Cette thèse a pour objectif de comprendre l’usage de la parenté spirituelle à Lyon aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles. Deux éléments sont à prendre en compte dans le contexte : la croissance de la population et l’affirmation de la Réforme catholique. L’étude a pour cadre Saint-Nizier, paroisse du centre de la ville avec une forte diversité sociale. Des analyses sociales précises permettent d’examiner la complexité des relations sociales et la souplesse du parrainage, les stratégies et comportements décelables.Les registres paroissiaux constituent la source principale. Cette thèse souhaite également attirer l’attention sur la richesse que l’étude des relations de parenté spirituelle apporte à l’histoire sociale urbaine. Cette source classique nous permet d’aborder l’histoire religieuse d’un point de vue social. / This research aims to understand the use of spiritual kinship in Lyons during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries with a double context: urban population was in expansion while the Catholic Reformation was pre-eminent. The setting of this study is the parish of Saint-Nizier, which was located right in the town centre and presented real social variety. We want to investigate the complexity of social relationships and the flexibility of godparenthood, the strategies and behaviours which can be detected, thanks to precise social analyses.The main source is the parish registers. This research also aspires to call attention to the richness that spiritual relationships provide in urban social history. This classic source allows us to tackle religious history from a social point of view.

La vaste chronique familiale des Thibault couvre les années 1905-1918 et nous relate la vie d'une famille bourgeoise ou plutôt de deux familles jusqu'à la Grande Guerre qui vient détruire leur confort matériel et moral. Le roman montre ainsi la lente agonie d'une certaine bourgeoisie traditionnelle et l'évolution de la nouvelle génération confrontée aux contraintes, familiales et sociales, de ce monde décadent au début du XX siècle. Cette thèse a pour objectif d'étudier comment l’auteur a procédé pour mettre en œuvre à la fois cette chronique et une fresque gigantesque de la vie sociale et de la condition humaine. Pour répondre à cette question, nous avons essayé d'étudier le roman à travers deux macro-parties : le système des personnages et l’univers familial ; l’espace et l’évolution des personnages confrontés à l’Histoire. Nous avons suivi le foisonnement des destinées enchevêtrées des personnages principaux des deux familles et les relations conflictuelles qu’ils entretiennent entre eux. Ils se trouvent en effet, au fur et à mesure du déroulement de l’action, aux prises avec une situation conflictuelle : le conflit familial, le conflit père-fils, l’opposition entre individu et société, jusqu’à la confrontation avec l’Histoire dans L’Été 1914 et l’Épilogue. La guerre a une influence décisive sur la vie des collectivités et des individus car, malgré les apparences, ces deux destinées sont étroitement liées l'une à l'autre, sans qu'il soit possible de différencier leur sort. Albert Camus ne s'y pas trompé en désignant Les Thibault comme une œuvre "née du refus de disparaître". La présente étude nous permet de découvrir comment cette œuvre monumentale et son ''message'' dépassent les frontières, trouvent écho dans d’autres cultures, et prennent une dimension universelle. / The extensive chronicle Les Thibault encompasses the years from 1905 to 1918. It recounts the life of a bourgeois family - or rather the lives of two families - prior to the outbreak of the Great War which shattered the material and moral comfort of these individuals. The novel thus depicts a traditional upper-class society which gradually fades away as well as the evolution of a new generation plagued with familial and social pressures, in a decadent world at the dawn of the twentieth century. The aim of this thesis is to examine how the writer managed to compile a family chronicle and a broad portrayal of social life and human existence. In order to tackle this issue, we have been trying to grasp the novel through two macro-parts: the network of characters and the familial sphere; the development of the characters as they face History. We have followed the profusion of intertwined destinies of the main characters of the two families and their conflictual relationships. As the narration gradually unfolds, the characters find themselves in the midst of a confrontational relationship: the familial conflict, the tense relationship between father and son, the antagonism between the individual and society and eventually the confrontation with History in L'Eté 1914 and l'Epilogue. The war has a huge impact on the lives of the communities and individuals for, in spite of appearances, these two narrative threads are tightly connected to one another, so much so that one cannot tell them apart at the end of the day. Albert Camus got it right when he defined Les Thibault as a work "born from a refusal to disappear". This study gives us the opportunity to understand why this incredible work and its "message" transcend boundaries and find echo in other cultures, thus reaching a universal dimension.

The following diploma thesis deals, in accordance with its objectives and recommended primary literature, with addictive behavior in the Internet environment of adolescents, in the context of social services. The theoretical part resulted from the above mentioned primary literature, but due to its year of publication also from a variety of other up-to-date resources. The legislative frame and conditions necessary to diagnose addictive behavior. The social work with adolescents which has an addictive behavior on the Internet is primarily based on sector theories, but also points to multidisciplinary approaches. The empirical part, consisting of a questionnaire and subsequent analysis of the first grade, examines some aspects of adolescent behavior in cyberspace. The work is completed with a proposal for optimization measures.

Traditionally, social network analysis (SNA) techniques enable the examination of relationships and the flow of information within networks of human members or groups of humans. This study extended traditional social network analysis to include a nonhuman group member, specifically a document retrieval system. The importance of document retrieval systems as information sources, the changes in business environments that necessitates the use of information and communication technologies, and the attempts to make computer systems more life-like, provide the reasons for considering the information system as a group member. The review of literature for this study does not encompass a single body of knowledge. Instead, several areas combined to inform this study, including social informatics for its consideration of the intersection of people and information technology, network theory and social network analysis, organizations and information, organizational culture, and finally, storytelling in organizations as a means of transferring information. The methodology included distribution of surveys to two small businesses that used the same document retrieval system, followed by semi-structured interviews of selected group members, which allowed elaboration on the survey findings. The group members rated each other and the system on four interaction criteria relating to four social networks of interest, including awareness, access, information flow, and problem solving. Traditional measures of social networks, specifically density, degree, reciprocity, transitivity, distance, degree centrality, and closeness centrality provided insight into the positioning of the nonhuman member within the social group. The human members of the group were able to respond to the survey that included the system but were not ready to consider the system as being equivalent to other human members. SNA measures positioned the system as an average member of the group, not a star, but not isolated either. Examination of the surveys or the interviews in isolation would not have given a complete picture of the system's place within the group.

Bakgrund: Sammanslagningar är vanligt förekommande och görs bland annat av ekonomiska skäl. Det är vanligt att sammanslagningar inte ger önskat resultat och skapar sämre moral och arbetskultur. Den mänskliga faktorn och organisationskulturen förbises då fokus ofta ligger på ekonomi. Kulturella skillnader är en stor utmaning vid sammanslagningar och inverkar stort på sammanslagningens resultat. Kulturer som är samstämmiga ökar chanserna att medlemmarna i organisationerna eller enheterna är mer positiva och bidrar till att göra sammanslagningen lyckad. Människors sociala identitet spelar in för hur en individ känner samhörighet och tillhörighet till en organisation eller enhet. Syfte: Studiens syfte är att undersöka och beskriva hur organisationskultur inverkar vid sammanslagningar genom att undersöka artefakters betydelse. Studien ämnar göras utifrån aspekten organisationskultur och specifikt artefakter i förhållande till social identitet, samhörighet- och lojalitetskänsla då en längre tid passerat sedan en sammanslagning genomförts. Metod: Kvalitativ metod valdes för att svara på studiens syfte och få en så rättvis och sanningsenlig bild som möjligt. Semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts med åtta medarbetare som är berörda av sammanslagningen. Även dokument från den studerade organisationen har legat till grund då de anses viktiga vid historiskt inriktad forskning och kan vara bra när kulturella skillnader och anställdas beteende studeras. Slutsats: Studien visar att människan som artefakt har stor betydelse för var de anställda lägger sin lojalitet och känner samhörighet. Studiens resultat visar även att flera andra typer av artefakter, såsom aktiviteter och arbetskläder har betydelse för detta. Det visade sig att chefens sätt att vara och kommunicera reflekteras i de olika enheterna och även ses som en symbol för organisationen. Det framkommer att i stort sett allt som sker i en organisation har en symbolisk betydelse och att artefakter kan användas för att implementera önskade värderingar och beteenden i en organisation. Ett medvetet arbete med organisationskultur och artefakter kan användas som ett verktyg för att uppnå en lyckad sammanslagning. / Background: Mergers are common and financial issues are one reason. It is common that mergers do not produce the desired results and often create poorer morals and work culture. The human factor and organizational culture are often disregarded as the focus is on finances. Cultural differences are a major challenge in mergers and have a major impact on the merger's results. Cultures that are consistent increase the chances that members of organizations or units are more positive and contributes to make the merger successful. People's social identity plays a role in how an individual feels about belonging to an organization or entity. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to research and describe how organizational culture affects mergers by researching the significance of artifacts. The study aims to make, based on the aspect of organizational culture and specific artifacts in relation to social identity, sense of belonging and loyalty after a long time has passed since the merger. Method: The qualitative method was chosen to respond to the study and get as fair and truthful picture as possible. Documents from the studied organization have also been used as they are considered important in historically oriented research and can be good when studying cultural differences and employee behaviour. Conclusion: The study shows that human as an artifact is of great importance for where the employees place their loyalty and feel togetherness. The results also show that several other types of artifacts, such as activities and work clothes have significance for this. It appears that the manager's way of conducting and communicating is reflected in the various units and seen as a symbol for the organization. It appears that almost everything that happens in an organization has a symbolic significance and that artifacts can be used to implement desired values and behaviours in an organization. A conscious work with organizational culture and artifacts can be used as a tool for achieving a successful merger.

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The modern society has become increasingly digitalized and many workplaces follow the same pattern. This means that people are becoming more distant from one another as work can be done from other places than the office. Social interactions now occur more through a screen, especially in extraordinary circumstances such as Covid-19. Man is by nature a social being and the development of technology is forcing individuals to more or less adapt social relations to become more digital. The question is whether social evolution is catching up with the progress of technology. The purpose of the study is to investigate how employees experience that increased digitalization affects their social relationships at work, in general and in relation to Covid-19. The study examines employees’ experiences with the help of qualitative interviews at a large company in Stockholm. The result shows that digitalization enables interaction with colleagues, although employees cannot physically meet. However, digitalization prevents the possibility of establishing deep social relationships. These relationships are considered essential for a work-group to function. Finally, it appears that the need for social relations in the workplace becomes more evident when employees are forced to isolate themselves from each other for a longer period, which is a consequence of the pandemic. / Det moderna samhället har blivit allt mer digitaliserat och många arbetsplatser likaså. Det innebär att människor blir allt mer distanserade från varandra då arbete kan ske från andra platser än kontoret. Social interaktion sker i större utsträckning än tidigare via en skärm, speciellt under extraordinära omständigheter som Covid-19. Människan är av sin natur en social varelse och teknikens utveckling mer eller mindre tvingar individer att anpassa sina sociala relationer till att bli mer digitala. Frågan är om den sociala evolutionen hinner ikapp teknikens framfart. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur anställda upplever att den utökade digitaliseringen påverkar deras sociala relationer på arbetsplatsen, i allmänhet och i samband med Covid-19. I studien undersöks de anställdas upplevelser på ett stort företag i Stockholm med hjälp av kvalitativa intervjuer. Resultatet visar att digitaliseringen möjliggör interaktion med kollegor, även fast anställda inte kan mötas fysiskt. Däremot hindrar digitaliseringen möjligheten till att etablera djupa sociala relationer. Dessa relationer är essentiella för att en arbetsgrupp ska fungera. Slutligen framkommer det att behovet av sociala relationer på arbetsplatsen blir mer påtagligt när anställda tvingas isolera sig från varandra en längre tid, vilket är en konsekvens av pandemin.

The purpose of this study was to gain an increased understanding of the college students 'self-presentation on social media, emphasizing whether the use of social media affects the college students' well-being. It is also studied whether the use of social media has changed due to the corona pandemic. This essay aims to gain an in-depth understanding of the research topic. A qualitative approach was used in the study, where a total of four semi-structured interviews were conducted. All participants were students at Södertörn University. The collected material was interpreted with the help of theories of Goffman's dramaturgical perspective on role appearances and self-presentation, as well as Scheff's theory of social ties and its role in human life. The theories were used interchangeably to conduct a content analysis. The survey shows that the informants have a daily use of social media that is focused on communication purposes and a social interaction with family and friends. The results of the study show numerous positive aspects of the use of social media. However, there are considerably negative impacts on the informants' well-being. In addition, the participants were continuously seeking approval from others, as well as an idealization of themselves in order to place themselves in social cohesion. This resulted in the college students engaging in presenting themselves in a favorable way on social media. Finally, the results show that the informants experienced a negative impact on self-esteem, stress, anxiety and depression due to their use of social media platforms. / Syftet med denna studie var att få en ökad förståelse för högskolestudenternas självpresentation på sociala medier, med fokus att belysa om användningen av sociala medier påverkar högskolestudenternas välbefinnande. Utgångspunkten var att få en uppfattning om studenternas användning av sociala medier och deras upplevelser av vad de tror att sociala medier bidrar med och om sociala mediers inflytande i deras liv. Denna studie har genomförts med hjälp av fyra intervjupersoner som var högskolestudenter vid intervjuernas tidpunkt. Sammanfattningsvis går det att utläsa att användningen av sociala medier bidrar till en rad positiva aspekter. Sociala medier underlättar kommunikation och sökning av information. Den förstärker sociala relationer och bidrar till ökad social sammanhållning och gemenskap för användarna. I studien framkom att utöver de positiva aspekterna som sociala medier erbjuder kan det uppstå flera negativa aspekter som kan påverka människans välmående. Deltagarna upplevde att det ställdes krav och förväntningar på dem som lett till att de valt att presentera sig själva på ett visst sätt som enligt deras mening skulle gynna publiken på sociala medier. Detta ledde till stress, nedstämdhet och depression. Resultaten visar även att ständiga jämförelser med andra användare kan bero på bekräftelsebehov, som i sin tur kan leda till att användarnas självförtroende påverkas negativt. Detta kan exempelvis illustreras genom att respondenterna kan sätta högre krav gällande sina respektive självpresentationer på diverse sociala medier. / sociologi

Några elever tenderar att fastna i samma aktivitet på fritidshemmet. Syftet med studien är att undersöka om det finns strategier fritidslärare säger sig använda för att få eleverna delaktiga i fritidshemmets aktiviteter. Vidare undersöks vilka strategier som uppges vara effektiva och hur elevernas deltagande i aktiviteterna påverkar de sociala relationerna i gruppen. Studien utgår från fyra frågeställningar: Vilka strategier anser fritidslärare att de använder för att motivera eleverna att delta i frivilliga aktiviteter? Hur uppfyller fritidshemmet elevernas önskemål av aktiviteter? Hur upplever fritidslärarna sociala relationer mellan eleverna i aktiviteterna på fritidshemmet? och Vilken typ av miljö använder fritidshemmet mest under aktiviteterna? Metoden är semistrukturerade intervjuer med fyra fritidslärare på två skolor i södra Sverige. Analysen av resultatet tolkas ur ett sociokulturellt perspektiv för att få en djupare förståelse av elevernas delaktighet i aktiviteterna. Undersökningen visar att fritidslärare behöver ha elevernas intressen och behov i åtanke när planering av aktiviteter görs. Det visar sig vara av stor vikt att fritidslärarna är delaktiga i aktiviteterna för att motivera eleverna att delta. Fritidslärarna bör ge tydliga instruktioner som gör att eleverna förstår vad som förväntas av dem. Eleverna mår som bäst om de får möjlighet till miljöombyte och erbjuds en bred variation av aktiviteter med engagerade fritidslärare. / Some pupils tend to get caught up in the same activity at the leisure-time centre. The purpose of the study is to investigate whether there are strategies that leisure-time teachers use to involve pupils in the activities of the leisure-time centre. Furthermore, it investigates which strategies are reported to be effective and how pupils' participation in the activities affects the social relations in the group. The study is based on four questions: What strategies do leisure-time teachers think they use to motivate pupils to participate in voluntary activities? How does the leisure-time centre meet the pupils' wishes for activities? How do the leisure-time teachers experience social relations between the pupils in the activities at the leisure-time centre? and What kind of environment does the leisure-time centre use most during the activities? The method is semi-structured interviews with four leisure-time teachers at two schools in southern Sweden. The analysis of the results is interpreted from a sociocultural perspective in order to gain a deeper understanding of the pupils' participation in the activities. The survey shows that leisure-time teachers need to keep pupils' interests and needs in mind when planning activities. It turns out to be of great importance that the leisure teachers are involved in the activities to motivate the pupils to participate. Leisure-time teachers should provide clear instructions that allow pupils to understand what is expected of them. Pupils feel at their best if they get an opportunity for a change of scenery and are offered a wide range of activities with dedicated leisure-time teachers.

The purpose of this examination paper is to get an understanding as an upcoming teacher about how friends make an important impact on children’s identity development in school, their choice of friends circle and what kind of groups there can occur among them. With a deeper comprehension of these circumstances should an educationalist be more considerate and adapt his or hers education to prevent negative group formations and to be an outsider. To achieve my results I used a qualitative research method where I through observation handpicked eight students from upper level of compulsory school with different friend circles from two classes for further interviews. Beside this I observed students in their school environment for three days. My conclusion by this research is that, the society, the school and the home are three very important factors that make big impact on children’s identity development. Even friendship has an important role on their development. Children choose their friends though common interest which can lead to group formations where negative group formations can occur.