Les professeurs des écoles, en zones d’éducation prioritaire (ZEP), font face à la forte hétérogénéité des niveaux de leurs élèves, à la grande difficulté scolaire et aux problèmes de discipline, plus fréquents qu’ailleurs. Pourtant, en ZEP, il existe des élèves en grande réussite scolaire (EGRS). Nous nous intéressons à la perception qu’ont les enseignants des EGRS à travers l’analyse de leurs déclarations ainsi qu’à leur quotidien avec ces élèves. Cette étude se propose d’explorer : leurs définitions d’un EGRS ; leurs déclarations autour des dispositifs mis en place pour les EGRS ; leurs avis sur des changements dans la vie de la classe liés à la présence des EGRS. Notre étude donne la parole aux enseignants par un questionnaire à échelle nationale à destination de l’ensemble des professeurs des écoles (2490 répondants) exerçant en ZEP en France ainsi qu’à travers des entretiens directifs menés avec dix d’entre eux. La personnalité des enseignants ressort significativement de nos résultats car de nombreuses variables caractérisant ces professionnels influencent leur définition des EGRS ainsi que leurs pratiques pédagogiques. Les enseignants décrivent le caractère particulier des EGRS, qui sont perçus comme des auxiliaires pédagogiques, prenant une part importante dans les actions conjointes. Il a danger d’instrumentaliser les EGRS au profit des élèves en difficulté, quitte à pénaliser leur propre acquisition de savoirs. Cela entre en dissonance avec la volonté par ailleurs affirmée des enseignants de garder un haut niveau d’exigence pour les EGRS présents dans leur classe. / The French government designated schools in deprived areas as « Educational Priority Areas » (EPAs). Primary school teachers working in EPA have to deal with a high heterogeneity in children’s levels. Moreover, violent behaviours and discipline maintenance are massive issues that are more frequent than in other areas in France. However, some children are high-performing pupils (HPPs) in EPAs as well.This work aims to investigate the perspective of primary school teachers facing high performance at school in EPA. We conducted a national survey of primary school teachers in EPAs, by a questionnaire online, and then performed led-interviews of teachers working in an EPA in Marseille. We focused the analysis of these declarative data in order to determine the definition of a HPP, the devices set up for HPPs, and the impact of HPPs on the class.2490 teachers responded to the national survey and ten personal interviews were performed. Most of the respondants agreed that HPPs are wise, listening and they participate. But, the definition of HPPs is mostly based on teacher-related criteria than institution. Interestingly, the personnal characteristics of the professional influences their HPP’s definition as well as their education practices, which highlight an important teacher effect toward HPPs. Finally, teachers considered HPPs as educational auxiliaries, having a key role during shared actions. Our research hightlight the teachers dilemna between the instrumentalization of HPPs for the benefit of the pupils in difficulty, which in a way is penalizing their own acquisition of knowledges, and their will to keep high-standard teaching objectives for the HPPs in their class.

The goal of the study was to explore the effect of role models on the self efficacy of the child in the middle childhood years. The focus of the study was on the middle childhood or school years, a critical developmental stage with a proliferation of socialization agents – role models. The researcher was interested in the effect that observational learning (modelling) had on the socialization of the child and more specifically on his/her developing self efficacy beliefs. The researcher identified the lack of relevant literature pertaining to children and relating to the South African context. The rapidly changing global environment and pervasive media exposure of modern living begged investigation regarding the effects on the child. A qualitative approach was used in the study in gaining subjective, experiential rich data from the child’s perspective. A phenomenological research strategy was used as the researcher sought the meaning that the children attach to role models in their lived experience. Applied research characterized the research study. The researcher hoped to enhance the existing available data by adding insight in understanding the child’s subjective experiences, insight that would be of assistance to teachers, parents and helping professionals. - Unstructured one-on-one interviews were chosen as the method of data collection. Eight respondents, four boys and four girls, were selected through purposive, non-probability sampling method with the aim at eliciting relevant and rich data. The theory of social learning proposed by Bandura (1963, 1986) formed the basis of the study. This theory underscores observational learning – both direct tuition and vicarious reinforcement – as the powerful vehicle of socialization of a child. Thus, role models are agents of observational learning; modelling attitudes, values, norms, beliefs and behaviours for ensuing emulation. Self efficacy beliefs are a self evaluation of the individual’s capabilities. These beliefs fuel action since an individual will act and achieve success in accordance with this evaluation. The findings of the study highlighted the effect of significant relationships, role models, on the efficacy beliefs of the child. Peer feedback, acknowledgment and vicarious reinforcement provided by peer relationships was seen as influential in colouring the efficacy beliefs of the respondents. Teacher efficacy was seen as an important factor influencing future learning and the child’s academic success. A relationship that was seen to hold great significance was the parent-child relationship. Parent reaction to the child’s achievement – their praise, motivation and validation – was a crucial factor impacting the efficacy beliefs of the child. The researcher found a general lack of awareness of media influences. Role models are selected, observed, evaluated and integrated by the child as an active member of his/her social world. In conclusion, role models were seen as key figures in the developing efficacy beliefs of the child. Self efficacy beliefs govern the achievement and success of the child. These beliefs are a learned self evaluation. The study highlighted that not all role models have the same significance for the child, hold the same influence. Moreover, observational learning is both direct and indirect, including negative and positive models. / Dissertation (MSD (Play Therapy))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Social Work and Criminology / unrestricted

Åldrandet resulterar vanligtvis i fysiska och/eller kognitiva funktionsnedsättningar vilket påverkar äldre individers möjlighet att utföra fritidsaktiviteter. Det är viktigt att möjliggöra utförande av fritidsaktiviteter för individer som bor på särskilt boende eftersom de har visat sig ha en god effekt på såväl deras fysiska som psykosociala hälsa. Vad fritidsaktiviteter innebär är individuellt och beror på vilka aktiviteter som individen upplever ger glädje och välbefinnande. Syftet är att beskriva hur äldre individer som bor på särskilda boenden upplever utförandet av sina fritidsaktiviteter. För att besvara syftet valdes kvalitativ metod och semistrukturerad intervju för att samla in data. Nio individer deltog i examensarbetet och intervjuerna genomfördes i deras rum på de särskilda boendena. Malterud (2014) fyra steg användes för analys av materialet och att utforma resultatet. Resultatet visar att äldre individer boende på särskilda boenden vill utföra fler fritidsaktiviteter än de som erbjuds men begränsas av olika faktorer såsom fysiska nedsättningar samt att de är i behov av stöd från omgivningen; framförallt personal och anhöriga. Examensarbetet visar att äldre individer behöver stöd från personer i sin omgivning för att utföra meningsfulla fritidsaktiviteter. / Aging usually results in physical and/or cognitive impairments that affect older individuals’ ability to perform leisure activities. It is important to create the possibility for leisure activities for individuals in residential care since such activities have been proven to have a positive effect on both physical and psychosocial health. The meaning of leisure activities is individual and depends on how far the individual experiences the activity to bring joy and well-being. The aim of this study is to describe how older individuals in residential care perceive the performance of their leisure activities. To achieve the aim, a qualitative method and semi-structured interview were used to collect data. Nine individuals participated and the interviews took place in a residential care setting. Malterud (2014) four steps were used to analyze the material and to develop the result. The results show that older individuals living in residential care want to perform additional leisure activities to those that are offered but are limited by various factors such as physical disabilities or being in need of support from people around them, especially staff and relatives. The study shows that older individuals need support from people around them to perform leisure activities.

In recent years, second-hand products have received more attention and the demand for secondhand products has increased. In line with the demand for second-hand products, ethical consumption has also increased. There have been earlier studies done on ethical consumption and the drivers of its consumers. Meanwhile, there is a lack in the research regarding what it is that drives and motivates consumers to purchase second-hand products. The purpose of this study was to explore what drives and motivates consumers to shop second-hand products. The study used a qualitative method. The data was collected through interviews with employees and volunteers at second-hand stores, and through a focus group with second-hand customers. The empirical findings show that there are various drivers and motivations for second-hand consumption. However, there are some drivers and motivations which are more common than others. The conclusion is that consumers are motivated and driven by various factors. They are motivated by consumer responsibility, decrease of impulse purchases and reference groups. They are driven by dissonance, self-fulfillment, thrill of the hunt and finding unique products.

(in English): This work is focused on mental illness. It deals deeply with schizophrenia, its forms, causes, symptoms and also impacts on social life of people with this diagnosis. How society perceives the mentally ill and which prejudices still persist.

(in English): This work is focused on mental illness. It deals deeply with schizophrenia, its forms, causes, symptoms and also impacts on social life of people with this diagnosis. How society perceives the mentally ill and which prejudices still persist.

This diploma thesis deals with analysis of indicators of the social environment in small municipalities with up to 2 000 inhabitants based on various criteria for local use. The aim of the thesis is to propose an indicator set, which will best meet the requirements of such set in terms of applied criteria. The research question is: What indicators should be included in an indicator set for assessing the social environment of municipalities with up to 2 000 inhabitants to suit the differences and needs of these communities? The research problem addressed in the thesis concerns the possibility of measuring social sustainability at the local level, focusing on small municipalities with up to 2 000 inhabitants in the Czech Republic. The thesis also focuses on the possibility of projecting SDGs into this set. It is a qualitative research that involves the use of methods of document analysis, comparison, description, non-participant observation and semi-structured interviews. Based on the first four methods and theoretical knowledge, a preliminary design of the indicator set was created. Within the framework of semi-structured interviews, this design was discussed with representatives of selected small municipalities and other stakeholders. The edited set represents the final indicator set of the social...

This thesis is concerned with the topic of opinion instability and is centred on three questions: Does opinion instability exists? How prevalent opinion instability is? What may be the cause of opinion instability? The thesis combines previous studies relevant for the topic and secondary analysis of several datasets. The conclusions of the thesis are that opinion instability is a real phenomenon, rather than an artefact of measurement. Furthermore, the prevalence of opinion instability depends for a large part in its operationalization, although it can be considered relatively common. The determinants of opinion instability are the topic proficiency and motivation, as well as the prevalence of the topic and consistency of frames.

5 ABSTRACT Suburbanization is the process of moving residents from the core city to the outskirts. Newly-migrants from the city often carry different views and lifestyles than the original inhabitants of the village, which may be the cause of social polarisation. The general aim of the thesis is to evaluate the development of the social environment, to describe and explain the consequences of suburbanization on social polarisation in the Prague city region on the example of Jesenice u Prahy. Within the general objective, the thesis sets two partial objectives: Describe the demographic development of the population, the development of housing construction and the age structure in Jesenice. Compare the results of the social climate from Petra Puldová's thesis (2006), describe how the social climate has changed over the past 13 years. The questionnaire survey is used to fulfill both the general and the second partial objective. The questionnaire is used to find out if the respondents have mutual relations with the original and new inhabitants, how satisfied they are with the life in the municipality, social cohesion, how they participate in social and political life. To meet the first partial objective,an analysis of statistical data from the Czech Statistical Office is used. Keywords: residential...

Bakgrund: Begreppet miljö innefattar både den fysiska och sociala miljön. Den fysiska miljön innebär den omkringliggande miljön, medan den sociala miljön handlar om hur det är att befinna sig i den. För en person med demenssjukdom är det centralt att miljön utstrålar trygghet. Det bör finnas möjlighet till avskildhet och samtidigt trivsamma gemensamma ytor att socialisera i. Demenssjukdom är ett samlingsnamn för ett flertal olika funktionella och kognitiva sjukdomar som alla påverkar hjärnans funktioner. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien är att beskriva vårdmiljöns betydelse för personer med demenssjukdom på särskilt boende, utifrån vårdpersonalens upplevelser. Metod: Detta är en strukturerad litteraturstudie med inslag av den metodologi som används vid systematiska översikter. Denna litteraturöversikt är baserad på kvalitativa originalartiklar. Kvalitativ forskning används för att beskriva personers upplevelser och uppfattningar av ett visst fenomen. Resultat: Huvudfynden i kategorin Fysisk Miljö visar att den fysiska miljön på boendet såsom en hemlik miljö med ljus, ljud, temperatur och dofter underlättar igenkänning av miljön, funktionsförmågan samt trygghetskänslan. Huvudfynden i kategorin Social Miljö visar att musikens betydelse för personer med demenssjukdom samt aktivitet, måltid, kommunikation och relationer mellan vårdpersonal och personer med demenssjukdom har en positiv inverkan på välbefinnandet. Slutsats: En hemlik miljö har stor betydelse för personer med demens då tillhörigheter som fotografier och personlig inredning ger en ökad trygghetskänsla. Ljus, ljud, temperatur, dofter och färg minskar agitation hos de boende. Välbekanta dofter har en positiv inverkan på orienteringsförmågan. Musikaktiviteter ger en ökad uppmärksamhet. Traditionell mat har en positiv inverkan på personer med demens då minnen väcks till liv och personerna blir mer öppna och sociala. En väl fungerande kommunikation och en god relation mellan vårdpersonal och den boende ger trygghet, välmående och livskvalitet. / Background: The concept of environment includes both the physical and social environment. The physical environment means the surrounding environment, while the social environment is what it’s like to be in it. For a person with dementia, it is central that the environment radiates security. There should be an opportunity for privacy and at the same time pleasant common areas to socialize in. Dementia is a collective name for a number of different functional and cognitive diseases that all affect the brain's functions. Aim: The aim of the literature study is to describe the importance of the care environment for people with dementia in nursing homes, based on the care staff's experiences. Method: This is a structured literature study with elements of the methodology used in systematic reviews. This literature review is based on qualitative original articles. Qualitative research is used to describe people's experiences and perceptions of a certain phenomenon. Results: The main findings in the Physical Environment category show that the physical environment of the home, such as a homely environment with light, sound, temperature and scents, facilitates recognition of the environment, functional ability and the feeling of security. The main findings in the Social Environment category show that the importance of music for people with dementia and activity, meals, communication and relationships between care staff and people with dementia contribute to a positive well-being. Conclusions: A home-like environment is important for people with dementia. Belongings such as photographs and personal decor provide an increased sense of security. Light, sound, temperature, scents and color reduce agitation in people with dementia. Familiar scents have a positive effect on the ability to orient. Music activities increase the awareness. Traditional food has a positive impact on people with dementia as memories are brought to life and people become more social. A well-functioning communication and a good relationship between care staff and the resident provides security, well-being and quality of life.