Inactivity reduces insulin action. Energy surplus causes similar reductions to insulin action. Unless energy intake is reduced to match low energy expenditure during inactivity, a concurrent energy surplus may account for the lower insulin action. This study evaluated the effect of inactivity (sitting) with and without energy surplus on insulin action. Fourteen young (26.1 ± 4.5 years (M ± SD)), lean (23.7 ± 7.1% fat), fit (VO 2peak = 49.1 ± 3.3 ml*kg -1 *min -1 ) men (n=7) and women (n=7) completed each of 3, 24-hour conditions: an active condition (i.e. high energy expenditure with energy intake matched to expenditure) = ACTIV; (2) reduced energy expenditure (inactivity) with no reduction in energy intake (i.e. energy surplus) = INACTIV; (3) inactivity with energy intake reduced to match low energy expenditure = INACTIV LO-CAL. Insulin action was measured during a glucose infusion the following morning. Data were analyzed using linear mixed-effects models with planned contrasts. Compared to ACTIV, insulin action, defined as whole-body rate of glucose disappearance ( R d ) scaled to steady-state plasma insulin, was reduced 39% in INACTIV ( p < 0.001) and by 18% in INACTIV LO-CAL ( p = 0.07). Insulin action was also higher in INACTIV LO-CAL compared to INACTIV ( p =0.04). These results suggest that 1 day of sitting elicits large reductions in insulin action. Energy surplus accounts for half of the decline in insulin action, suggesting other factors are involved in the metabolic response to inactivity.

This cross-sectional investigation of 6,931 U.S. adults examined the relationship between sitting time and insulin resistance. A primary objective was to evaluate how this relationship was mediated by the following variables: age, sex, race, year of assessment, cigarette smoking, physical activity, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference. Self-reported sitting time, measured in minutes per day, was the exposure variable. Insulin resistance, indexed by the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), was the outcome variable. Data were used from the 2011-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Results showed a strong, positive association between sitting time and insulin resistance after adjusting for age, sex, race, and year of assessment (F = 13.3, p < 0.0001). Further controlling for cigarette smoking and physical activity did not alter the significance of the relationship. Adding BMI to the demographic covariates weakened the relationship but did not nullify it; however, the association was no longer significant after adjusting for differences in waist circumference (F = 1.39, p = 0.2563). Overall, waist circumference was a powerful mediating variable between sitting time and insulin resistance.

High levels of sedentary behaviour (SB) and low levels of physical activity (PA) in primary school children are a health concern especially for the South Asians (SA) because of increased cardiovascular risk. The study investigated ethnic differences in movement behaviours among primary school children in three studies: 1) inclinometer and accelerometer measured movement behaviours in White British (WB) vs. SA 6-8-year-old children; 2) qualitative studies with children, parents and teachers explored barriers and facilitators to reducing SB; and, 3) accelerometer measured movement behaviours in children aged 8-11-years. The inclinometer outcomes were: total SB, SB from bouts >30 minutes and breaks in SB, while accelerometry considered: SB, light PA and moderate to-vigorous PA and counts per minute. 525 children, eight parents and six teachers participated. No ethnic differences were identified in inclinometer outcomes except for SB breaks. SA children had 25 fewer breaks compared to WB. Accelerometry identified higher SB for SA children vs. WB in study one but no ethnic differences in study three; a pattern for higher SB/lower PA for SA children vs. WB was consistent in studies. Reasons for engagement in SB included: knowledge and beliefs about SB, child characteristics, cultural norms, parenting, educational system and the built environment. A large proportion of movement behaviour interventions components were related to education and policy. Children’s levels of SB were similar to office workers regardless of ethnicity. Interventions to reduce SB need to consider SB breaks and PA, especially for SA children who were less active and more sedentary than WB.

No description available.

Thesis (MScPhysio)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to improve the measurement of postural dynamism in the sitting position using a three-dimensional (3D) motion analysis system. The primary objective was to describe pilot data for postural dynamism of the cervical and thoracic spines while working at a desktop computer. The secondary objective was to refine the process of posture measurement and analysis by decreasing data processing time. Certain factors in 3D motion analysis can lead to an increase in gaps in data collected during trial capture, which in turn will lead to a longer time of data processing. In the first phase of this study, a number of such factors were identified and altered. A series of pilot studies was performed to test the improvement of data processing time when altering these factors. In the first two pilot studies, camera and tripod positionings were explored and refined, workstation layout and anatomical landmark marker placement were investigated, and optimal capture frequency was established. In both these pilot studies, outcomes were established by means of trial and error by experimenting with a variety of different options for the different outcomes. In the third pilot study, computer software which provides computer tasks for the participant during primary trial capture was tested. Two independent computer users performed all the activities as per software, after which they were required to give oral feedback and suggestions on improvement in terms of user friendliness. The objective of the fourth and final pilot study was to include all of the outcomes from the preceeding pilot studies and attempt a trial run of the actual data collection process. A study participant with no affiliation to the research project was used and a complete trial run was performed after which the measurement process was deemed feasible. In the primary study, 18 student volunteers completed a sequence of computer tasks, including keyboard, mouse and reading activities. Prior to data capture, full range of motion of the thoracic and cervical spines were measured in three dimensions for every participant. Data capture took place for the full duration of performance of all computer activities. Outcome parameters for postural dynamism included true range of motion (degrees), proportional range of motion (percentage) and motion frequency (movement per minute) in all three planes of motion of the cervical and thoracic spines. Typing tasks were associated with biggest movement ranges and motion frequencies. Mouse activity was associated with the most stationary posture, exhibiting the least frequent movement as well as the smallest ranges of motion. The results from this study allow us to better understand the dynamic nature of posture, as well as postural dynamism associated with different computer tasks. This study provides a baseline for future research of 3D motion analysis of the sitting posture. It also marks the need for further research regarding ergonomics, use and potential alternatives in the computer workstation and input devices. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie het ten doel gehad om die meting van posturale dinamisme in die sitposisie te verbeter deur middel van „n drie-dimensionele (3D) bewegingsanalisesisteem. Die primêre doelwit was om loodsdata te beskryf vir posturale dinamisme van die servikale en torakale werwelkolomme terwyl op „n rekenaar gewerk word. Die sekondêre doelwit was om die proses van postuurmeting en analise te verfyn deur die dataprosesseringstyd te verminder. Sekere faktore van 3D bewegingsanalise kan „n vermeerdering van gapings in ingesamelde data tot gevolg hê, wat weer kan lei na „n verlengde tydperiode van dataprosessering. In die eerste fase van hierdie studie is sulke faktore identifiseer en aangepas. „n Reeks loodsstudies is uitgevoer om die verbetering van dataprosesseringstyd te toets namate aanpassings aan hierdie faktore gemaak is. Tydens die eerste twee loodsstudies is verskillende kamera en driepoot posisionering ondersoek en verfyn, werkstasie uitleg en anatomiese baken merker plasing is ondersoek en die optimale dataversamelingsfrekwensie is vasgestel. In beide hierdie loodsstudies is die uitkomste vasgestel op grond van toets- en fouteer deur te eksperimenteer met „n verskeidenheid opsies soos van toepassing op die betrokke uitkomste. Tydens die derde loodsstudie is rekenaarsagteware getoets wat die rekenaaraktiwiteit vir die studiedeelnemers verskaf het tydens primêre data-insameling. Twee onafhanklike persone het al die aktiwiteite volgens die sagteware voltooi en het verbale terugvoer en aanbevelings gegee oor hoe om die program te verbeter. Die vierdie en finale loodsstudie het gepoog om al die uitkomste van die eerste drie loodsstudies in te sluit en „n toetsmeting te doen van die ware dataversamelingsproses. „n Onafhanklike studiedeelnemer met geen affiliasie tot die navorsingsprojek nie het „n toetslopie van die hele versamelingsproses gedoen en die metingsproses is haalbaar verklaar. Tydens die primêre studie het 18 student-vrywilligers „n reeks rekenaartake gedoen (insluitend sleutelbord en muisaktiwiteite sowel as „n leesopdrag). Voor die aanvang van dataversameling is die volle bewegingsomvange van die torakale en servikale werwelkolomme van elke deelnemer gemeet. Dataversameling is vir die volle durasie van die uitvoer van rekenaaraktiwiteite gedoen. Uitkomsparameters vir posturale dinamisme het die volgende ingesluit: Omvang van beweging (grade), proporsionele omvang van beweging (persentasie) en bewegingsfrekwensie (bewegings per minuut) in al drie bewegingsvlakke van die servikale en torakale werwelkolomme. Sleutelbord-aktiwiteite is geässosieer met die grootste bewegingsomvange en die meeste bewegingsfrekwensie. Muisaktiwiteit is geässosieer met die mees stasionêre postuur en het die heel minste gereelde beweging getoon in die algemeen. Die resultate van hierdie studie help om die dinamise natuur van postuur beter te verstaan, sowel as posturale dinamisme wat met verskillende rekenaartake verbind word. Die studie bied „n basislyn vir die toekomstige navorsings wat posturale dinamisme met verskillende rekenaartake meet. Dit merk ook die behoefte aan verdere navorsing aangaande ergonomika, gebruik en alternatiewe tot rekenaarwerkstasie en –toerusting.

Tyrimo problema: Šiuolaikinis mokslas fizinį pajėgumą pripažįsta kaip vieną iš svarbiausių sveikatos rodiklių, kuris turi didelę įtaką prognozuojant sergamumą lėtinėmis ligomis ir jų sukeltą mirtingumą (Lohman et al., 2008). Fizinis pajėgumas gerinamas fizinio aktyvumo pagalba, mažinant fizinį pasyvumą, bei sėdimo laiko trukmę (Adaškevičienė, 1993; Domarkienė ir kt., 2003; Tamošiūnas ir kt., 2003; Lee & Moudon, 2004; Grabauskas ir kt., 2005; Borodulin, 2006; Jankauskienė, 2008; Kallings, 2008; Stessman et al., 2009; Haskell et al., 2009; Renaud et al., 2010; Glazer et al., 2013; Guiney & Machado, 2013). Kol kas moksliniais tyrimais nepagrįsta nuo ko labiau priklauso fizinio pajėgumo rodikliai nuo kasdienio fizinio aktyvumo ar laiko skirto sėdimai veiklai. Tyrimo tikslas – nustatyti 15-18 metų moksleivių fizinio pajėgumo priklausomybė nuo laiko skirto sėdimai veiklai ir fizinio aktyvumo. Tyrimo uždaviniai: 1. Nustatyti ir palyginti 15-18 metų moksleivių laiką skirtą sėdimai veiklai gyvenamosios vietos ir lyties aspektais. 2. Nustatyti ir palyginti 15-18 metų moksleivių fizinį aktyvumą gyvenamosios vietos ir lyties aspektais. 3. Nustatyti ir palyginti 15-18 metų moksleivių fizinį pajėgumą gyvenamosios vietos, lyties, fizinio aktyvumo ir laiko skirto sėdimai veiklai aspektais. 4. Nustatyti 15-18 metų moksleivių fizinio pajėgumo priklausomybę nuo laiko skirto sėdimai veiklai ir fizinio aktyvumo. Hipotezės: 1. Mieste gyvenančių, bei vyriškos lyties 15-18 metų moksleivių... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Problem of research: Modern science considers a physical fitness as one of the most important health indicators, which has a great impact on prediction of incidence of chronic diseases and mortality caused by them (Lohman et al., 2008). A physical fitness is improved by physical activity, by reducing a physical inactivity and duration of sitting time (Adaškevičienė, 1993; Domarkienė et al., 2003; Tamošiūnas et al., 2003; Lee & Moudon, 2004; Grabauskas et al., 2005; Borodulin, 2006; Jankauskienė, 2008; Kallings, 2008; Stessman et al., 2009; Haskell et al., 2009; Renaud et al., 2010; Glazer et al., 2013; Guiney & Machado, 2013). Scientific research has not grounded yet what has a higher impact on physical fitness indicators: daily physical activity or sitting time. Aim of research – to determine the influence of sitting time and physical activity on physical fitness of 15-18 year-old pupils. Tasks of research: 1. To determine and compare the duration of sitting time of 15-18 year-old pupils in respect of place of residence and gender. 2. To determine and compare a physical activity of 15-18 year-old pupils in respect of place of residence and gender. 3. To determine and compare a physical fitness of 15-18 year-old pupils in respect of place of residence, gender, physical activity and sitting time. 4. To determine of 15-18 year-old pupils the influence of physical fitness on sitting time and physical activity. Hypotheses: 1. The duration of sitting time of male 15-18 age-old... [to full text]

Stolen – en designpedagogisk undersökning om det konstruerande sittandet.The Chair - A design pedagogical study on the construction of sittingExamensarbetets frågeställning är: Går det att tänka utanför stolens ramar om man själv får bygga en efter sitt eget sittande? Syftet med studien har varit att genom designpedagogiska metoder undersöka ”sittande” och vilka tankar som finns kring sittande. Samt se till hur stolen är medskapare av genus och normer i samhället.Undersökningen gjordes tillsammans med sex deltagare som alla fick bygga en stol utifrån sin egen kropp. Dessa stolar kom sedan att användas som del i gestaltningen för att påvisa att ingen kropp passar in i normen för hur standardstolar ser ut i dag. I resultat och tolkning diskuteras hur människor är ”intvingade” i strukturer av sittande i olika miljöer trots att människans naturliga plats egentligen inte är sittandes på en stol.Examensarbetets gestaltade del bestod dels av de sex stolarna från undersökningen dels egengjorda stolar av mig. Jag tillförde även andra element under processen av byggandet för att förstärka bilden av en klassrumsmiljö där ingen stol skulle vara den andra lik om eleven själv fick bygga.

Title: Influence of race of horse and speed of it's walk on timing of muscles in hippotherapy Purposes: The goal of study is to find out if race of horse and speed of it's walk approaches muscles timing in the reverse sitting position. We also pretend quadrupedal locomotion activation. That would substantiate hippotherapy with sitting-unable children. : Methods: Surface Electromyography, physiotherapeutic screening Results: Muscles timing was different with selected races as well as with different speed of walk. Quadrupedal locomotion was certified. Keywords: hiporehabilitation, hippotherpy, reverse sitting, quadrupedal locomotion, race of a horse, surface electromyography

Title: Evaluation of wheelchair adjustments and their impact on proper propulsion pattern upper extremities and sitting posture in patients with spinal cord lesions. Objectives: The objective of this work was to evaluate the adjustments of wheelchair and to determine their impact on the work of the upper limbs and posture while sitting. This work was done on a group of patients with spinal lesions with their own wheelchairs. Another objective was to assess how education of proper propulsion pattern and form and type of a grip of handrim affects the correct propulsion pattern. Methods: In the group of 26 patients with spinal cord injuries in different levels of the spinal cord, I tested the adjusments of wheelchair, in particular the centre of gravity and maximum seat height from the ground. I also investigated what education on correct propulsion pattern the patients received, and observed any home-made adjustments to handrim, as well as patients' techniques of handrim grip. Finally, I examined how the subjects drove his/her wheelchair. During all the tests, I recorded video and photo documentation. The results were statistically evaluated using the Fisher test. Results: Despite the fact that only a small group was investigated, I showed the effect of wheelchair seatings on the correct posture. I...

Les capacités physiques sont directement liées au vieillissement en bonne santé. Ainsi, il est indispensable d'être capable de les estimer rapidement et simplement dans le cadre d'une routine clinique. Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes concentrés sur la transition assis / debout qui est déjà utilisée en gériatrie et qui constitue un mouvement de la vie courante qui se complexifie pour les personnes dont les capacités physiques diminuent. La quantification de ce mouvement a été proposée à l'aide d'une centrale inertielle fixée sur le buste. Ce type de boitier est petit et bon marché, ce qui en fait un excellent candidat pour les mesures ambulatoires.Dans un premier temps, il a été nécessaire de valider les mesures de la cinématique et de l'énergétique du mouvement à l'aide de la centrale lors du lever de chaise. Cette validation s'est faite sur un panel de sujets jeunes et sains en comparaison avec un système de capture du mouvement par caméras de référence Vicon.Le second objectif était de comparer différentes populations à travers la quantification du lever de chaise. Outre un groupe de sujets jeunes sains, un groupe de sujets âgés sains a été intégré à l'étude pour étudier l'effet de l'âge. Un groupe de sujets âgés fragiles a également pris part à l'étude pour investiguer l'effet de la fragilité. Nous avons proposé la mise en place de deux scores composites basés sur les paramètres mesurés. Le premier est un score de vieillissement et le second, un score de fragilité. Chaque score a été construit à l'aide d'une analyse en composantes principales. La performance de chaque score est meilleure que celle de n'importe quel paramètre considéré indépendamment. / Physical abilities are directly related to healthy aging. Thus, it is essential to be able to estimate them quickly and simply during clinical routines. In this thesis, we focused on the sit-to-stand transition that is already used in geriatrics and that constitutes a movement in everyday life that becomes more complex for people whose physical capacities decrease. The quantification of this movement was proposed using a magneto-inertial measurement unit fixed on the chest. This sensor is small and inexpensive, adapted for ambulatory measurements.First, it was necessary to validate the measurements of the kinematic and the kinetic energy using the inertial unit during the sit-to-stand. This validation was realized on a panel of young and healthy subjects compared to a V icon motion captur using cameras.The second objective was to compare different populations through the quantification of the sit-to-stand. In addition of the healthy young subjects, a group of healthy elderly subjects was included in to study the age effect. A group of frail elderly subjects was also included to investigate the effect of frailty. We proposed the implementation of two composite scores based on the measured parameters. The first is an aging score and the second is a frailty score. Each score was constructed using a principal component analysis. The performance of each score is better than that of any parameter considered independently.