Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:00:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CAPiTULO 1.pdf: 173170 bytes, checksum: 0870a0dee1d35604d39e39a3d4d077e8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-08-16 / As transformações ocorridas nos últimos anos têm provocado inovações de ordem empresarial e organizacional, com novas formas de atuação das empresas. Nos dias de hoje, muito se discute a respeito da atuação das empresas de forma conjunta e associada, principalmente para as micro e pequenas empresas (MPEs) se tornou prática fundamental para o sucesso. Dessa forma, os conceitos de redes empresariais, como aglomerados produtivos, constituem-se em importante fonte de competitividade que demanda a mobilização de todos os segmentos da sociedade. Parte-se então do pressuposto de que a constituição de arranjos produtivos locais (APLs) fornece elementos que podem resultar na solução dos gargalos existentes. No Espírito Santo são verificadas algumas formações industriais que vêm sendo referência para a caracterização de possíveis APLs organizados. Estudar tais formações, fornecendo informações relevantes e identificando suas condições de competitividade sistêmica contribui para o maior conhecimento e no direcionamento de políticas de desenvolvimento. O Índice de Condições de Competitividade (ICC) buscou refletir características dos APLs selecionados, com o objetivo de diagnosticar as condições de competitividade de cada um deles utilizando, para isso, um conjunto de Fatores Críticos de Sucesso. / The occured transformations in recent years have provoked innovations in the orders enterprise and organizacional, with new forms of performance of the companies. Nowadays, much argues regarding the performance of the companies of joint form and associate, mainly for the micron and small companies if became practical basic for the success. Of this form, the concepts of enterprise ne ts, as productive accumulations, consist in important source of competitiveness that demand the mobilization of all the segments of the society. The hypothesis is that the constitution of local productive arrangements (LPAs) supplies elements that can result in the solution of the existing deficiencies. In the Espírito Santo some industrial formations are verified that come being reference for the characterization of possible LPAs organized. To study such formations, supplying excellent information and identifying its conditions of competitiveness contributes for the biggest knowledge and in the aiming of development politics. The Index of Conditions of Competitiveness (ICC) searched to reflect characteristics of the LPAs selected, with the objective to diagnosis the conditions of competitiveness of each one of them using, for this, a set of Critical Factors of Success.

The thesis deals with the Corporate Social Responsibility concept (CSR) in the theoretical part. It describes particular steps within the implementation of the concept. The practical part concentrates on applying the concept in a company; the proposal of various CSR activities has been worked out taking into consideration financial situation of the company.

Bakgrund och problemdiskussion: Årligen sker uppstarter av nya företag men flera av dem läggs ned kort därefter. En faktor är svårigheterna till finansiering då externa finansiärer inte är benägna att ta risker och flera företag har dålig insikt om alternativen som finns när det kommer till val av finansiering. Därför anses det väsentligt att studera gapet genom ett antal mikro- och småföretag och diskutera finansieringsmetoder som de valt till sin verksamhet och hur det har påverkat företaget utifrån ägarfördelning och företagslivscykel.   Syfte: Uppsatsens syfte är att skapa en djupare förståelse och kunskap om mikro- och småföretags möjligheter att skaffa kapital för att säkerställa verksamhetens fortlevnad och tillväxt. Genom ökad förståelse ges ett bidrag till att underlätta val av finansieringsmetod och ge värdefulla kunskaper inom ämnet.   Metod: Uppsatsen är en kvalitativ studie där materialinsamling sker genom semistrukturerade intervjuer för att skapa en djupare förståelse från respondenterna. Med en komparativ studie sammanvävs faktorerna finansiering, företagslivcykel och ägarfördelning då det saknas forskning som behandlar ämnena tillsammans. Undersökningen är en flerfallstudie där 12 företag har valts ut för empirisk materialinsamling.   Slutsats: Anledningar till företagens olika finansieringssätt beroende på olika stadier i livscykeln beror snarare av aktiva val som företagen gjort. Då ingen tydlig koppling mellan vissa finansieringssätt och stadier i livscykeln, upptäcktes istället ett teoretiskt gap i livscykelmodellen. Ägarfördelning gjorde stor påverkan vid val av finansiering för studiens deltagande företag där tydlig koppling ges mellan vad varje ägare anser om ägarandelar och vilken finansiering som då väljs. / Background and problem discussion: Every year, new companies start up, several of them are shut down shortly thereafter. One factor is the difficulty of financing as external financiers are not inclined to take risks and several companies have poor insight about the alternatives that exist when it comes to the choice of funding. Therefore, it is considered essential to study the gap through a number of micro and small companies and discuss funding methods that they have chosen for their business and how it has affected the company based on ownership distribution and business life cycle.   Purpose: The purpose of the thesis is to create a deeper understanding and knowledge of the possibilities of micro and small companies to acquire capital in order to ensure the continuity and growth of the business. Through increased understanding, a contribution is made to facilitate the choice of financing method and provide valuable knowledge in the subject.   Method: The essay is a qualitative study in which material collection takes place through semi-structured interviews to create a deeper understanding of the respondents. With a comparative study, the factors financing, business life cycle and ownership distribution are combined where there is no research that deals with the topics together. The survey is a multiple-case study in which 12 companies have been selected for empirical material collection.   Conclusion: Reasons for the companies different funding methods depending on different stages of the life cycle are due rather to active choices made by the companies. Since no clear link between certain funding methods and stages in the life cycle, a theoretical gap was instead discovered in the life cycle model. Ownership distribution made a large impact on the choice of funding for the study's participating companies, where a clear connection is given between what each owner considers about ownership interests and what funding is then chosen.

År 2016 beslutades det om ett byrårotationskrav för företag av allmänt intresse i Sverige som en följd av det revisionspaket som antogs i EU år 2014. Det här kräver att företag av allmänt intresse byter revisionsbyrå minst vart tionde år. Företag av varierande storlek kan dock frivilligt välja att byta revisionsbyrå. Tidigare forskning har haft ett fokus på publika företag och med anledning av detta kan ett kunskapsgap identifieras gällande små företag av privat karaktär. En utveckling av tidigare forskning är att denna studie intar ett företagsperspektiv samt kompletterar detta med revisionsbyråers syn på fenomenet för att på så sätt få två olika synsätt. Studiens syfte är att skapa förståelse för varför små privata företag frivilligt väljer att byta revisionsbyrå. Enligt tidigare studier genomförda inom området frivilliga byrårotationer kan en sådan byrårotation ske av flera olika anledningar. Det framkommer av tidigare forskning att dessa influerande faktorer är; revisionsarvode, revisionskvalitet samt relationen mellan revisor och klient. Dessa faktorer har denna studie tagit utgångspunkt i vid insamling av studiens empiriska material. Vidare utgår studien ifrån en kvalitativ forskningsstrategi där intervjuer av åtta företagsrepresentanter och två revisorer har genererat studiens empiriska resultat. Studien visar på att de små företagen undersökta i denna studie genomsyras av liten informationsasymmetri och att detta påverkar dem vid valet att frivilligt byta revisionsbyrå. De undersökta små företagen prioriterar en nära och långvarig relation till sin revisor samt ett lågt revisionsarvode i första hand, trots att detta kan påverka revisorns oberoende och revisionskvaliteten negativt. Detta tyder på att de små företagen undersökta i denna studie tenderar att likna företag utan revisionsplikt i större utsträckning än publika företag. Studien utvecklar förståelsen kring varför företag väljer att frivilligt byta revisionsbyrå genom att styrka den tidigare forskningens identifierade faktorer och visa på hur dessa prioriteras av studiens undersökta små företag. Studien visar på att dessa prioriteras enligt följande: (1) relationen mellan revisor och klient, (2) revisionsarvode, (3) revisionskvalitet. / In Sweden 2016 a requirement to rotate audit firm became mandatory for companies of public interest. This to meet the statutory audit regulation made by the EU in 2014. This regulation imposes companies of public interest to switch audit firm at least once every ten years. Non public companies will not be imposed by law to change audit firm, but these companies will be allowed to voluntarily make this decision. Previous research has focused only on public companies and this creates a gap in research concerning small privately ownedcompanies. There is potential development in thisfield ofresearch by approaching the phenomenon from a company perspective and complement this with the view of an audit firm, this in order to evaluate two approaches on this subject. The purpose of this study is to develop an understanding of why small privately owned companies choose to voluntarily switch audit firm. According to earlier research, made in the field of voluntary audit switch, a rotation of this sort can happen for different reasons. Previous research reveals that the influencing factors for companies to voluntarily change audit firm are; the audit fee, the audit quality and the auditor-client relationship. These factors have been the basis for the data collection of this study. This study has a qualitative research strategy were the empirical result was generated by interviewingrepresentatives from eight different companies and two auditors. The study shows that small companies that has been researched in this study have a low level of information asymmetry and that influences them concerning why they choose to voluntarilychangeaudit firm.The researched small private companies prioritize a close and long relationship with their auditor as well as a low audit fee in first hand, even though this could affect the auditor independence and the audit quality negatively. This indicates that the small private companies researched in this study tend to resemble companies without an audit obligation in a greater occurrence then public companies. The study develop the understanding of why companies choose to voluntarily switch audit firm by confirming identified factors in earlier research and present how these factors are being prioritized by the small private companies. The study shows that they are prioritized as follows: (1) the auditor-client relationship, (2) the audit fee, (3) the audit quality.

Bakgrund: Revisionsplikten för små aktiebolag avskaffades i november 2010 i syfte attminska kostnader och förenkla administrationen för företagare. År 2017 fanns det cirka435 000 svenska aktiebolag som hade möjlighet att välja bort revision, varav enbart 85000 valde att bli reviderade. Inom området finns det mycket studier och därför anser vi attdet är intressant att studera vilka motiv som ligger till grund för valet av revision utifråntvå nya perspektiv. Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att förklara valet av revision i aktiebolag utanrevisionsplikt utifrån ett perspektiv av motivkretsar där flera motiv samvarierar tillbeslutet av valet och utifrån ett dynamiskt perspektiv, i form av kedjor, som förklararbytet. Metod: Metoden är en tvärsnittsstudie som bygger på deduktiv ansats men med ettinduktivt inslag. Utifrån befintlig forskning och tidigare studier hittas olika motiv till attha eller inte ha revision, vilket är studiens deduktiva del. Eftersom varken motivkretsareller situationer som förklara bytet inte finns i befintlig teori eller forskning kan dessa intededuceras genom hypoteser och därav kommer de induceras. Slutsats: Studien finner indikation på att det går att finna motivkretsar där olika motivkan samvariera och att det kan finnas flera olika samtidiga motiv som ligger till grund förvalet av revision. Vidare finner även studien att ett byte av revision är något som sällansker, vilket kan ha sin förklaring i fenomenet stigberoende då bolag tenderar att sitta fast isitt initiala beslut. / Background: The audit obligation for small limited companies was abolished inNovember 2010 in order to reduce costs and simplify administration for entrepreneurs. In2017, there were approximately 435,000 Swedish limited companies that had theopportunity to opt out of auditing, of which only 85,000 chose to be audited. There are alot of studies in the area and therefore we consider it interesting to study the motives thatform the basis for the choice of audit from two new perspectives. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to explain the choice of audit in limited companieswithout audit obligation from a perspective of motive circles where several motivescovariate to the decision of the election and from a dynamic perspective, in the form ofchains, which explains the change. Method: The method is a cross-sectional study based on a deductive approach but withan inductive element. Based on existing research and previous studies, various motivesare found for having or not having an audit, which is the deductive part of the study. Sinceneither motive circles nor situations that explain the change do not exist in existing theoryor research, these can not be deduced by hypotheses and hence they will be induced. Conclusion: The study finds an indication that it is possible to find motive circles wheredifferent motives can covariate and that there may be several different simultaneousmotives that form the basis for the choice of revision. Furthermore, the study also findsthat a change of audit is something that rarely happens, which may have its explanation inthe phenomenon of step dependence as companies tend to be stuck in their initialdecision.

I Sverige avskaffades den obligatoriska revisionen för småföretag den första november 2010. Till följd av detta beslut blev svenska små aktiebolag ej revisionspliktiga. Trots slopandet av revisionsplikten har många småföretag valt att frivilligt anlita en revisor. Därför blir det intressant att undersöka faktorer som kan påverka efterfrågan på frivillig revision i svenska småföretag. Studien syftar till att få svar på följande frågan: Vilka faktorer påverkar efterfrågan på frivillig revision hos små aktiebolag i Sverige? För att kunna besvara frågan har insamling av empiriska materialet skett genom en kvantitativ metod i form av en webbenkät. Totalt har 44 fullständiga svar erhållits. Med hjälp av Independent Sample Test har studiens fyra hypoteser testats. Resultatet indikerar på att företagsledare önskan att förbättra kvalitet på finansiella rapporter och önskan att förbättra relationer med kreditgivare och skattemyndigheten är de faktorer som påverkar efterfrågan på frivillig revision hos svenska små aktiebolag. Dock har denna studie inte hittat ett samband mellan frivillig revision och företagsstorlek mätt i nettoomsättning, antal anställda, och balansomslutning. Resultatet indikerar även på att det inte finns något samband mellan delägare utan tillgång till finansiella information och frivillig revision. Studien har bidragit med att undersöka en del av faktorer som kan ha påverkan på efterfrågan på frivillig revision hos småföretag i Sverige. Resultat från denna studie kan vara till nytta för revisionsbyråer för att förstå företagsledare inställning gentemot revision. / In Sweden, the mandatory audit for small companies was abolished on November 1, 2010. As a result of this decision, many of the small Swedish companies were not required to be audited. Despite the abolition of the audit obligation, many small companies have chosen to hire an auditor voluntarily. Therefore, it will be interesting to investigate the factors that affect the demand for voluntary auditing in small Swedish companies. The study aims to answer the following question: What factors influence the demand for voluntary auditing at small Swedish companies? The obtaining of empirical material has been done through a quantitative method in a form of a questionnaire sent to respondents. A total of 44 complete responses were obtained. Using the Independent Sample test, the study's four hypotheses were tested. The results indicate that business leaders' desire to improve the quality of financial reports and the desire to improve relations with creditors and the tax authority are the factors that affect the demand for voluntary audits at small Swedish companies. However, this study has not found a relationship between the voluntary auditing and company size measured in turnover, number of employees, and total assets. The result also indicates that there is no connection between shareholders without access to financial information and voluntary auditing. The study has contributed to investigate certain factors that may affect voluntary auditing in small companies in Sweden. Results from this study could be of benefit for audit firms to understand business leaders' attitudes toward auditing.

År 2010 infördes gränsvärden för revisionsplikt vilket gjorde revisionen frivillig för små företag. Sedan införandet av frivillig revision har allt fler svenska små företag valt bort revision, de huvudsakliga orsakerna är kostnaden, tiden det tar från företagsledningen och den upplevda bristen på nytta. Trots denna trend väljer vissa företag fortsatt revision. Syftet med studien är att förklara vilka svenska små aktiebolag som frivilligt väljer revision. Den huvudsakliga forskningsmetoden är kvantitativ med en deduktiv ansats. Studien har ett eklektiskt angreppssätt med utgångspunkt i agentteori, signalteori och institutionell teori. En tvärsnittsdesign och sekundärdata i form avårsredovisningar används. Även en kvalitativ forskningsmetod med induktiva inslag används. Analysen visar att de företag som väljer revision har en högre omsättning, större styrelse, högre skuldsättningsgrad, sämre ROA samt är äldre. Vidare väljer företag som är verksamma inom byggverksamhet och fastighetsverksamhet i större utsträckning revision jämfört med verksamhet inom ekonomi, vetenskap och teknik. Den kompletterande analysen skildrar att även ledningens syn på kostnad och nytta påverkar valet om revision. / In 2010 threshold levels came into force making auditing voluntary for small companies. An increasing number of companies have opted out of audit, since the abolition of the audit obligation for small companies. The main reasons are that it is costly, timeconsuming and the costs outweigh the benefits. Despite this trend some companies still choose to be audited. The purpose of this study is to explain which Swedish small limited companies that choose voluntary audit.  This study is mainly based on a quantitative and deductive approach. Based on an eclectic theoretical approach using agency theory, signaling theory and institutional theory. A cross-sectional design has been used for secondary data from financialstatements. This study is also based on a qualitative and inductive approach. The analysis indicates that companies with higher turnover, larger board, higher debt ratio, inferior ROA and are older choose auditing. Furthermore, companies that are within construction and real estate industry choose audit to a greater extent compared to companies within economics, science, and technology. The supplementary analysis depicts that management's view of cost in relation to benefit can influence the choice of audit.

Vis labiau akcentuojamas tikro ir teisingo vaizdo atspindėjimas finansinėse ataskaitose įpareigoja įmones kuo tiksliau pateikti finansinių ataskaitų elementus. Kiek įmanoma realesnės turto vertės reikalauja ir pagrindiniai apskaitos principai – finansinė informacija vartotojams turi būti pateikta kiek įmanoma realesnė. Netiksliai įvertinus turtą, pasekmės gali būti jaučiamos kelis laikotarpius. Todėl svarbu įmonei pasirinkti tokį įvertinimo būdą, kad apskaitoje būtų atspindimas tikras turto vaizdas ir tas vertinimo būdas būtų įmonei tinkamiausias. Tyrimo objektas – turto įvertinimo būdai apskaitoje. Šio darbo tikslas - išanalizavus turto įvertinimo būdus apskaitoje, nustatyti, kuris turto vertinimo būdas yra populiariausias ir tinkamiausias konkrečiai turto grupei smulkioje įmonėje, bei pateikti pasiūlymus, kurie patobulintų dabartinę įmonės turto įvertinimo apskaitoje tvarką. Šiam tikslui pasiekti iškelti šie svarbiausi uždaviniai:  išnagrinėti vertinimo sampratą, svarbiausius turto vertinimo tikslus ir problemas;  palyginti turto įvertinimo būdus apskaitoje pagal VAS ir TFAS;  ištirti VAS pateikiamų turto verčių nuoseklumą, kas padės sudaryti anketą;  palyginti VAS siūlomus ir praktiškai naudojamus turto įvertinimo būdus Lietuvos smulkiose įmonėse bei nustatyti buhalterių požiūrį apie įvertinimą šiose įmonėse. Šį darbą sudaro trys dalys. Teorinėje dalyje aptariamas turto vertinimas, tikslai, kurių siekia turto vertinimas, ir problemos, su... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Reflection of true and real picture in financial statements, that is more and more emphasised, commits companies to present elements of financial statements as exactly as possible. As real as possible value of assets is required by the main principles of accounting – financial information for the users has to be presented as real as possible. If assets are evaluated not exactly the consequences can be felt for several periods. Therefore for a company it is important to choose such way of valuation that the real picture of assets is reflected and this way of valuation is the most suitable for the company. The object of Work - ways of valuation of assets in accounting. The goal of Work - the analysis of the records of valuation methods, identify which valuation method is the most popular and best individual small group of property plant and submit proposals to upgrade the current enterprise valuation procedure accounted for. For this purpose the following main tasks are raised:  consider the evaluation of the concept, the main objectives of the valuation of assets and problems;  compare valuation methods of accounting under IFRS and the CPS;  CPS to investigate the consistency of reported asset values, which will help to profile;  compare CPS and suggested practical methods used in the valuation Lithuanian small businesses and the accountants' views on the evaluation of these plants. This work consists of three parts. The theoretical section... [to full text]

This thesis examines product innovation processes in small established enterprises. The research questions are: (1) what motivates small established enterprises to innovate, (2) how do small established enterprises perform product innovation, and (3) how do small established enterprises manage resource scarcity in their product innovation processes? To answer the research questions, a multiple case study approach was chosen with three small established enterprises as cases and different product innovation processes as embedded units of study. The data collection method used was observation during a period of five months, complemented by interviews and secondary data. Product innovation in small established enterprises seems to be motivated by solving existing customers’ problems and the need for a sustained steady cash flow. A steady cash flow is also found to be a prerequisite during the product innovation processes. Product innovation seems to occur when there is a risk of decreased cash flow and/or when existing customers can be satisfied with new products that increase their loyalty so as to secure future sales, cash flow, and the enterprise’s survival in the long run. Promising innovation ideas alone do not result in product innovation. An innovation idea must also have supportive existing customers for product innovation to occur. Product innovation processes in the studied small established enterprises are found highly context dependent, intertwined in operational processes and made possible by a small organic organization and closeness to existing customers. The product innovation processes are further found to follow a flexible and informal overall scheme optimized for decreasing market and technology uncertainty and risk, dealing with resource scarcity, and facilitating fast and easy commercialization to avoid or moderate dips in cash flow. The design processes within the innovation processes can be linearly structured or cyclical and experimental, depending on the experienced novelty. To manage resource scarcity during the product innovation processes, the studied small enterprises used many different bootstrapping methods in combination. These methods can be divided into three categories according to their overall functions: for using existing resources more efficiently, for increasing resources and to secure a fast payback on resources invested in NPD. The studied small enterprises were due to their resource scarcity further found to favor an innovation strategy, only involving new products done with known technology and targeting existing markets. This way to innovate, which creates new products in a resource-efficient way that are accepted by the enterprises’ existing markets, seems to prevent unsuccessful product innovation, while at the same time excluding technologically radical innovation and innovation targeting new markets.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T18:37:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 11 / Nenhuma / Os crescentes desafios competitivos têm exigido das empresas novas respostas e estratégias como forma de assegurar sua sobrevivência, ainda mais se forem de pequeno porte, em que as restrições e desafios são ainda maiores. O setor têxtil tem como características naturais a sua forte fragmentação devido a fatores históricos, baixas barreiras de entrada, economias de escala ou curva de experiência não representativa, vendas sazonais e baixo poder de barganha. Dentro do setor têxtil, encontra-se a indústria de malhas retilíneas que é objeto deste estudo, por meio da análise do aglomerado de malharias de Nova Petrópolis. Um dos objetivos principais desta pesquisa é a de avaliar se existem relações de cooperação entre as mais de cem empresas localizadas naquela cidade. Essas inter-relações podem potencializar ganhos de competitividade para os participantes, e nada mais são do que estratégias coletivas e complementares. A cooperação pode trazer vários benefícios dos quais se destacariam a aprendizagem coletiva, a a / The increasing competitive challenges have been requiring new answers and strategies from the companies as a means of assuring their survival, mainly if they are small size firms where the restrictions and difficulties are even higher. The textile sector has as natural characteristics a strong fragmentation due to historical factors, low entrance barriers, absence of scale economies or experience curves, seasonal sales and low bargain power. Inside the textile sector, we find the knitting industry that is the study object through the analysis of the knitting cluster from Nova Petrópolis. One of the main goals of this research is to evaluate the existence of cooperation relationships among the one hundred or more firms located in this city. These interrelations may strengthen competitive gains for the participants and in reality are complementary and collective strategies. The cooperation can bring various benefits where we can highlight the collective learning, market enlargement, costs and risks reduction,