Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:31:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Glaucia Tais Purin.pdf: 949434 bytes, checksum: 6c37f2538bba297fe45f131b671bc70c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-08 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This research aimed to investigate the power of the FM Community Radio Heliopolis (RCH) to constitute a collective action space, in view of their broadcasters. For this, rescues the history of the issuer, principles, way of planning and contextualizing performance with the history of community radio stations in the world and analyzes the meanings of broadcasters and directors about their role in the community and in the cores of Union structure, Residents Associations Heliopolis Area (UNAS) through its various social projects in places. The theoretical framework adopted is the Socio-Historical Social Psychology especially the theory of Lev. Vygotsky about language and meaning / significance, the reflections about social transformation Silvia T. Lane, the dialectic exclusion / inclusion of B. Sawaia, and in theory affectivity B. Espinosa. The methodology is based on the perspective of qualitative research of ethnological style, using the observation procedure of the radio operation recorded in a field diary, individual semi-structured interviews with the broadcasters and the directors of the issuer, as well as informal conversations also recorded in diary. Together, documents were analyzed from the station and programming documents on Community Radio Heliopolis and UNAS. Thus, data analysis follows the Vygotsky's orientation speech subtext of the search obtained in the field. We understand that the RCH is a product and producer of subjectivity, by producing meanings, and senses, and is also an instrument for mediation in relations to the extent that influences the social, collective, and cultural. The history of RCH and the analysis of the way the interviews indicated its potential to be devised by leaders of the community, run by locals, pioneering in winning the award for the alternative to mainstream media, and also for strength in coping with prejudice that the media itself produces about Heliopolis community, transmitting local information about reality. It also showed that the RCH develops utility functions, transmitting information from the community, encouraging bands or unknown artists; and also with an educational function, training of broadcasters, and transmission of programs and vignettes of educational information, cultural and journalistic, making it a coping strategy to the sale. Although currently be seen emptying the public sphere based on overestimation of intimacy, privacy, the withdrawal and silence, we consider this a North that CRs must not be lost sight of. In this sense, we reflect that to overcome the dichotomy between public and private spheres is necessary to tow the notion of community to its politicization in search of territories able to motivate exchanges of views, wishes and ideas, providing "good meetings" with each other, and thus investing in the power of collective action, and common power capable of preventing disproportionate excesses among themselves, as those that generate poverty and slavery. We believe that the RCH can further explore their educational potential, cultural, participatory and politician, from his affectation and power of collective action together with social movements, reinforcing its reporting role, their struggle for rights, for public policy, by democratizing communication, as well as the participatory democracy / Esta pesquisa objetivou investigar a potência da Rádio Comunitária Heliópolis FM (RCH) para se constituir em espaço de ação coletiva, na perspectiva de seus radialistas. Para tanto, resgata da história da emissora, princípios, forma de planejamento e atuação contextualizando com a história das rádios comunitárias no mundo e analisa os sentidos dos radialistas e diretores sobre seu papel na comunidade e na estrutura da União de Núcleos, Associações de Moradores de Heliópolis e Região (UNAS) mediante seus diversos projetos sociais na locais. O referencial teórico adotado é da Psicologia Social Sócio-Histórica especialmente a teoria de Lev. Vigotski sobre linguagem e sentido/significado, nas reflexões sobre transformação social de Silvia T. Lane, da dialética exclusão/inclusão de B. Sawaia, e na teoria da afetividade de B. Espinosa. A metodologia enquadra-se na perspectiva da pesquisa qualitativa de estilo etnológico, usando o procedimento de observação do funcionamento da rádio registrado em diário de campo, entrevistas individuais semi-estruturadas com os radialistas e a diretoria da emissora, além de conversas informais também registradas em diário de campo. Conjuntamente, foram analisados documentos da programação da emissora e de documentos sobre a Rádio Comunitária Heliópolis e da UNAS. Dessa forma, a análise dos dados segue a orientação de Vigotski da busca do subtexto do discurso obtido no campo. Compreendemos que a RCH é produto e produtora de subjetividades, mediante a produção de significados, e sentidos, e também é um instrumento de mediação das relações, na medida em que influencia na vida social, coletiva, e cultural. A história da RCH e a análise dos sentidos nas entrevistas, indicaram seu potencial por ser idealizada por lideranças da própria comunidade, administrada pelos moradores locais, sendo pioneira na conquista pela outorga, pela alternativa a mídia hegemônica, e também pela resistência no enfrentamento ao preconceito que a própria mídia produz sobre a comunidade de Heliópolis, transmitindo informações locais sobre a realidade. Mostrou também que a RCH desenvolve funções de utilidade pública, transmitindo informações da própria comunidade, incentivando bandas ou artistas desconhecidos; e também com uma função educativa, de formação dos locutores, e na transmissão de programas e vinhetas de informação educativa, cultural e jornalística, tornando-se uma estratégia de enfrentamento à alienação. Apesar de atualmente se observar o esvaziamento da esfera pública baseada na hipervalorização da intimidade, da privacidade, do retraimento e silêncio, consideramos este um norte que as RCs não se podem perder de vista. Neste sentido, refletimos que para superar a dicotomia entre esfera pública e privada é preciso atrelar a noção de comunidade a sua politização em busca de territórios capazes de motivar trocas de opiniões, vontades, e ideias, proporcionando bons encontros com o outro, e investindo assim na potência de ação coletiva, e no poder comum capaz de impedir os excessos desproporcionais entre si, como os que geram a miséria e a escravidão. Acreditamos que a RCH pode explorar ainda mais seu potencial educativo, cultural, participativo e político, a partir de sua afetação e potência de ação coletiva em conjunto com movimentos sociais, reforçando seu papel de denúncia, sua luta por direitos, por políticas públicas, pela democratização da comunicação, assim como pela democracia participativa

Le nombre de gènes codant pour des protéines chez l’'homme, le vers rond et la mouche des fruits est du même ordre de grandeur. Cette absence de correspondance entre le nombre de gènes d’un eucaryote et sa complexité phénotypique s’explique en partie par le caractère alternatif de l’épissage.L'épissage alternatif augmente considérablement le répertoire fonctionnel de protéines codées par un nombre limité de gènes. Ce mécanisme, très actif lors du développement embryonnaire, participe au devenir cellulaire. De nombreux troubles génétiques, hérités ou acquis (en particulier certains cancers), se caractérisent par une altération de son fonctionnement.Les technologies de séquençage à haut débit de l'ARN donnent accès a une information plus riche sur le mécanisme de l’épissage. Cependant, si la lecture à haut débit des séquences d’ARN est plus rapide et moins coûteuse, les données qui en sont issues sont complexes et nécessitent le développement d’outils algorithmiques pour leur interprétation. En particulier, la reconstruction des transcrits alternatifs requiert une étape de déconvolution non triviale.Dans ce contexte, cette thèse participe à l'étude des événements d'épissage et des transcrits alternatifs sur des données de séquençage à haut débit de l'ARN.Nous proposons de nouvelles méthodes pour reconstruire et quantifier les transcrits alternatifs de façon plus efficace et précise. Nos contributions méthodologiques impliquent des techniques de régression parcimonieuse, basées sur l'optimisation convexe et sur des algorithmes de flots. Nous étudions également une procédure pour détecter des anomalies d'épissage dans un contexte de diagnostic clinique. Nous suggérons un protocole expérimental facilement opérant et développons de nouveaux modèles statistiques et algorithmes pour quantifier des événements d’épissage et mesurer leur degré d'anormalité chez le patient. / The number of protein-coding genes in a human, a nematodeand a fruit fly are roughly equal.The paradoxical miscorrelation between the number of genesin an organism's genome and its phenotypic complexityfinds an explanation in the alternative natureof splicing in higher organisms.Alternative splicing largely increases the functionaldiversity of proteins encoded by a limitednumber of genes.It is known to be involved incell fate decisionand embryonic development,but also appears to be dysregulatedin inherited and acquired human genetic disorders,in particular in cancers.High-throughput RNA sequencing technologiesallow us to measure and question splicingat an unprecedented resolution.However, while the cost of sequencing RNA decreasesand throughput increases,many computational challenges arise from the discrete and local nature of the data.In particular, the task of inferring alternative transcripts requires a non-trivial deconvolution procedure.In this thesis, we contribute to deciphering alternative transcript expressions andalternative splicing events fromhigh-throughput RNA sequencing data.We propose new methods to accurately and efficientlydetect and quantify alternative transcripts.Our methodological contributionslargely rely on sparse regression techniquesand takes advantage ofnetwork flow optimization techniques.Besides, we investigate means to query splicing abnormalitiesfor clinical diagnosis purposes.We suggest an experimental protocolthat can be easily implemented in routine clinical practice,and present new statistical models and algorithmsto quantify splicing events and measure how abnormal these eventsmight be in patient data compared to wild-type situations.

The aim of this thesis was to investigate the use of effect sizes to report the results of statistical credit rating models in a more practical way. Rating systems in the form of statistical probability models like logistic regression models are used to forecast the behaviour of clients and guide business in rating clients as “high” or “low” risk borrowers. Therefore, model results were reported in terms of statistical significance as well as business language (practical significance), which business experts can understand and interpret. In this thesis, statistical results were expressed as effect sizes like Cohen‟s d that puts the results into standardised and measurable units, which can be reported practically. These effect sizes indicated strength of correlations between variables, contribution of variables to the odds of defaulting, the overall goodness-of-fit of the models and the models‟ discriminating ability between high and low risk customers. / Statistics / M. Sc. (Statistics)

Cette thèse se concentre sur quelques sujets de probabilités et statistique liés à la génomique comparative. Dans la première partie nous présentons une approximation de Poisson composée pour calculer des probabilités impliquées dans des tests statistiques pour la significativité des régions génomiques conservées trouvées par une approche de type région de référence.<br>Un aspect important de notre démarche est le fait de prendre en compte l'existence des familles multigéniques. Dans la deuxième partie nous proposons trois mesures, basées sur la distance de transposition dans le groupe symétrique, pour quantifier l'exceptionalité de l'ordre des gènes dans des régions génomiques conservées. Nous avons obtenu des expressions analytiques pour leur distribution dans le cas d'une permutation aléatoire. Dans la troisième partie nous avons étudié la distribution du nombre de cycles dans le graphe des points de rupture d'une permutation signée aléatoire. Nous avons utilisé la technique ``Markov chain imbedding'' pour obtenir cette distribution en terme d'un produit de matrices de transition d'une certaine chaîne de Markov finie. La connaissance de cette<br>distribution fournit par la suite une très bonne approximation pour la distribution de la distance d'inversion.

Since Galileo Galilei invented the first thermometer, researchers have tried to understand the complex dynamics of ocean and atmosphere by means of scientific methods. They observe nature and formulate theories about the climate system. Since some decades powerful computers are capable to simulate the past and future evolution of climate.<br><br> Time series analysis tries to link the observed data to the computer models: Using statistical methods, one estimates characteristic properties of the underlying climatological processes that in turn can enter the models. The quality of an estimation is evaluated by means of error bars and significance testing. On the one hand, such a test should be capable to detect interesting features, i.e. be sensitive. On the other hand, it should be robust and sort out false positive results, i.e. be specific. <br><br> This thesis mainly aims to contribute to methodological questions of time series analysis with a focus on sensitivity and specificity and to apply the investigated methods to recent climatological problems. <br><br> First, the inference of long-range correlations by means of Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA) is studied. It is argued that power-law scaling of the fluctuation function and thus long-memory may not be assumed a priori but have to be established. This requires to investigate the local slopes of the fluctuation function. The variability characteristic for stochastic processes is accounted for by calculating empirical confidence regions. The comparison of a long-memory with a short-memory model shows that the inference of long-range correlations from a finite amount of data by means of DFA is not specific. When aiming to infer short memory by means of DFA, a local slope larger than $alpha=0.5$ for large scales does not necessarily imply long-memory. Also, a finite scaling of the autocorrelation function is shifted to larger scales in the fluctuation function. It turns out that long-range correlations cannot be concluded unambiguously from the DFA results for the Prague temperature data set. <br><br> In the second part of the thesis, an equivalence class of nonstationary Gaussian stochastic processes is defined in the wavelet domain. These processes are characterized by means of wavelet multipliers and exhibit well defined time dependent spectral properties; they allow one to generate realizations of any nonstationary Gaussian process. The dependency of the realizations on the wavelets used for the generation is studied, bias and variance of the wavelet sample spectrum are calculated. To overcome the difficulties of multiple testing, an areawise significance test is developed and compared to the conventional pointwise test in terms of sensitivity and specificity. Applications to Climatological and Hydrological questions are presented. The thesis at hand mainly aims to contribute to methodological questions of time series analysis and to apply the investigated methods to recent climatological problems. <br><br> In the last part, the coupling between El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Indian Monsoon on inter-annual time scales is studied by means of Hilbert transformation and a curvature defined phase. This method allows one to investigate the relation of two oscillating systems with respect to their phases, independently of their amplitudes. The performance of the technique is evaluated using a toy model. From the data, distinct epochs are identified, especially two intervals of phase coherence, 1886-1908 and 1964-1980, confirming earlier findings from a new point of view. A significance test of high specificity corroborates these results. Also so far unknown periods of coupling invisible to linear methods are detected. These findings suggest that the decreasing correlation during the last decades might be partly inherent to the ENSO/Monsoon system. Finally, a possible interpretation of how volcanic radiative forcing could cause the coupling is outlined. / Seit der Erfindung des Thermometers durch Galileo Galilei versuchen Forscher mit naturwissenschaftlichen Methoden die komplexen Zusammenhänge in der Atmosphäre und den Ozeanen zu entschlüsseln. Sie beobachten die Natur und stellen Theorien über das Klimasystem auf. Seit wenigen Jahrzehnten werden sie dabei von immer leistungsfähigeren Computern unterstützt, die das Klima der Erdgeschichte und der nahen Zukunft simulieren. <br><br> Die Verbindung aus den Beobachtungen und den Modellen versucht die Zeitreihen­analyse herzustellen: Aus den Daten werden mit statistischen Methoden charak­teristische Eigenschaften der zugrundeliegenden klimatologischen Prozesse geschätzt, die dann in die Modelle einfliessen können. Die Bewertung solch einer Schätzung, die stets Messfehlern und Vereinfachungen des Modells unterworfen ist, erfolgt statistisch entweder mittels Konfidenzintervallen oder Signifikanztests. Solche Tests sollen auf der einen Seite charakteristische Eigenschaften in den Daten erkennen können, d.h. sie sollen sensitiv sein. Auf der anderen Seite sollen sie jedoch auch keine Eigenschaften vortäuschen, d.h. sie sollen spezifisch sein. Für die vertrauenswürdige Untermauerung einer Hypothese ist also ein spezifischer Test erforderlich. <br><br> Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht verschiedene Methoden der Zeitreihenanalyse, erweitert sie gegebenenfalls und wendet sie auf typische klimatologische Frage­stellungen an. Besonderes Augenmerk wird dabei auf die Spezifizität der jeweiligen Methode gelegt; die Grenzen möglicher Folgerungen mittels Datenanalyse werden diskutiert.<br><br> Im ersten Teil der Arbeit wird studiert, wie und ob sich mithilfe der sogenannten trendbereinigenden Fluktuationsanalyse aus Temperaturzeitreihen ein sogenanntes langes Gedächtnis der zugrundeliegenden Prozesse herleiten lässt. Solch ein Gedächtnis bedeutet, dass der Prozess seine Vergangenheit nie vergisst, mit fundamentalen Auswirkungen auf die gesamte statistische Beurteilung des Klimasystems. Diese Arbeit konnte jedoch zeigen, dass die Analysemethode vollkommen unspezifisch ist und die Hypothese “Langes Gedächtnis” gar nicht abgelehnt werden kann. <br><br> Im zweiten Teil werden zunächst Mängel einer sehr populären Analysemethode, der sogenannten kontinuierlichen Waveletspetralanalyse diskutiert. Diese Methode schätzt die Variabilität eines Prozesses auf verschiedenen Schwingungsperioden zu bestimm­ten Zeiten. Ein wichtiger Nachteil der bisherigen Methodik sind auch hier unspezi­fische Signifikanztests. Ausgehend von der Diskussion wird eine Theorie der Wavelet­spektralanalyse entwickelt, die ein breites Feld an neuen Anwendungen öffnet. Darauf basierend werden spezifische Signifikanztests konstruiert.<br><br> Im letzten Teil der Arbeit wird der Einfluss des El Niño/Southern Oscillation Phäno­mens auf den Indischen Sommermonsun analysiert. Es wird untersucht, ob und wann die Oszillationen beider Phänomene synchron ablaufen. Dazu wird eine etablierte Methode für die speziellen Bedürfnisse der Analyse von typischerweise sehr unregel­mäßigen Klimadaten erweitert. Mittels eines spezifischen Signifikanztests konnten bisherige Ergebnisse mit erhöhter Genauigkeit bestätigt werden. Zusätzlich konnte diese Methode jedoch auch neue Kopplungsintervalle feststellen, die die Hypothese entkräften konnten, dass ein neuerliches Verschwinden der Kopplung ein beisspielloser Vorgang sei. Schliesslich wird eine Hypothese vorgestellt, wie vulkanische Aerosole die Kopplung beeinflussen könnten.

L’architecture au sens strict, qui renvoie à la construction, n’est pas indépendante des déterminations mentales, des images et des valeurs esthétiques, comme références, amenées par divers champs d’intérêt au problème du sens. Elle est, de par ce fait, un objet d’interprétation. Ce qu’on appelle communément « signification architecturale », est un univers vaste dans lequel sont constellées des constructions hypothétiques. En ce qui nous concerne, il s’agit non seulement de mouler la signification architecturale selon un cadre et des matières spécifiques de référence, mais aussi, de voir de près la relation de cette question avec l’attitude de perception de l’homme. Dans l’étude de la signification architecturale, on ne peut donc se détacher du problème de la perception. Au fond, notre travail montrera leur interaction, les moyens de sa mise en œuvre et ce qui est en jeu selon les pratiques théoriques qui la commandent. En posant la question de l’origine de l’acte de perception, qui n’est ni un simple acte de voir, ni un acte contemplatif, mais une forme d’interaction active avec la forme architecturale ou la forme d’art en général, on trouve dans les écrits de l’historien Christian Norberg-Schulz deux types de travaux, et donc deux types de réponses dont nous pouvons d’emblée souligner le caractère antinomique l’une par rapport à l’autre. C’est qu’il traite, dans le premier livre qu’il a écrit, Intentions in architecture (1962), connu dans sa version française sous le titre Système logique de l’architecture (1974, ci-après SLA), de l’expression architecturale et des modes de vie en société comme un continuum, défendant ainsi une approche culturelle de la question en jeu : la signification architecturale et ses temporalités. SLA désigne et représente un système théorique influencé, à bien des égards, par les travaux de l’épistémologie de Jean Piaget et par les contributions de la sémiotique au développement de l’étude de la signification architecturale. Le second type de réponse sur l’origine de l’acte de perception que formule Norberg-Schulz, basé sur sur les réflexions du philosophe Martin Heidegger, se rapporte à un terrain d’étude qui se situe à la dérive de la revendication du fondement social et culturel du langage architectural. Il lie, plus précisément, l’étude de la signification à l’étude de l’être. Reconnaissant ainsi la primauté, voire la prééminence, d’une recherche ontologique, qui consiste à soutenir les questionnements sur l’être en tant qu’être, il devrait amener avec régularité, à partir de son livre Existence, Space and Architecture (1971), des questions sur le fondement universel et historique de l’expression architecturale. Aux deux mouvements théoriques caractéristiques de ses écrits correspond le mouvement que prend la construction de notre thèse que nous séparons en deux parties. La première partie sera ainsi consacrée à l’étude de SLA avec l’objectif de déceler les ambiguïtés qui entourent le cadre de son élaboration et à montrer les types de legs que son auteur laisse à la théorie architecturale. Notre étude va montrer l’aspect controversé de ce livre, lié aux influences qu’exerce la pragmatique sur l’étude de la signification. Il s’agit dans cette première partie de présenter les modèles théoriques dont il débat et de les mettre en relation avec les différentes échelles qui y sont proposées pour l’étude du langage architectural, notamment avec l’échelle sociale. Celle-ci implique l’étude de la fonctionnalité de l’architecture et des moyens de recherche sur la typologie de la forme architecturale et sur sa schématisation. Notre approche critique de cet ouvrage prend le point de vue de la recherche historique chez Manfredo Tafuri. La seconde partie de notre thèse porte, elle, sur les fondements de l’intérêt chez Norberg-Schulz à partager avec Heidegger la question de l’Être qui contribuent à fonder une forme d’investigation existentielle sur la signification architecturale et du problème de la perception . L’éclairage de ces fondements exige, toutefois, de montrer l’enracinement de la question de l’Être dans l’essence de la pratique herméneutique chez Heidegger, mais aussi chez H. G. Gadamer, dont se réclame aussi directement Norberg-Schulz, et de dévoiler, par conséquent, la primauté établie de l’image comme champ permettant d’instaurer la question de l’Être au sein de la recherche architecturale. Sa recherche conséquente sur des valeurs esthétiques transculturelles a ainsi permis de réduire les échelles d’étude de la signification à l’unique échelle d’étude de l’Être. C’est en empruntant cette direction que Norberg-Schulz constitue, au fond, suivant Heidegger, une approche qui a pour tâche d’aborder l’« habiter » et le « bâtir » à titre de solutions au problème existentiel de l’Être. Notre étude révèle, cependant, une interaction entre la question de l’Être et la critique de la technique moderne par laquelle l’architecture est directement concernée, centrée sur son attrait le plus marquant : la reproductibilité des formes. Entre les écrits de Norberg-Schulz et les analyses spécifiques de Heidegger sur le problème de l’art, il existe un contexte de rupture avec le langage de la théorie qu’il s’agit pour nous de dégager et de ramener aux exigences du travail herméneutique, une approche que nous avons nous-même adoptée. Notre méthode est donc essentiellement qualitative. Elle s’inspire notamment des méthodes d’interprétation, de là aussi notre recours à un corpus constitué des travaux de Gilles Deleuze et de Jacques Derrida ainsi qu’à d’autres travaux associés à ce type d’analyse. Notre recherche demeure cependant attentive à des questions d’ordre épistémologique concernant la relation entre la discipline architecturale et les sciences qui se prêtent à l’étude du langage architectural. Notre thèse propose non seulement une compréhension approfondie des réflexions de Norberg-Schulz, mais aussi une démonstration de l’incompatibilité de la phénoménologie de Heidegger et des sciences du langage, notamment la sémiotique. / Architecture, being strictly a means of construction, is not independent of mental decisions, images, and esthetic values coming from various fields of references. It is in fact, as a result of all that, subject to various interpretations. We commonly call the universe where reside these hypothetical constructions: Architectural significance. Talking about architectural significance does not only belong to a specific framework of reference materials but also to its relationship with the attitude of man vis-à-vis “perception”. Studying architectural significance could not therefore ignore the question of “perception” and our research will demonstrate their interaction, and the theoretical and practical means, which allow their realization. In asking the question about the origin of “perception”, which is not a simple act, nor a contemplative one, but rather a moment of an active interaction with the architectural form or the form of art in general, we find in the writings of the historian, Christian Norberg-Schluz two types if works; hence two types of responses that we underline the antinomian character towards each others. It is that Norberg-Schluz leads a reflection in the first book he wrote; Intentions in Architecture (1962), known in French as Système logique de l’architecture (1974), here after referred to as SLA, that treats significance as if a continuum exists between architectural expression and “modes de vie” in society, benefiting as a result a cultural approach to the question. His SLA consists of a theoretical system, which seems to be influenced at many fronts, by works of the epistemology of Jean Piaget and the contributions of semiotics to the development of the studies on architectural significance. The second type of response that formulates Norberg-Schulz regarding the origin of the act of perception in which he aligns himself with the reflections of the Philosopher Martin Heidegger, takes us to a new ground of study which lays the ground for the social and cultural foundations of architectural language and which relates the study of significance to the study of the human being. The step is then ceded to an ontological research; Norberg Schulz would lead with consistence starting with his book Existence, Space, and Architecture (1971) the question about the historical and universal foundations of architectural expression. The construction of this thesis, which we separate into two parts, corresponds to two theoretical movements characterizing the writings of Norberg-Schulz. The first part of this thesis will therefore; be devoted to studying the SLA of Norberg Schulz. Our objective consists of unveiling the ambiguities surrounding the framework of his work and the heritage he left to the architectural theory. Our study will demonstrate the controversial aspect of his SLA related to influences that practice the “pragmatic” on the study of significance. In this first part, it is suggested that we present the theoretical models contained in the SLA and to put them in association with the different dimensions, which are being proposed for the study of architectural language, and especially the social dimension, as a result of formalizing the language of art, initiated by the semiotics and psychology on the meaning of significance. This involves studying the functionality of architecture and the research instruments of the typology of the architectural form and its schematization. Our critical approach of the SLA is based on evaluation that adopts the standpoint of the historical research of Manfredo Tafuri. The second part of our thesis focuses on the foundations of Norberg-Schulz’ interest in sharing with Heidegger the question of the human being, which contributes to the foundations of an existentialist investigation on “significance” and “architectural perception”. Throwing light on these foundations requires demonstrating the roots of the question on the human being in the essence of the hermeneutic practice of Heidegger, and also that of H. G. Gadamer, and it requires revealing the importance of “image” as a foundation for the question of the “human being”. Research on trans-cultural esthetic values allows reducing the study of significance to the only dimension that is of the human being. It’s by taking this direction that Norberg-Schulz along with Heidegger puts the foundations of his approach; the “dwell” and the “build” as means or mediums of manifestations of the question of the human being. Our study reveals in the meantime, the interaction between the question of the “human being” and the critique of the technique in its present form being based on reproducibility. Between the writings of Norberg-Schulz and the specific analysis of Heidegger of the problem of art, there is a context of interruption with the language of the theory that matters for us to clarify and bring closer to the requirements of the hermeneutic, an approach which we also have adopted. Our method is essentially qualitative. It is inspired by the methods of interpretation and works of Gilles Deleuze and Jacques Derrida and also other works annexed to these types of analysis. In the meantime, our research remains attentive to questions of epistemological order concerning the relation between architectural discipline and sciences that study the architectural language. Our thesis suggests not only a deep understanding of Norberg-Schulz’s reflections but also a demonstration of the incompatibility of the phenomenology of Heidegger vis-à-vis the sciences of language, notably semiotics.

Etiniai bendravimo aspektai tarp gydytojo ir paciento visuomet buvo ir išlieka viena svarbesnių visuomenės aukšto išsivystymo ir sąmoningumo moralinių aspektų. Faktoriai apibūdinantys paciento požiūrį į gydytoją lemia lygiavertį bendravimą tarp paciento ir gydytojo, o gydytojo sąmoningumo, žmogiškųjų sąvybių ir darbo kokybės gerinimas yra vienas iš prioritetinių sveikatos sistemos priežiūros uždavinių. Šiuolaikinės sveikatos priežiūros paslaugų teikimas turi būti atliekamas tokiame lygmenyje, kad nebūtų pacientų nusiskundimų gydytojais, o pastarieji nevengtų „rizikingų“ pacientų. Šiame darbe analizuojami faktoriai, turintys arba galintys turėti įtakos gydytojo ir paciento tarpusavio santykiams, pateikiamos rekomendacijos būtinių veiksnių ar faktorių kuriuos būtina įgyvendinti siekiant abipusiai naudingo gydytojo ir paciento bendravimo. Darbo tikslas - Įvertinti gydytojų nuomonę apie bendravimo su pacientais ypatumus ir etinius šio bendravimo aspektus gydytojo santykiuose su pacientu. Tyrimo metodai. 2011 metais „Gydytojų sąjungos“ organizuotose specializuotuose mokymose Druskininkų ligoninėje buvo įvykdyta anoniminė anketinė gydytojų apklausa, kurios metu buvo apklausta 2440 įvairių specialybių gydytojų. Anketiniai duomenys buvo apdoroti ir analizuojami naudojant statistinį duomenų analizės paketą SPSS 17.0. Hipotezės apie dviejų požymių nepriklausomumą buvo tikrinamos naudojant chi kvadrato (χ2) kriterijų (97). Rodiklių skirtumai laikyti statistiškai reikšmingais, kai p<0,05... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Ethical aspects of doctor-patient communication have always been and remain some of the major moral issues of high public development and awareness. The factors characterizing the patient's attitude to the doctor determine the equivalent communication between the patient and the physician, and physician’s awareness, human qualities and quality improvement is one of the priority health care challenges. Delivery of modern health care services must be performed at a level that would not be patient complaints about doctors, but they do not avoid "risky" patients. This paper analyzes the factors which have or may have an impact on doctor-patient relationships, presents recommendations on necessary factors or actions that need to be implemented in order to establish a mutually beneficial doctor-patient communication. Aim of the work: to evaluate doctors opinion regarding the doctors-patients communication peculiarity and ethical aspects of such communication in doctors relationships with patient. Methods of the research: the anonymous questionnaire survey of physicians was organised in Druskininkai hospital at 2011, on the specialized trainings organised by “Medical Association”. 2440 doctors of various specialties participated in the survey. The questionnaire data were processed and analyzed using the statistical data analysis package SPSS 17.0. Hypotheses about the independence of two signs were tested using the chi-square (χ2) test (97). Differences of indicators were considered... [to full text]

This dissertation aims to develop an ethical system that can properly frame such questions as the morality of large-scale efforts to transform inanimate parts of nature, for example, proposals to terraform Mars. Such an ethics diverges from traditional approaches to ethics because it expands the class of entities regarded as morally considerable to include inanimate entities. I approach the task by building on the environmental ethical theory of Paul W. Taylor, as developed in his 1986 book Respect for Nature: A Theory of Environmental Ethics. I discuss various criticisms of Taylor and propose two extensions to his theory: an expansion of the scope of moral considerability to include all concrete material objects and the introduction of the concept of variable moral significance (the notion that all entities have inherent worth but some have more than others). Using Taylor’s modified and extended theory as a foundation, I develop something I call universal ethics. This is an ethical framework whose key elements are a fundamental ethical attitude of respect for the world and a principle of minimal harm. Universal ethics regards all concrete material entities, whether living or not, and whether natural or artefactual, as inherently valuable, and therefore as entitled to the respect of moral agents. I offer a defence of this ethical framework and discuss a number of practical applications, including criticism of proposals for the terraforming of Mars. I conclude that terraforming Mars or any other celestial body at this point in our history would be morally wrong. I also suggest that universal ethics provides an ethical foundation for efforts to protect Antarctica, and that it has implications for our relations to other inanimate parts of our world, including artefacts.

This dissertation aims to develop an ethical system that can properly frame such questions as the morality of large-scale efforts to transform inanimate parts of nature, for example, proposals to terraform Mars. Such an ethics diverges from traditional approaches to ethics because it expands the class of entities regarded as morally considerable to include inanimate entities. I approach the task by building on the environmental ethical theory of Paul W. Taylor, as developed in his 1986 book Respect for Nature: A Theory of Environmental Ethics. I discuss various criticisms of Taylor and propose two extensions to his theory: an expansion of the scope of moral considerability to include all concrete material objects and the introduction of the concept of variable moral significance (the notion that all entities have inherent worth but some have more than others). Using Taylor’s modified and extended theory as a foundation, I develop something I call universal ethics. This is an ethical framework whose key elements are a fundamental ethical attitude of respect for the world and a principle of minimal harm. Universal ethics regards all concrete material entities, whether living or not, and whether natural or artefactual, as inherently valuable, and therefore as entitled to the respect of moral agents. I offer a defence of this ethical framework and discuss a number of practical applications, including criticism of proposals for the terraforming of Mars. I conclude that terraforming Mars or any other celestial body at this point in our history would be morally wrong. I also suggest that universal ethics provides an ethical foundation for efforts to protect Antarctica, and that it has implications for our relations to other inanimate parts of our world, including artefacts.

This dissertation aims to develop an ethical system that can properly frame such questions as the morality of large-scale efforts to transform inanimate parts of nature, for example, proposals to terraform Mars. Such an ethics diverges from traditional approaches to ethics because it expands the class of entities regarded as morally considerable to include inanimate entities. I approach the task by building on the environmental ethical theory of Paul W. Taylor, as developed in his 1986 book Respect for Nature: A Theory of Environmental Ethics. I discuss various criticisms of Taylor and propose two extensions to his theory: an expansion of the scope of moral considerability to include all concrete material objects and the introduction of the concept of variable moral significance (the notion that all entities have inherent worth but some have more than others). Using Taylor’s modified and extended theory as a foundation, I develop something I call universal ethics. This is an ethical framework whose key elements are a fundamental ethical attitude of respect for the world and a principle of minimal harm. Universal ethics regards all concrete material entities, whether living or not, and whether natural or artefactual, as inherently valuable, and therefore as entitled to the respect of moral agents. I offer a defence of this ethical framework and discuss a number of practical applications, including criticism of proposals for the terraforming of Mars. I conclude that terraforming Mars or any other celestial body at this point in our history would be morally wrong. I also suggest that universal ethics provides an ethical foundation for efforts to protect Antarctica, and that it has implications for our relations to other inanimate parts of our world, including artefacts.