<p>This study examines the extent to which transit may be able to assist with the upward mobility of low-income groups, specifically those making less than a living wage. Previous studies relating to job accessibility have examined the feasibility of reaching jobs using various modes of transportation, and some have factored educational requirements into the attainability of those jobs. However, no studies thus far have attempted to determine transit accessibility to jobs that can facilitate and enable upward mobility for low-income households. Employment data relevant to the labor force of Marion County, Indiana, is used to determine the earnings (mainly wages or salaries) associated with occupations, and which occupations require no more than a high school education. Those occupations are then paired with the various industries they are found in, and the earnings belonging to the industry’s highest-earning occupation is associated with that industry. The median household incomes of low-income Census block groups (CBGs) are then compared to the earnings of each transit-accessible industry to evaluate whether those earnings are large enough to induce upward mobility for those living in the CBGs. Bus routes and bus stops for the local transit system (IndyGo) along with workplace locations are mapped in ArcGIS to assess the low-income population’s accessibility to workplaces belonging to a select group of industries. </p><p> </p><p> </p><p>Bus routes that serve both downtown Indianapolis and low-income CBGs were found to provide people living in those CBGs with access to some of the most lucrative jobs, particularly those found in the <i>Finance and Insurance</i> industries. Over half of Indianapolis’ transit-accessible industries have earnings amounts large enough to induce upward mobility for those living in all the low-income CBGs; this corresponds to 6,748 unique workplaces. Findings from this study suggest that low-income people would benefit from having access to transit routes that serve downtowns and other areas with high concentrations of white-collar jobs. Low-income Indianapolis residents informed of this study’s results may be motivated to explore the possibilities for better-paying jobs accessible to them by transit. Furthermore, methods used in this study can help in ranking different transit routes for accessibility to workplaces conducive to upward mobility. The rankings can be updated periodically to assist in addressing equity goals for transit planning.</p>

Consumer culture of social classes in terms of food purchasing and consumption habits Monika Novotná Abstract This work deals with historical and sociological view on the issue of grocery obtaining and consumption between the end of World War II to the present. Grocery obtaining and consumption is understood as a symbolic expression of social status in society. The work is divided into two parts. Theoretical-historical part examines how food consumption is linked to changes of social stratification. Research part of thesis builds on the theme of food consumption by examining the shopping habits in relation to social class. The main question of theoretical-historical part is whether and how food consumption, relates to social differentiation. Trend of convergence of differences in consumption and rate of consumption stratification of social classes are monitored in time series in two eras - the communist period and the period after 1989. For both periods, a secondary analysis of historical data on the consumption of specific types of food that aims to detect differences or similar trends between social classes. While in the period of communism different social strata tend to convergence their consumption, with the exception of the cooperative farmers, whose consumption is influenced by self-supplying, after...

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / A theoretical understanding of stratification and inequality is necessary to understand social phenomena in general. Unfortunately, professional sociology in the United States has historically promoted a limited theoretical understanding of stratification that tends to ignore economic realities, social structures, institutional mechanisms, power relations, and other important factors such as racial discrimination in reproducing social class. In fact, mainstream sociology has replaced class-based theories altogether with the concept of socio-economic status (SES) and, at the same time, all too often embraces problematic theories that justify inequality. This critical literature review of social class in American sociology attempts to: 1) provide a more comprehensive history of sociological theory in the United States regarding stratification and social class, 2) expose the sociological factors affecting these social theories and concepts, and 3) deconstruct and critique mainstream social theories that offer weak explanations of stratification.

[pt] Apesar de ser um assunto já discutido em outras áreas do conhecimento como Antropologia, Sociologia e Psicologia, o encontro entre indivíduos diferentes, no caso, consumidores diferentes em ambientes de serviços ainda é pouco discutido no Marketing. Nos últimos anos, as mudanças de ordem econômica e social provocaram o acesso de uma parcela significativa da população ao consumo, entre eles o consumo de educação privada, setor que tem se expandido cada vez mais no Brasil e que também ainda carece de estudos na área de Marketing e Comportamento do Consumidor. A tese, a partir de um estudo longitudinal de natureza qualitativa e interpretativa, se propõe a investigar a trajetória universitária de 22 jovens em Instituições de Ensino Superior privadas da região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro entre os anos de 2016 e 2020. Esses jovens foram entrevistados pelo menos duas vezes ao longo desse período e têm em comum o fato de serem originários da baixa renda. A maioria deles são os primeiros da família a ingressarem no ensino superior. Analisou-se a forma como estes jovens vivenciaram a experiência de consumir os serviços das universidades e também os relacionamentos interpessoais que ocorreram no ambiente universitário. A pesquisa apoia-se na literatura de marketing sobre encontro de serviços e interações entre clientes e também recorre à literatura de outras áreas do conhecimento. A partir da perspectiva dos jovens de baixa renda (outsiders) identificou-se o caráter simbólico da educação superior e como esses jovens atribuem significados a ela e buscam transferir esses significados para eles próprios. O caráter simbólico da educação superior permeia toda a trajetória universitária: no ingresso na universidade, na vivência do ensino superior no decorrer do curso, no momento da formatura, e na experiência uma vez concluída a universidade. Os resultados obtidos também mostram que a presença do outro no ambiente de consumo impacta a forma como aquele consumo é experienciado, principalmente em IES privada de elite. Essa interação é acompanhada por estranhamento, medo e construção de estereótipos. E também por aspectos positivos como as autodescobertas, mudanças na visão de mundo e novas concepções da vida. / [en] Despite being a topic already discussed in other areas of knowledge such as Anthropology, Sociology and Psychology, the encounter between different individuals, in this case, different consumers in service environments, is still little discussed in Marketing. In recent years, changes in the economic and social order have led to the access of a significant parcel of the population to consumption, including the consumption of private education, a sector that has been expanding more and more in Brazil and which also still needs studies in the area of Marketing and Consumer Behavior. The thesis, based on a longitudinal study of a qualitative and interpretative nature, proposes to investigate the university trajectory of 22 young people in private Higher Education Institutions in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro between the years 2016 and 2020. These young people were interviewed at least twice during that period and have in common the fact that they are from low income. Most of them are the first in the family to enter in higher education. I analyzed the way in which these young people experienced the experience of consuming university services and also the interpersonal relationships that occurred in the university environment. The research is based on the marketing literature on service encounter and interactions between customers and also draws on literature from other areas of knowledge. From the perspective of low-income youth (outsiders), the symbolic character of higher education was identified and how these youth attribute meanings to it and seek to transfer these meanings to themselves. The symbolic character of higher education permeates the entire university trajectory: when entering university, in the experience of higher education during the course, at the time of graduation, and in the experience once completed the university. The results obtained also show that the presence of the other in the consumption environment impacts the way that consumption is experienced, especially high-income Higher

This thesis examined diverse students' experiences completing Ontario's community involvement requirement. An analysis of quantitative surveys and qualitative focus groups among 50 current and recently graduated secondary school students from widely contrasting socio-economic settings showed ways in which diverse participants perceived their community involvement activities, the support for community involvement in their schools, and their associated opportunities to develop capacity to make changes toward a more socially just world. Results indicated that low-income participants reported dissimilar experiences from high-income participants, in relation to the support for community involvement provided by school staffs, participants' direct or distant relationships with service recipients, and their sense of individual and collective agency to effect change. Thus, this study challenges the assumption that all students in Ontario have equal access to the citizenship education learning opportunities embedded in meaningful community involvement activities.

This thesis examined diverse students' experiences completing Ontario's community involvement requirement. An analysis of quantitative surveys and qualitative focus groups among 50 current and recently graduated secondary school students from widely contrasting socio-economic settings showed ways in which diverse participants perceived their community involvement activities, the support for community involvement in their schools, and their associated opportunities to develop capacity to make changes toward a more socially just world. Results indicated that low-income participants reported dissimilar experiences from high-income participants, in relation to the support for community involvement provided by school staffs, participants' direct or distant relationships with service recipients, and their sense of individual and collective agency to effect change. Thus, this study challenges the assumption that all students in Ontario have equal access to the citizenship education learning opportunities embedded in meaningful community involvement activities.

Non-monetary deprivation indicators are now widely used for studying and measuring poverty in Europe. However, despite their prevalence, the empirical performance of existing deprivation scales has rarely been examined. This thesis i) identifies possible conceptual problems of existing deprivation scales such as indexing, missing dimensions and threshold; ii) empirically assesses the extent of possible error in measurement related to these conceptual problems; and iii) offer an alternative way for constructing deprivation measures to mitigate the identified conceptual problems. The thesis consists of four stand-alone papers, accompanied by an overarching introduction and conclusion. The first three papers provide empirical evidence on the empirical consequences of the missing dimensions and threshold problems for the measurement and analysis of poverty, while the fourth paper exemplifies a concept-led multidimensional design that can reduce the error introduced by these conceptual problems. The analysis is generally held for 25 EU countries using European Survey of Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC); only in the second paper, the analysis is done for the UK using British Household Panel Survey (BHPS).

L’objet de cette thèse est d’étudier les relations entre Louis le Germanique et les aristocrates laïques, aussi bien ceux qui appartenaient à son propre royaume (de Bavière puis de Francie orientale), que ceux qui appartenaient aux autres royaumes issus du traité de Verdun (843). L’intérêt de cette recherche, qui s’inscrit dans le cadre d’un très récent renouveau d’intérêt pour le règne de Louis, est d’apporter un nouvel éclairage sur l’évolution politique de l’Empire carolingien central à tardif, en étudiant sa facette « orientale », souvent négligée par rapport à sa contrepartie « occidentale ».<p>Dans un contexte caractérisé par les rivalités et les conflits, il est évidemment vital pour le roi de s’assurer l’appui des grands et de les intégrer à son entourage. La première partie de ce travail a donc été consacrée à l’entourage du roi et à son évolution. Cet entourage a plus précisément été défini sur base du De Ordine Palatii d’Hincmar de Reims :il inclut d’abord les membres du Palais au sens étroit du terme (famille et détenteurs d’offices palatins – laïques en l’occurence -) ;ensuite l’ensemble des « grands » laïques du royaume, qui, sans détenir d’office au Palais, entretiennent une relation privilégiée avec le roi, soit qu’ils détiennent de lui un honor (les comtes), soit qu’ils appartiennent à ses vassaux ou à ses fideles. Au sein de cet ensemble de personnes, tous ne bénéficient cependant pas de la même « Königsnähe » ;par conséquent, en tenant compte de la nature des sources issues de Francie orientale (essentiellement les actes privés des abbayes et évêchés du royaume), il s’est avéré nécessaire de nuancer ce tableau en recherchant les personnalités qui font réellement preuve de la plus grande proximité avec le roi, sans être nécessairement pour autant les mieux documentés au niveau des sources.<p>De tous les membres (laïques) de cet entourage, les comtes sont apparus comme les plus importants, en raison de leur fonction même ;pour cette raison (et afin de rendre la consultation plus aisée et plus pratique pour qui s’intéresse aux comtes), une prosopographie a été constituée, incluant les comtes actifs en Bavière (826-887), Alémannie, Francie, Saxe, Thuringe (833-887) et Lotharingie orientale (870-887). <p>Si cette approche, essentiellement prosopographique, est intéressante en soi, elle ne permet néanmoins pas, en tant que telle, d’apprécier la teneur des relations entre roi et grands, ni de replacer celle-ci dans le cadre plus global de l’Empire carolingien. Pour ce faire, il est nécessaire d’y ajouter l’étude de certains éléments significatifs, qui permettent de dégager plus aisément continuités, ruptures et spécificités. A l’étude de l’évolution du fisc (et des spécificités des donations royales), s’est jointe celle des éléments représentatifs du pouvoir des aristocrates :possession de monastères privés, disposition de fortifications, transmission des offices comtaux. L’articulation de ces éléments avec le pouvoir royal révèle des spécificités très intéressantes, notamment au niveau du contrôle du roi sur les donations et honores accordés aux grands, le maintien de la révocabilité de ceux-ci étant visiblement souhaité ;s’il n’est pas toujours possible d’évaluer le rôle de la volonté royale dans cette évolution, il n’en va pas de même quand on étudie les divers actes d’infidélité, réels ou supposés, portés contre le roi. Les réactions royales, en la matière, semblent bien le signe d’une politique distincte et cohérente.<p>En conclusion, cette analyse se joint à l’approche prosopographique pour présenter une manière spécifique de concevoir, et d’aborder sur le plan pratique, les relations entre roi et grands. Sous certains aspects, ce règne se distingue nettement de celui de ses contemporains, et éclaire donc une autre facette de l’évolution de l’Empire carolingien postérieure au traité de Verdun, globalement (et provisoirement) plus maîtrisée qu’ailleurs ;celle-ci ne peut être ignorée et doit contribuer à nuancer l’image de l’évolution du pouvoir royal au IXème s.<p> / Doctorat en philosophie et lettres, Orientation histoire / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Background: We live in a world where not everyone is employed; numerous people havelost their jobs due to several factors where one of them is the economic crisis. This has hada huge impact on Sweden and the unemployment rate. Previous research has shown thatinflation, unemployment, and high interest rates represent risks to consumer welfare. We all consume daily, or on occasions, but how do unemployed consumers consume, what do they consume and why? In this area, the authors have found a knowledge gap in literature; therefore exploring this phenomenon is of interest.   Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore and illustrate how consumers who have experienced a life transition, from employment to unemployment, are affected by this and how it has an impact on their consumption.   Method: This is an exploratory study performed with a qualitative and an abductive approach, where the authors used primary data collection through semi-structured in-depth interviews in Swedish with 16 unemployed consumers. These unemployed consumers were selected at Arbetsförmedlingen, the public employment service, in Jönköping.   Results: By living in unemployment the consumers have been affected psychologically, physically, financially and socially. Their identity has changed for each of them since they have to adapt to the new circumstances in their life. The new life situation has had an impact on the consumer’s well-being where depression, anxiety, and a feeling of being the underdog in the society is present. Their new life situation has implied a change in their consumption behavior since they nowadays have to prioritize the basic needs. Many of the respondents used explicit and implicit shopping-list in order to reduce their impulse buying. The contribution that the authors have done to the theory of resistance is a fourth category called ‘Everyday life resistance’ which explains the behavior of people who live in unemployment, i.e. they always have to think about resisting temptations, wants, desires, and avoiding situations where the result may be unnecessary consumption. The consumers in this study are highly involved in their consumption behavior, which the authors have chosen to call ‘reversed habitual decision making’. This kind of involvement is very high despite the high- or low risk category of the product. Their new life situation has made them more aware of product alternatives, market supply, prices, and also knowledge about their own resistance in the marketplace. / Bakgrund: Vi lever i en värld där inte alla har en anställning, en omfattande andel av befolkningen har förlorat sitt jobb på grund av flera faktorer, där en av dem är den ekonomiska krisen. Detta har haft en stor påverkan på Sverige och dess arbetslöshet. Föregående studier har visat att inflation, arbetslöshet och hög räntesats representerar risk för konsumentens välbefinnande. Vi alla konsumerar dagligen eller vid speciella tillfällen, men hur konsumerar en arbetslös konsument, vad konsumerar dem och varför? Inom detta område har författarna funnit ett kunskaps gap i litteraturen, därav är en undersökning av detta fenomen av intresse.   Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att utforska och illustrera hur konsumenter som har genomgått en livsförändring, från att ha varit anställd till att vara arbetslös, är påverkade av detta och hur detta har inverkat på deras konsumtion.   Metod: Detta är en explorativ studie genomförd med en kvalitativ och abduktiv tillvägagångssätt där författarna har använt sig av primär information samlad genom, till viss del, strukturerade djupgående intervjuer på svenska med 16 arbetslösa konsumenter. Dessa var utvalda vid Arbetsförmedlingen i Jönköping.   Resultat: Att leva som arbetslös har påverkat konsumenterna psykologiskt, fysiskt, finansiellt och socialt. Deras identitet har förändrats då de måste anpassa sig till den nya livssituationen. Den nya situationen har påverkat konsumenternas hälsa då de känner av depression, ängslan och känner sig mindre värda i samhället. Deras nya livssituation har inneburit en det förändringar i deras konsument beteende eftersom de numera måste prioritera sina primära behov. Många av studiens deltagare använde sig av explicita och implicita inköpslistor för att minimera spontanköp. Författarnas bidrag till teorin om motstånd är en fjärde kategori kallad ‘Vardagligt motstånd’ vilket förklarar beteendet hos arbetslösa personer dvs. de måste hela tiden tänka på att motstå frestelser, begär och försöka undvika situationer där onödiga inköp kan uppstå. Konsumenterna i denna studie är synnerligen involverade i sitt konsument beteende, detta har författarna valt att benämna ’omvänt rutin besluts genomförande’. Denna typ av involvering är väldigt hög oavsett om produktkategorin innebär hög- eller låg risk. Deras nya livssituation har gjort dem mer medvetna om alternativa produkter, marknadens utbud, priser och ny kunskap om deras egna motstånd inom konsumtionssamhället.

<p><strong>Background:</strong> We live in a world where not everyone is employed; numerous people havelost their jobs due to several factors where one of them is the economic crisis. This has hada huge impact on Sweden and the unemployment rate. Previous research has shown thatinflation, unemployment, and high interest rates represent risks to consumer welfare. We all consume daily, or on occasions, but how do unemployed consumers consume, what do they consume and why? In this area, the authors have found a knowledge gap in literature; therefore exploring this phenomenon is of interest.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Purpose:</strong> The purpose of this study is to explore and illustrate how consumers who have experienced a life transition, from employment to unemployment, are affected by this and how it has an impact on their consumption.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Method:</strong> This is an exploratory study performed with a qualitative and an abductive approach, where the authors used primary data collection through semi-structured in-depth interviews in Swedish with 16 unemployed consumers. These unemployed consumers were selected at Arbetsförmedlingen, the public employment service, in Jönköping.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Results:</strong> By living in unemployment the consumers have been affected psychologically, physically, financially and socially. Their identity has changed for each of them since they have to adapt to the new circumstances in their life. The new life situation has had an impact on the consumer’s well-being where depression, anxiety, and a feeling of being the underdog in the society is present. Their new life situation has implied a change in their consumption behavior since they nowadays have to prioritize the basic needs. Many of the respondents used explicit and implicit shopping-list in order to reduce their impulse buying. The contribution that the authors have done to the theory of resistance is a fourth category called ‘Everyday life resistance’ which explains the behavior of people who live in unemployment, i.e. they always have to think about resisting temptations, wants, desires, and avoiding situations where the result may be unnecessary consumption. The consumers in this study are highly involved in their consumption behavior, which the authors have chosen to call ‘reversed habitual decision making’. This kind of involvement is very high despite the high- or low risk category of the product. Their new life situation has made them more aware of product alternatives, market supply, prices, and also knowledge about their own resistance in the marketplace.</p> / <p><strong>Bakgrund:</strong> Vi lever i en värld där inte alla har en anställning, en omfattande andel av befolkningen har förlorat sitt jobb på grund av flera faktorer, där en av dem är den ekonomiska krisen. Detta har haft en stor påverkan på Sverige och dess arbetslöshet. Föregående studier har visat att inflation, arbetslöshet och hög räntesats representerar risk för konsumentens välbefinnande. Vi alla konsumerar dagligen eller vid speciella tillfällen, men hur konsumerar en arbetslös konsument, vad konsumerar dem och varför? Inom detta område har författarna funnit ett kunskaps gap i litteraturen, därav är en undersökning av detta fenomen av intresse.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Syfte:</strong> Syftet med denna studie är att utforska och illustrera hur konsumenter som har genomgått en livsförändring, från att ha varit anställd till att vara arbetslös, är påverkade av detta och hur detta har inverkat på deras konsumtion.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Metod:</strong> Detta är en explorativ studie genomförd med en kvalitativ och abduktiv tillvägagångssätt där författarna har använt sig av primär information samlad genom, till viss del, strukturerade djupgående intervjuer på svenska med 16 arbetslösa konsumenter. Dessa var utvalda vid Arbetsförmedlingen i Jönköping.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Resultat:</strong> Att leva som arbetslös har påverkat konsumenterna psykologiskt, fysiskt, finansiellt och socialt. Deras identitet har förändrats då de måste anpassa sig till den nya livssituationen. Den nya situationen har påverkat konsumenternas hälsa då de känner av depression, ängslan och känner sig mindre värda i samhället. Deras nya livssituation har inneburit en det förändringar i deras konsument beteende eftersom de numera måste prioritera sina primära behov. Många av studiens deltagare använde sig av explicita och implicita inköpslistor för att minimera spontanköp. Författarnas bidrag till teorin om motstånd är en fjärde kategori kallad ‘Vardagligt motstånd’ vilket förklarar beteendet hos arbetslösa personer dvs. de måste hela tiden tänka på att motstå frestelser, begär och försöka undvika situationer där onödiga inköp kan uppstå. Konsumenterna i denna studie är synnerligen involverade i sitt konsument beteende, detta har författarna valt att benämna ’omvänt rutin besluts genomförande’. Denna typ av involvering är väldigt hög oavsett om produktkategorin innebär hög- eller låg risk. Deras nya livssituation har gjort dem mer medvetna om alternativa produkter, marknadens utbud, priser och ny kunskap om deras egna motstånd inom konsumtionssamhället.</p>