have primarily shared the knowledge that sustains their sense of communal identity. Oral knowledge of farming techniques and land use are handed down generation by generation through material lessons in the fields and woods. The most natural and effective research method for understanding Eastern Shore culture and its peoples’ sense of place is the collection of oral histories. The interviews collected for the Eastern Shore Stories project focus on farm life on the Eastern Shore of Virginia in the mid-twentieth century, before the widespread use of electricity, tractors, or chemicals. The stories from the interviews seem quaint individually – nostalgic stories of how things used to be – but as a body of interviews, they accrue a weight and a coherence that offer interesting counterpoints to pervasive assumptions about progress and technology. It is those interesting counterpoints that this dissertation explores. This researcher expected to hear about plowing behind a team of mules and scratching out potatoes. She did not expect to hear retired farmers speak of the loneliness of modern farming, of how 2,500 acres used to support fifty families and now barely supports one. What emerged from the collective interviews was a sense that the industrialization of agriculture in this local community has caused unforeseen losses and those losses, however intangible, have been deleterious. Despite this, people from the Eastern Shore struggle to retain a sense of communal identity, defined by geography and familial connections. Their sense of belonging to this particular place persists in the face of rapid technological and cultural changes, creating tension between the place as it was and the place as it evolves in the twenty-first century.

O município de Ubatuba, localizado no litoral nortedo estado de São Paulo, constitui um dos principais destinos turísticos da região. A geodiversidade e a biodiversidade local formam um ambiente com exuberantes paisagens,constituídas principalmente por praias, costões rochosos e a Mata Atlântica querecobre a maior parte das escarpas da Serra do Mar. A região inclui três unidades de conservação: o Núcleo Picinguaba do Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar (PESM), o Parque Estadual da Ilha Anchieta e a APA Marinha do litoral norte do estadode São Paulo. Geologicamente, a área está inserida no Terreno Serra do Mar (Domínio Costeiro) da Faixa Ribeira, um dos orógenos da Província Mantiqueira. O inventário do patrimônio geológico de Ubatuba foi realizado considerando como contexto geológico (framework) a evolução do Supercontinente Gondwana. Para tanto, os geossítios foram acessados pelo percurso de diversas trilhas ecoturísticas inseridas nas UC e costões rochosos ao longo da linha de costa de Ubatuba. Atualmente, este inventário é composto por dez geossítios, que foram agrupados de acordo com ointeresse geológico principal e associação com os eventos na história do GondwanaOcidental. São eles: Pedra do Sino de Ubatuba, Charnockito Ubatuba, Praia do Cedro do Sul, Praia da Ponta Aguda, Monzogranito Ilha Anchieta, Gruta que Chora,Brecha magmática Ilha Anchieta, Xenólitos do manto e cones de explosão, Pico do Corcovado e Pedreira Itamambuca. A quantificação dos geossítios foi feita utilizando-se três métodos: o de Brilha (2005), a plataforma GEOSSIT desenvolvida pelo Serviço Geológico do Brasil (CPRM), que para a composição das categorias avaliadas durante a quantificação se baseia nos métodos de Brilha (2005) e de Garcia-Cortés & Carcavilla Urquí (2009) e, o método de Pereira (2010). Os resultadosobtidos foram avaliados e discutidos a partir da comparação entre os parâmetros que os compõem e as adequações feitas para aplicação neste estudo. Ao final desta etapa, conclui-se que estes métodos necessitam ser discutidos e refinadosaté que se encontrem parâmetros e alternativas que melhor representem osdiferentes contextos do território brasileiro. Finalmente, são apresentadasalgumas propostas para valorização e divulgação dos geossítios com maior potencial turístico, que podem ser desenvolvidas inicialmente junto às UC e aos demais setores comerciais (artesanato, hotelaria e alimentação) da região como forma de proteger o meio natural e fomentar o turismo local por meio do geoturismo. Os resultados deste trabalho pretendem ser uma fonte de dados que subsidie pesquisas científicas na área abrangente, que integra o projeto de inventário do patrimônio geológico de todo o litoral paulista e para futuras ações de ordenamento territorial. / The city of Ubatuba is on the north coast of the state of São Paulo and is one of the major tourist destinations in the region. The localbiodiversity and geodiversity form an environment with lush landscapes, sandy beaches,rocky shores and rain forest that covers most of the Serra do Mar slopes. The region comprises three protected areas: the Picinguaba Center in Serra do Mar State Park (PESM), Anchieta Island State Park and the Marine APA of the northern coastof São Paulo. The area is part of the Serra do Mar Domain, in the Ribeira Belt, one of the orogens that form the Mantiqueira Geological Province.The inventory of the geoheritage of Ubatuba was carried out considering the evolution of the Gondwana Supercontinent as a geological context (framework). Both the ecotouristic trails in the Conservation Units (UC) and the rocky shores along Ubatuba coastline were visited in order to access the geosites. This inventory currently consists of ten geosites, which were then grouped according to the main geological interest and association with the events in the history of Western Gondwana. They are: Pedra doSino in Ubatuba, Ubatuba Charnockite, Cedro do Sul Beach, Ponta Aguda Beach,Monzogranite in Anchieta Island, The Weeping Cave, Magmatic Breccia in Anchieta Island, The mantle xenoliths and the explosion cones, Corcovado Peak and Itamambuca Quarry. Quantification of the geosites was made using the following three methods: Brilha (2005), the GEOSSIT platform - developed by the Geological Survey of Brazil (CPRM), which was based upon Brilha´s (2005) and Garcia-Cortés & Carcavilla Urquí´s (2009) for the composition of the categories that are assessed during quantification - , and Pereira (2010). Results were evaluated and the discussion was based on the comparison of the parameters that compose them and the adjustments made to their application in this study. It was possible to conclude that these methods need to be discussed and refined until parameters and alternatives that better represent the different contexts of theBrazilian territory are developed. Finally, in order to develop and promote potentially touristic geosites, we present ideas that can be initially developed with the UCs and other commercial sectors in the region (craft stores, hotels and restaurants), so as to protect the environment and nurture local tourism through geotourism. The results of this study are intended as a source of data which may support future scientific research in the broader area that integrates the inventory of geoheritage of the whole northern coast of the state of São Paulo.

O município de Ubatuba, localizado no litoral nortedo estado de São Paulo, constitui um dos principais destinos turísticos da região. A geodiversidade e a biodiversidade local formam um ambiente com exuberantes paisagens,constituídas principalmente por praias, costões rochosos e a Mata Atlântica querecobre a maior parte das escarpas da Serra do Mar. A região inclui três unidades de conservação: o Núcleo Picinguaba do Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar (PESM), o Parque Estadual da Ilha Anchieta e a APA Marinha do litoral norte do estadode São Paulo. Geologicamente, a área está inserida no Terreno Serra do Mar (Domínio Costeiro) da Faixa Ribeira, um dos orógenos da Província Mantiqueira. O inventário do patrimônio geológico de Ubatuba foi realizado considerando como contexto geológico (framework) a evolução do Supercontinente Gondwana. Para tanto, os geossítios foram acessados pelo percurso de diversas trilhas ecoturísticas inseridas nas UC e costões rochosos ao longo da linha de costa de Ubatuba. Atualmente, este inventário é composto por dez geossítios, que foram agrupados de acordo com ointeresse geológico principal e associação com os eventos na história do GondwanaOcidental. São eles: Pedra do Sino de Ubatuba, Charnockito Ubatuba, Praia do Cedro do Sul, Praia da Ponta Aguda, Monzogranito Ilha Anchieta, Gruta que Chora,Brecha magmática Ilha Anchieta, Xenólitos do manto e cones de explosão, Pico do Corcovado e Pedreira Itamambuca. A quantificação dos geossítios foi feita utilizando-se três métodos: o de Brilha (2005), a plataforma GEOSSIT desenvolvida pelo Serviço Geológico do Brasil (CPRM), que para a composição das categorias avaliadas durante a quantificação se baseia nos métodos de Brilha (2005) e de Garcia-Cortés & Carcavilla Urquí (2009) e, o método de Pereira (2010). Os resultadosobtidos foram avaliados e discutidos a partir da comparação entre os parâmetros que os compõem e as adequações feitas para aplicação neste estudo. Ao final desta etapa, conclui-se que estes métodos necessitam ser discutidos e refinadosaté que se encontrem parâmetros e alternativas que melhor representem osdiferentes contextos do território brasileiro. Finalmente, são apresentadasalgumas propostas para valorização e divulgação dos geossítios com maior potencial turístico, que podem ser desenvolvidas inicialmente junto às UC e aos demais setores comerciais (artesanato, hotelaria e alimentação) da região como forma de proteger o meio natural e fomentar o turismo local por meio do geoturismo. Os resultados deste trabalho pretendem ser uma fonte de dados que subsidie pesquisas científicas na área abrangente, que integra o projeto de inventário do patrimônio geológico de todo o litoral paulista e para futuras ações de ordenamento territorial. / The city of Ubatuba is on the north coast of the state of São Paulo and is one of the major tourist destinations in the region. The localbiodiversity and geodiversity form an environment with lush landscapes, sandy beaches,rocky shores and rain forest that covers most of the Serra do Mar slopes. The region comprises three protected areas: the Picinguaba Center in Serra do Mar State Park (PESM), Anchieta Island State Park and the Marine APA of the northern coastof São Paulo. The area is part of the Serra do Mar Domain, in the Ribeira Belt, one of the orogens that form the Mantiqueira Geological Province.The inventory of the geoheritage of Ubatuba was carried out considering the evolution of the Gondwana Supercontinent as a geological context (framework). Both the ecotouristic trails in the Conservation Units (UC) and the rocky shores along Ubatuba coastline were visited in order to access the geosites. This inventory currently consists of ten geosites, which were then grouped according to the main geological interest and association with the events in the history of Western Gondwana. They are: Pedra doSino in Ubatuba, Ubatuba Charnockite, Cedro do Sul Beach, Ponta Aguda Beach,Monzogranite in Anchieta Island, The Weeping Cave, Magmatic Breccia in Anchieta Island, The mantle xenoliths and the explosion cones, Corcovado Peak and Itamambuca Quarry. Quantification of the geosites was made using the following three methods: Brilha (2005), the GEOSSIT platform - developed by the Geological Survey of Brazil (CPRM), which was based upon Brilha´s (2005) and Garcia-Cortés & Carcavilla Urquí´s (2009) for the composition of the categories that are assessed during quantification - , and Pereira (2010). Results were evaluated and the discussion was based on the comparison of the parameters that compose them and the adjustments made to their application in this study. It was possible to conclude that these methods need to be discussed and refined until parameters and alternatives that better represent the different contexts of theBrazilian territory are developed. Finally, in order to develop and promote potentially touristic geosites, we present ideas that can be initially developed with the UCs and other commercial sectors in the region (craft stores, hotels and restaurants), so as to protect the environment and nurture local tourism through geotourism. The results of this study are intended as a source of data which may support future scientific research in the broader area that integrates the inventory of geoheritage of the whole northern coast of the state of São Paulo.

Submitted by Ricardo Cedraz Duque Moliterno (ricardo.moliterno@uefs.br) on 2015-07-31T21:23:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o Final_Felipe Paganelly.pdf: 2040755 bytes, checksum: 67ae63a04b44242c5f350a8c1c788bed (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-31T21:23:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o Final_Felipe Paganelly.pdf: 2040755 bytes, checksum: 67ae63a04b44242c5f350a8c1c788bed (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-16 / Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia - FAPEB / The aim of the study was to register the ethnozoological corpus that artisanal fishermen communities on Bahia?s North shore have about stomatopod and decapod crustaceans, as well as to investigate the different ways that these animals are locally used. The fieldwork was conducted in two stages: the first consisted on the collection of biological material; later, expeditions were made aiming to collect ethnozoological data through semi-structured interviews about the crustacean specimenspreviously collected. The northern and southern boundaries of the study area were the beaches of Ipitanga and Mangue Seco, respectively, totalizing 23 sampling points for biological material collection. A total of 51 interviews were conducted on the beaches of Vilas do Atl?ntico, Buraquinho, Jau?, Arembepe and Praia do Forte from August to December 2013.Fishermen on the North coast of Bahia feature a diverse conception of crustaceans, with an impressive wealth of perceptions, using several criteria to define/identify the group, such as morphological, physiological, ecological, and usage criteria. From these criteria, the fishermen cited a total of 42 names, including crustaceans and other animals belonging to different taxonomic groups, such as octopuses, echinoderms and even sea turtles. Referring to body topography, homologous structures presented similar names in different crustaceans, demonstrating a recognition degree of analog systems by traditional knowledge. The fishermen featured knowledge about physiological, reproductive and seasonal processes of crustaceans. About the fishing techniques, in the study area artisanal fishermen use a total of ten fishing gears, where lobsters (Panulirus laevicauda) were the most wanted source, followed by the sapateira crab (Parribacus antarticus). Other crustaceans showed no commercial interest and some species are eventually caught for subsistence. Referring to the ways of use, the following usages were recorded: feed and commerce, fishing artifact (bait), medicinal, and esthetical-decorative. The interviewed fishermen recognized, unanimously, the importance of crustaceans for the environment. Their folk knowledge could interfere in conservation measures, since the perception of improvement and preservation of the marine ecosystem by the presence of crustaceans may influence on the sustainability of the fishing activity. / O estudo teve como objetivo geral registrar o corpus etnozool?gico que as comunidades de pescadores artesanais do litoral norte da Bahia possuem sobre os crust?ceos estomat?podes e dec?podes, al?m de investigar os diferentes modos de uso desses animais.O trabalhode campo foi desenvolvido em duas etapas: a primeira consistiu na coleta do material biol?gico; posteriormente, realizaram-se expedi??es visando ?s coletas de dados etnozool?gicos atrav?s de entrevistas semiestruturadas sobre os crust?ceos coletados.Os limites sul e norte da ?rea de estudo foramas praias de Ipitanga e Mangue Seco, respectivamente, totalizando 23 pontos amostrais de coleta de material biol?gico. Foram realizadas 51 entrevistas nas praias de Vilas do Atl?ntico, Buraquinho, Jau?, Arembepe e Praia do Forte entre agosto a dezembro de 2013. Os pescadores do litoral norte da Bahia apresentam uma concep??o diversificada sobre os crust?ceos, com uma riqueza impressionante de percep??es,utilizando diversos crit?rios para definir/identificar o grupo, como crit?rios morfol?gicos, fisiol?gicos, ecol?gicos e utilit?rios. A partir desses crit?rios,os pescadorescitaram um total de 42nomes, incluindo crust?ceos e outros animais pertencentes a diferentes grupos taxon?micos, como polvo, equinodermos e at? mesmo tartarugas-marinhas.Referente ? topografia corporal, estruturas hom?logas apresentaram nomes iguais nos diferentes crust?ceos, demonstrando um grau de reconhecimento de sistemas an?logos por parte do conhecimento tradicional. Os pescadores apresentaram conhecimento sobre processos fisiol?gicos, reprodutivos e sazonais dos crust?ceos. Sobre a pesca,na ?rea de estudo os pescadores artesanais utilizam um total de dez artes de pesca, sendo que o recurso mais buscado foi a lagosta (Panulirus laevicauda), seguido da sapateira (Parribacus antarticus). Os demais crust?ceos n?o apresentaram interesse comercial e algumas esp?cies s?o capturadas eventualmente para alimenta??o de subsist?ncia. Em rela??o aos modos de uso, constatou-se as seguintes utiliza??es dos crust?ceos: utilit?rio (alimentar e comercial), artefato de pesca (isca), medicinal e est?tico-decorativo. Os pescadores entrevistados reconheceram, de forma un?nime, a import?ncia dos crust?ceos para o meio ambiente, o que pode interferir em medidas conservacionistas, uma vez que a percep??o de melhoria e preserva??o do ecossistema marinho pela presen?a desses animais pode influenciar na sustentabilidade da atividade pesqueira.

Steel hollow section members filled with concrete have been frequently used in recent construction industry as columns and beams and beam-columns because of their superior performance and constructability. Previous research demonstrated that such system has large energy absorption capacity which is critical in the event of an earthquake. By filling steel RHS with concrete, the failure of the steel shell due to local buckling can be delayed and the ductility of the concrete core can be improved as a result of the confinement of the steel shell. This type of composite section may be used in various structures including frames of high rise buildings, bridges, offshore structures, cast-in-situ piles in foundation etc. Design methods for concrete-filled steel tubular sections are recommended in a number of code of practices. Due to the significant differences in the material properties between normal strength concrete and high strength concrete, there is a need to study the behaviour of composite sections with higher strength concretes. The study emphasises ultimate strength, ductility, post-failure strength reserve and interface bond. It also emphasises ductility and post-failure strength of the composite beams due to the brittle behaviour of higher strength concretes when compared to normal strength concrete. Spreadsheet graph were used to present the results such as load versus strains, load versus deflections etc. In this thesis analytical study is presented on the calculation of ultimate moment of resistance of the concrete-filled RHS beams. Among the main considerations of the derivation, the steel portion was assumed either elastic-perfectly plastic or perfectly plastic and concrete carries no strength in the tensile zone. At the interface both full bond and partial bond were assumed for comparison. Efforts were also made to calculate the midspan deflections of the composite beams. Simple analytical expressions derived from this study can be coded to a prgrammable calculator or in a small spreadsheet program for design use. Finite element studies were carried out by using a proprietorship software package ANSYS. In the analysis of concrete-filled, three types of elements with large deformation and nonlinear capabilities were used. A plastic shell element, a solid concrete element with cracking and crushing capabilities, and a nonlinear spring contact element were used to model the steel shell, the concrete core and the interface respectively. / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

No description available.

Den globala havsnivåhöjningen är en direkt följd av den globala uppvärmningen och kommer i framtiden påverka stora områden i kustregionen. Syftet med detta arbete är att öka förståelsen samt se hur Gotlands strandängar samt kustområden kan påverkas av havsnivåhöjningen år 2100 och se vilka eventuella följder detta kan leda till. Metoderna som har använts är GIS-analys och litteraturstudier. Höjdmodeller med olika upplösning jämfördes även för att undersöka vilka som lämpar sig till en liknande analys inför framtida studier. Resultatet visar att vid en havsnivåhöjning på 1 m kommer 97 % av strandängarna försvinna och vid en havsnivåhöjning på 2 m försvinner 99 % av de gotländska strandängarna. För att nybildande av strandängar kring kusten ska vara möjligt så krävs en markanvändning som stödjer detta i form av bete och slåtter. Jämförelsen mellan de olika höjdmodellerna visar att en upplösning på 50 m inte lämpar sig för en studie av detta slag men en upplösning på 10 m kan användas om en höjdmodell med bättre upplösning inte är tillgänglig. Kring kusten finns många bostäder och samhällen som kommer drabbas till stor del vid en havsnivåhöjning på 2 m och detta bör tas på stort allvar. Planering samt åtgärder kring denna problematik i framtiden bör prioriteras av Region Gotland. / Sea-level rise is a direct result of global warming. In the future, large coastal areas will be greatly affected by this phenomenon all over the world. In this thesis, the method is to assess the size of the potential area influenced by sea-level rise along the coast of Gotland. Methods used are literature studies and GIS-analysis. The aim of this thesis is to investigate how Gotland’s shore meadows and coastal areas will be affected by a sealevel rise in the year 2100 and find out possible consequences that could follow. Also, a comparison is made between digital elevation models of three different resolutions, 2 m, 10 m and 50 m, to find out which resolution that is the appropriate to assist studies like this in the future. The results show that in case of a sea-level rise with 1 m 97 % of the shore meadows will disappear and in case of a sea-level rise with 2 m 99 % of the shore meadows will disappear. For these important land areas to be preserved and recreated the land use must be modified for this purpose. The comparison between the different digital elevation models shows that a resolution of 50 m is not appropriate for this kind of study but a resolution of 10 m is acceptable when no better resolution is available. The coast of Gotland is a popular living area and many small communities lie there. Many of these areas are at risk of being affected by future sea-level rise and this threat must be taken seriously by the municipality of Gotland.

On the basis of coastal disaster mitigation and protection, a beach must have sufficient width for preventing the destruction to public facilities, as well as protecting the safety of life and private property during storm events. The requirement of such a horizontal extent from the initial shoreline to the probable erosion landward to safeguard against the onslaught of a storm is referred to as ¡¥storm beach buffer width¡¦. Upon neglecting the effects of global warming and sealevel rise on a beach and berm with profile in equilibrium, numerical calculations are conducted first to validate the range of the most important parameters (K »P £` ) in the SBEACH model using the results of profile changes available from the CERC¡¦s large wave tank (LWT) tests in 1960s. These results are then applied to assess the profile changes for a beach with a vertical seawall and the other without sufficient berm, subject to the normal incidence of storm waves over a specific duration. Finally, a total of 48 cases with sufficient beach width are then investigated, from which a multiple linear regression model is proposed to determine the extent of berm retreat, as well as the location and height of a submerged offshore bar, for the benefit of coastal profession on preliminary design of storm buffer. Our modeling results using SBEACH reveal that: (1) A seawall without or with insufficient fronting beach could result in serious scour at its toe and even the total loss of the entire beach berm; (2) A beach with sufficient berm, natural or artificially nourished, is capable of protecting the back beach, despite the temporary erosion in the early hours of a storm action; (3) Under the same conditions of wave height and period, a wide buffer is necessary for a beach with small mean sand grain, and the berm height should be designed at 1.6 times of the designed storm surge level, in order to effectively absorb storm wave energy and maintain the provision of a storm buffer; and (4) The multiple linear regression model proposed in this study can be used to evaluate the scour depth and retreat of the berm, as well as the width of a storm beach buffer, upon the input of wave conditions and mean beach sand grain etc.

År 2009 kom en ändring av strandskyddslagen, där bland annat 7 kap. 14 § miljöbalken(MB) fick en ny formulering. Den nya lydelsen innebar en skärpning av kravet för att få utvidga strandskyddet. I samband med lagändringen gav regeringen i uppgift till Länsstyrelsen att utföra en översyn av de utvidgade strandskydden i Sverige och ta nya beslut i de fall som behövdes. Länsstyrelsen fick fram till 31 december 2014 på sig att genomföra översynsarbetet. Eftersom arbetet nyligen är avslutad, finns ännu ingen sammanställning av resultatet på nationell nivå. Naturvårdsverket rekommenderar i sin handbok "Utvidgat strandskydd – en vägledning till underlag och beslut" att Länsstyrelserna tar hjälp av kommunerna vid översynsarbetet. Handboken är dock frivillig för Länsstyrelserna att följa och de kan ha använt sig av olika arbetssätt under översynsarbetet. Studien syftar till att kartlägga hur det utvidgade strandskyddet i Sverige har förändratsunder tiden för översynen, samt kartlägga vad kommunerna anser om Länsstyrelsernasarbete med översynen av det utvidgade strandskyddet. De frågeställningar som besvaras i studien är: • Hur har det utvidgade strandskyddet i Sverige förändrats efter Länsstyrelsens översyn?- Hur skiljer sig förändringarna åt i olika delar av Sverige? • Hur ser kommunerna på det utförda arbetet och dess resultat? En kvantitativ metod har använts, där arealer för utvidgat strandskydd har bearbetats för kartläggningen samt en enkät skickats ut för att besvaras av kommunerna. Resultatet av studien visar att det utvidgade strandskyddet i Sverige över lag har minskat. För enstaka län har en ökning, eller ingen förändring av strandskyddsarealen skett. För hela strandskyddet, det vill säga strandskyddet på land och i vatten sammanräknat, har totalt sett en minskning av arealen skett i 13 län. För två län gäller en ökning och för ett län ingen förändring. Resterande fem län har inte rapporterat in resultatet av översynen och ingår därför inte i kartläggningen. Trots minskningen av arealerna har omkring hälften av Länsstyrelserna beslutat om nya områden för utvidgat strandskydd. Enkätundersökningen visade på blandat resultat. Av 290 kommuner valde 179 att besvara enkäten. Av de svarande var majoriteten, ungefär två tredjedelar nöjda med Länsstyrelsens samarbete, medan ungefär en tredjedel av kommunerna inte var nöjda. / In 2009, an amendment was added to the Shore Act, which included a new formulation for14 § Environmental Code in chapter 7. This reformulation meant a tightening of the requirements to obtain expanded shore protection. In connection with the amendment, the Swedish government tasked the county governments to conduct a review, which would involve extended shore protection in Sweden and take new decisions regarding the shore protection in the cases that where needed. The county governments were given until December 31 2014 to conduct and implement this review process. Since the review recently has been completed, there is yet no compilation of the results. In their manual, "Utvidgat strandskydd – en vägledning till underlag och beslut", the Environmental Protection Agency recommends that each individual county government collaborates with the town governments for further help during the review process. The manual for this process is optional for the county governments to follow; therefore, the county governments may have conducted the review process in various ways. This study aims to identify how the expanded shore protection in Sweden has changed during the time of the review. Furthermore, it identifies the opinions of the town municipalities regarding the county governments review. The issues addressed in the study include: • Based on the Swedish county governments’ review, how has the expansion of shore protection changed?- How do the changes show in the different parts of Sweden? • What is the town governments’ opinion about the changes and results? Within this study a quantitative method was used. Areas for expanding the shore protection were processed for the survey and a questionnaire was developed and sent to town governments to be answered. In general, the results of the study concluded that the expanded shore protection in Sweden overall has declined. Whereas some counties experienced an increase, others have shown no change at all. The shore protection study,which includes the protection on land and in water, demonstrated a reduction of acreage in 13 counties. Two counties reported an increase in acreage, and one county reported no change. The remaining five counties have not reported the results of their review and therefore were not included in the survey. Despite reduction in area, approximately fifty percent of the participating county governments decided on new areas for extending their shoreline. The survey has showed mixed results. Sweden consists of 290 town governments, and 179 chose to answer the questionnaire. About two-thirds of the respondents were satisfied with the cooperation of the county governments, and about one-third was not satisfied.

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