Submitted by Irene Nascimento (irene.kessia@ufpe.br) on 2016-07-29T17:41:36Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Tese de doutorado Noranege.pdf: 2102537 bytes, checksum: 369a984689437961ceddacbe025eaf15 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-29T17:41:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Tese de doutorado Noranege.pdf: 2102537 bytes, checksum: 369a984689437961ceddacbe025eaf15 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-25 / Facepe / Há evidências clínicas e experimentais de que os hormônios ovarianos exercem profundas e duradouras ações sobre o cérebro, tanto durante o seu desenvolvimento, quanto após essa fase (cérebro adulto). Algumas dessas ações repercutem de forma importante sobre a excitabilidade cerebral. Em trabalho anterior, filhotes de ratas Wistar aos 7 dias pós-natais foram submetidas à ovariectomia bilateral (grupo ovx) ou pseudo-cirurgia de ovariectomia (grupo sham) ou nenhuma cirurgia (grupo ingênuo). Quando os filhotes alcançaram a idade adulta (90-120 dias) o grupo ovx e os dois grupos controles (sham e ingênuo-na fase proestro) foram submetidos ao registro da Depressão Alastrante Cortical (DAC), fenômeno que é influenciado pela excitabilidade do cérebro. No grupo ovx, a DAC se propagou com velocidades significativamente menores em comparação aos dois grupos controle. Neste trabalho continuou-se essa linha de investigação. Inicialmente, demonstrou-se que a ovariectomia na vida adulta não se acompanha dos efeitos, observados em ratas com ovariectomia precoce. Esses dados, juntados àqueles obtidos durante o mestrado, originaram um artigo publicado na revista “International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience”. Em seguida, estudou-se os efeitos, sobre a DAC, da interação entre a administração de hormônios ovarianos e condições desfavoráveis de lactação (amamentação em ninhadas de grande tamanho). Ratas Wistar foram tratadas com estradiol ou progesterona ou ambos dos 7 aos 21 dias de vida ou submetidas, na vida adulta, a aplicações tópicas, no córtex cerebral, de diferentes concentrações de estradiol ou progesterona durante o registro da DAC. Ao contrário do observado anteriormente em ratas ovariectomizadas, o tratamento sistêmico ou tópico com ambos os hormônios acelerou a propagação da DAC, em comparação com ratas controle, tratadas com o veículo. No caso da aplicação tópica, o efeito apresentou-se reversível e dependente da dose aplicada. Sugere-se que tais efeitos estão relacionados com a açzão dos hormônios ovarianos sobre a excitabilidade cerebral. / There is experimental and clinical evidence that ovarian hormones exert profound and lasting action on the brain, both during its development, and after this phase (adult brain). Some of these actions have repercussions significantly on brain excitability. In previous work, offspring of female rats at 7 postnatal days were subjected to bilateral ovariectomy (OVX group) or ovariectomy pseudo- surgery (sham group) or no surgery (naive group). When the pups reached adulthood (90-120 days) the OVX group and the two control groups (sham and naive in the proestrus phase) were subjected to the recording of Cortical Spreading Depression (CSD), a phenomenon that is influenced by the excitability of the brain. In the OVX group, the CSD spread with significantly lower rates compared to the two control group.it was demonstrated that ovariectomy in the period of brain development reduced the spread of cortical spreading depression (CSD), a phenomenon which is influenced by brain excitability. This work continued this line of research. Initially, it was demonstrated that ovariectomy in adult life is not accompanied by the effects observed in rats with early ovariectomy. These data, coupled to those obtained during the master, gave an article published in the "International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience" journal. Then studied the effects on the CSD, the interaction between the administration of ovarian hormones and unfavorable conditions of lactation (suckling in large litters). Wistar rats were treated with estradiol or progesterone or both from 7 to 21 days or submitted in adult life, topical applications, the cerebral cortex, different concentrations of estradiol or progesterone during registration of CSD. Unlike the previously observed in ovariectomized rats, the systemic or topical treatment with both hormones accelerated the velocity of the CSD compared to control rats treated with the vehicle. In the case of topical application, the effect is reversible and showed dependent on the applied dose. It is suggested that these effects are related to the action of ovarian hormones on brain excitability.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-12-01T12:36:12Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO_SUÊNIA_RG.pdf: 2120319 bytes, checksum: 3282857c01e879a00796958f4df66f2f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-01T12:36:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO_SUÊNIA_RG.pdf: 2120319 bytes, checksum: 3282857c01e879a00796958f4df66f2f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-19 / CNPq / Glutamato monossódico (MSG) é um aminoácido neuroexcitatório utilizado como reforçador do sabor dos alimentos. Está envolvido em diversos processos neuropatológicos, através do mecanismo chamado excitotoxicidade. Por outro lado, o exercício físico induz efeitos positivos no sistema nervoso de mamíferos. Neste trabalho, investigamos, em ratos sedentários e exercitados, os efeitos neurais do MSG, administrado por via orogástrica (gavagem) ou por aplicação tópica cerebral. Ratos Wistar receberam MSG (2 ou 1g/kg, respectivamente; grupos MSG-2 e MSG-1), ou água (grupo controle), nos dias pós-natais (P) 7 a 27. No P28-33, os três grupos foram subdivididos em exercitados (esteira motorizada, 3 semanas, 5 dias/semana, 30 minutos/dia) ou sedentários. No P53-60, sob anestesia, registramos o fenômeno designado como depressão alastrante cortical (DAC). Como observado previamente (tratamento subcutâneo), o tratamento com MSG por gavagem aumentou a velocidade da DAC de maneira dose-dependente comparado com grupo controle. O exercício diminuiu essa aceleração, sugerindo que exerceu influência no desenvolvimento e função cerebral. Três grupos adicionais sem tratamento prévio receberam, durante o registro da DAC, aplicação tópica cortical de MSG em três concentrações (25, 50 e 75 mg/ml). O MSG tópico, ao contrário da gavagem, reduziu a velocidade da DAC de forma reversível, dependente da concentração. Os resultados opostos (MSG por gavagem facilitou, e topicamente dificultou a DAC) sugerem mecanismos de atuação diferentes. Sugere-se cuidado em utilizar MSG como reforçador do sabor dos alimentos, principalmente no organismo em desenvolvimento. / Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is an excitatory amino acid used as a food flavor enhancer ("flavoring agent"). MSG administered to newborn rats in systemic and repetitive way is involved in a wide range of pathological processes, through the mechanism called excitotoxicity. On the other hand, exercise induces a positive effect on the mammalian nervous system. In this work, we investigated the phenomenon known as cortical spreading depression (CSD), in rats treated with MSG and/or treadmill exercise. In addition, we studied the effect of cortical topical treatment with MSG on the CSD parameters. Wistar rats received per gavage MSG (2 or 1g / kg, respectively; MSG-2 and MSG-1 groups) or water (control group) in postnatal days (P) 7 to 27. In P28-33, the three groups were subdivided in exercised (treadmill, 3 weeks, 5 days/week, 30 minutes/day) or sedentary. At P53-60, we recorded the CSD and analyzed its propagation velocity, amplitude and duration. Confirming previous observations, MSG administered per gavage increased the CSD velocity in a dose-dependent manner compared with control group, and the treadmill exercise diminished this acceleration, suggesting that it influenced brain development and functioning. Three additional groups, previously untreated, were used to investigate the effect of topical application of three different concentrations of MSG (25, 50 and 75 mg/ml) during the electrophysiological recording. In contrast to the gavage treatment, topical treatment with MSG reduced significantly and reversibly the CSD propagation velocity. The opposite results suggest different mechanisms for gavage and topical action of MSG. Data suggest caution in the use of MSG as a reinforcer of food flavor, especially in the developing organism.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2017-08-07T14:37:31Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO MESTRADO_LARISSA BRITO-RG.pdf: 842393 bytes, checksum: 7e14b33afc3df50dad2cfe57c1a8a47b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-07T14:37:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO MESTRADO_LARISSA BRITO-RG.pdf: 842393 bytes, checksum: 7e14b33afc3df50dad2cfe57c1a8a47b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-18 / CNPQ / O soro do leite de cabra (SORO), subproduto geralmente descartado durante a fabricação do queijo, é uma boa fonte de ácido siálico (Sia), oligossacarídeo envolvido em processos como memória e excitabilidade cerebral. Neste estudo, investigamos em ratos os efeitos do SORO em pó sobre a memória e a depressão alastrante cortical (DAC), fenômeno relacionado à excitabilidade cerebral, fornecendo evidências para o envolvimento do Sia nesse efeito. Além disso, avaliamos se a deficiência nutricional modularia a ação do SORO. Ratos Wistar foram amamentados em ninhadas com 9 e 15 filhotes (grupos L9 e L15, respectivamente). Nos dias pós-natais (P) 7 a 14, os animais receberam por gavagem 17,45 g/kg/d de SORO, ou Sia (20 mg/kg/d, ou 100 mg/kg/d). No P28-30, testamos a memória dos animais (tarefa de reconhecimento de objetos, TRO). No P35-45 registramos a DAC e analisamos a sua velocidade de propagação, amplitude e duração. Na TRO, os ratos L15 tratados com o SORO obtiveram melhor desempenho do que os controles-L15. Os ratos L15 exibiram velocidades da DAC mais elevadas em comparação com os grupos L9. Os grupos SORO e Sia exibiram velocidade da DAC mais elevada que os grupos naïve e salina, independentemente do estado de lactação (p<0,05). Nossos resultados documentaram este efeito do SORO na memória e DAC. Sia facilitou a DAC de forma dose-dependente, sugerindo seu envolvimento nessa ação do SORO. Este é considerado um suplemento potencial para melhorar a função e desenvolvimento do cérebro em crianças desnutridas. Mais estudos são necessários para investigar tal potencial. / Goat Whey, a usually discarded byproduct from goat cheese manufacturing, is a good source of sialic acid (SA), an oligosaccharide that is involved in processes such as memory and brain excitability. Here, we investigated in rats the effect of dried goat whey (DGW) on memory and the brain excitability-dependent phenomenon known as cortical spreading depression (CSD). We also provide evidence for the involvement of SA in this effect. In addition, we tested animals under unfavorable suckling conditions to evaluate whether nutritional deficiency would modulate DGW action. Wistar rats were suckled in litters with 9 and 15 pups (groups L9 and L15, respectively). From postnatal (P) days 7 to 14, the animals received per gavage 17.45 g of DGW/kg/d, or SA (20 mg/kg/d, or 100 mg/kg/d). At P28-30, we tested the animals‟ memory in the object recognition paradigm. At P35-45 we recorded CSD and analyze its velocity of propagation, amplitude, and duration. In the object recognition test, the L15 DGW-treated rats performed better than the L15-controls. The L15 rats displayed higher CSD velocities compared with L9 groups. The DGW and SA groups exhibited higher CSD velocity than the naïve- and saline-treated controls, regardless the lactation status (p <0.05). Our results documented a novel effect of DGW on memory and CSD. SA dose-dependently facilitated CSD, suggesting its involvement on the DGW action. DGW is considered a potential supplement to improve brain development and function in malnourished children, and this shall be further translationally investigated.

Orientador: Celso de Almeida, Rodrigo Pereira Ramos / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T10:36:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Britto_PauloMarceloPerezRodriguesde_M.pdf: 4780408 bytes, checksum: c3b152e041128b5d94429d8b87c0068c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: O desempenho de sistemas de comunicações sem fio que utilizam técnicas de espalhamento espectral e múltiplo acesso por divisão de código (CDMA) é limitado pela interferência. Nesta dissertação, analisamos o desempenho de um algoritmo de seleção de seqüências de espalhamento de comprimento fixo, que busca a minimização dos efeitos de interferência em sistemas CDMA operando em canais com desvanecimento seletivo em freqüência e possuindo células adjacentes interferentes. Analisamos o desempenho deste sistema no qual o espalhamento espectral é feito usando duas seqüências: seqüências do usuário e seqüências identificadoras de células. Dentre as seqüências analisadas, podemos citar as Walsh, a Gold, as de comprimento máximo e também um tipo de seqüência de espalhamento baseado nas seqüências de comprimento máximo / Abstract: The performance of wireless communication systems using spread spectrum techniques and code division multiple access (CDMA) is interference-limited. In this dissertation, we evaluate the performance of a selection algorithm for fixed-length spreading sequences, aimed on minimizing the interference effects in CDMA systems operating in frequency selective fading channels and having adjacent interfering cells. We check the performance of this system where the spread spectrum operation is performed using two sequences: user sequences and cell identification sequences. Among the sequences considered, we use Walsh, Gold, maximum length and a type of spreading sequence based on the maximum length class / Mestrado / Telecomunicações e Telemática / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Orientador: Marcelo Knobel / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T11:32:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Moura_EltonAlissomde_M.pdf: 1494637 bytes, checksum: 5794c392d1c9acdd86a164cee5ed5ea3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Nos últimos anos começou a ser inaugurado no Brasil um expressivo número de museus e centros interativos de ciência e cultura, com maior predominância na região Sudeste, como o Museu Exploratório de Ciências da Unicamp, o Museu do Futebol, o Museu da Língua Portuguesa, o Espaço Catavento Cultural e o Museu do Amanhã, que deverá abrir suas portas em 2014. Paralelamente a esse movimento, também se observa nos últimos cinco anos uma forte tendência de realização de exposições científicas e tecnológicas interativas e independentes no País, em um movimento da saída dessas exposições científicas de seus "habitats naturais". Criadas por museus, centros de ciência e tecnologia e promotoras de eventos internacionais célebres por basearem suas propostas museológicas nos modelos hands-on, essas exposições estão sendo trazidas ao País depois de se tornarem fenômenos de público no exterior por recém criadas empresas multinacionais atuantes nas áreas de entretenimento e marketing cultural. Neste projeto de pesquisa são analisadas as razões pelas quais esses museus e centros interativos de ciência e as exposições científicas e culturais independentes e interativas vêm sendo criadas em maior proporção no País nos últimos anos, além de suas relações com grandes exposições de artes que ocorreram no Brasil no final dos anos 1990 e início de 2000, e como artistas e cientistas envolvidos na concepção desses empreendimentos científicos vêm adaptando e reformulando seus conteúdos, dando origem a um modelo original e próprio que começou a ser exportado. A relevância do projeto é atribuída à importância que essas exposições científicas e interativas, a exemplo dos centros de museus e tecnologias, vêm ganhando em diversos países como programas culturais e de lazer propícios ao engajamento público com a ciência e a tecnologia / Abstract: In recent years it started to be inaugurated in Brazil an expressive number of museums and interactive centers of science and culture, with bigger predominance in the Southeastern region, as the Museu Exploratório de Ciências of the Unicamp, Museum of Football, Museum of the Portuguese Language, Espaço Catavento Cultural and Museum of Tomorrow, that it will have to open its doors in 2014. Simultaneously to this movement, also one strong trend of accomplishment of interactive and independent scientific and technological expositions in the country is observed in the last five years, in a movement of the exit of these natural scientific expositions of its "habitats". Created for museums, centers of science and technology and promoters of international events you celebrate for basing its proposals in the models hands-on, these expositions are being brought to the country, after if becoming phenomena of public in the world, for just created companies operating multinationals in the entertainment areas and cultural marketing. In this project of research the reasons are analyzed for which these museums and interactive centers of science and the independent and interactive scientific and cultural expositions come in recent years being bred in bigger ratio in the country, beyond its relations with great expositions of arts that had occurred in Brazil in the end of the years 1990 and beginning of 2000, and as involved artists and scientists in the conception of these scientific enterprises they come reformulating its contents, giving origin to an original and proper model, that starts to be exported. The relevance of the project is attributed to the importance that these scientific and interactive expositions, the example of the centers of museums and technologies, they come earning in diverse countries as propitious cultural programs and of leisure to the public enrollment with science and the technology / Mestrado / Divulgação Científica e Cultural / Mestre em Divulgação Científica e Cultural

Today wireless transmission of data is becoming more and more popular and the need for faster transmission rates is increasing. Since the bandwidth is limited it is important to try to use it to the fullest. CDMA is a technology that allows multiple accesses on the same frequency and time thus making it very bandwidth efficient. The CDMA technology was first introduced in the second generation’s cellular systems but has since then been improved and is reused in today’s 3G systems as Wideband CDMA. ISY is interested in getting a behavioural model of a W-CDMA system since they had developed a DSP processor called BBP1 and were thinking about adding W-CDMA support for it. Even though our system is not implemented on the BBP1 it should provide a good base for future implementations. This thesis project will describe the construction of a behavioural model of a W-CDMA system following the standard specified by 3GPP. The system simulates W-CDMA transmission and reception and has an optional channel used to simulate real world interference. The receiver uses a rake combiner to improve the performance of the system.

Les phénomènes de mouillage et la rhéologie des fluides à seuil sont deux domaines de la physique des matériaux mous dans lesquels de grandes avancées ont été faites lors des derniers siècles. De plus ces questions sont d'une grande importance au niveau des applications industrielles, ce qui contribue à leur dynamisme. En revanche, le mouillage des fluides à seuil a été peu étudié, alors que c'est une situation fréquente. En effet, presque tous les fluides rencontrés dans l'industrie et la vie quotidienne sont des fluides à seuil. D'autre part, la connaissance des propriétés de mouillage est cruciale lors de leur manipulation car la plupart des processus font intervenir des interfaces.Dans ma thèse, je m'intéresse aux questions suivantes : comment la tension de surface apparente est-elle affectée par le seuil ? Comment le seuil influence-t-il la dynamique du mouillage, habituellement décrite par la loi de Tanner ? Pourquoi l'angle de contact d'une goutte de fluide à seuil n'est-il pas prédit par la loi d'Young-Dupré ?J'ai réalisé des expériences sur un fluide à seuil modèle appelé carbopol. La première expérience a consisté à mesurer la force d'adhésion d'un pont capillaire, qui a été comparée au cas des fluides simples. Les résultats ont montré l'importance de l'histoire de la déformation et de l'élasticité du fluide. La seconde expérience a porté sur l'étalement de gouttes sur une surface hydrophile. J'ai étudié la dynamique d'étalement, ainsi que l'angle de contact final. Alors que la dynamique est contrôlée par la viscoélasticité, l'état final est déterminé par le seuil / Wetting phenomena and yield-stress fluids rheology are subfields of soft matter physics where big understanding steps have been made during the last centuries. In addition, these two fields have very important potential implications for industry, which contributes to their dynamism. But their combination, the wetting of yield-stress fluids, has received little interest until the very last years, although it is a situation that happens all the time. Indeed, yield-stress fluids gather nearly all the fluids encountered in food industry, cosmetics, building industry, oil and gas industry… and wetting properties are crucial when processing or using the fluids, as many processes involve interfaces with air or a solid surface.In this thesis, I consider the following questions: how is the apparent surface tension affected by yield stress? How does the yield stress influence the wetting dynamics, classically described by Tanner’s law? Why can the final contact angle of a sessile drop of yield-stress fluid not be predicted by Young-Dupré’s theory?I performed experiments with a model yield-stress fluid called carbopol. The first experiment consisted in measuring the adhesion force of a capillary bridge and comparing it to the case of simple fluids. The main results show the importance of the deformation history and of the fluid elasticity. The second main experiment concerned spreading of drops on a hydrophilic surface. I studied the short-time dynamics and the long-time dynamics, as well as the final contact angle. The first regime is controlled by viscoelasticity, whereas the final state is determined by the yield stress

Les traumatismes crâniens (TC) représentent la première cause de décès ou de handicap avant l'âge de 45 ans, avec une incidence en Europe de 235/100 000 habitants. Chez les patients survivant à un TC, les séquelles sont fréquentes allant de l'état végétatif chronique au syndrome post-concussionnel compliquant principalement la réinsertion socio professionnelle et familiale des victimes. Cependant la nature des lésions cérébrales provoquées par un TC est encore mal connue et les thérapies susceptibles d'empêcher la progression des lésions neurologiques sont très limitées. Un TC provoque d'abord des lésions directement dues à l'impact (lésions primaires). D'autres mécanismes secondaires vont avoir lieu dès les premières minutes suivant le TC et peuvent évoluer sur plusieurs jours. Elles sont susceptibles d'être atténuées par une thérapeutique appropriée et sont donc l'objet de la plupart des efforts de recherche actuels. Néanmoins, notre connaissance de ces phénomènes d'agression primaires et secondaires, est incomplète et ne permet pas d'expliquer correctement l'évolution des TC. Les dépolarisations corticales envahissantes (DCE) ou cortical spreading depolarizations””sont un des évènements délétères contribuant aux lésions secondaires consécutives au TC. Les DCE sont des vagues de dépolarisation massive associées à un mauvais pronostic. Elles sont caractérisées par une dépression de l'activité electrocorticographique et une dépolarisation des neurones corticaux et des astrocytes qui se propagent sur le cortex. Les DCE s'accompagnent d'une augmentation des besoins métaboliques visant à restituer au tissu son état d'homéostasie neurochimique et de polarisation cellulaire. Les conséquences des DCE sur le métabolisme cérébral sont encore mal connues aussi bien sur un tissu sain qu'après agression cérébrale. Il existe des arguments pour penser que l'incidence, le nombre et la durée des DCE sont associés à un moins bon pronostic chez l'homme après agression cérébrale. Cependant, les mécanismes par lesquels ces DCE auraient une toxicité directe reposent encore sur des arguments le plus souvent indirects et sont mal compris. L'objectif principal de ce travail de thèse a été de caractériser les conséquences neurochimiques et micro-vasculaires des DCE afin de mieux comprendre leur physiopathologie dans un cortex sain ou agressé par un TC sévère / “Traumatic brain injury” (TBI) encompasses a heterogeneous group of physio-pathological phenomenon. Prognosis, clinical course evaluation and treatment of brain trauma remain challenging. Brain damage results from both the initial physical insult (primary injury), and also continues to occur in the ensuing hours to days because of secondary brain aggressions. Among secondary injuries following TBI, Cortical Spreading Depolarizations (CSD) have emerged since the mid-90s. CSD are waves of depolarization propagating along the cortex at a speed of 1-5 mm/min that induced a massive energetic demand to repolarize the cells. CSD are participating to prognosis because their occurrence and duration are related to outcome in different acute brain injuries (TBI, sub-arachnoid hemorrhage and ischemic stroke). During my thesis, our main goal was to determine whether the CSD reinforced neuronal death following brain trauma that can explain the poor prognosis. In a first study we delineated brain regions where neuronal death occurs following lateral fluid percussion injury (LFPI) in order to record CSDs in this area. Then, as we wanted to assess the energetic balance of this tissue during CSD using biosensors, we had primarily to check for the biosensor reliability to oxygen (O2) and temperature (To). As oxygen and temperature were different from bench (in vitro) to bedside (in vivo) monitoring, we developed algorithms to compute offline the in vivo values obtained for glucose, lactate or glutamate brain concentrations respecting the local O2 concentrations and To measured in the cortex. Finally, using the biosensors, we described the dynamic real time metabolic changes occurring after CSDs in 3 conditions: A healthy cortex, an injured cortex after LFPI, and when CSD occurred in cluster after LFPI. Although the normal brain displayed a hyper-glycolytic state following CSD (transient low glucose concentrations + prolonged elevated lactate concentrations), TBI tissue exhibited a different pattern that could be metabolic crisis (very low glucose concentrations + normal to low lactateconcentrations)

No description available.

Metal additive manufacturing (AM) can produce complex parts that were once considered impossible or too costly to fabricate using conventional machining techniques, making AM machines an exceptional tool for rapid prototyping, one-off parts, and labor-intensive geometries. Due to the growing popularity of this technology, especially in the defense and medical industries, more researchers are looking into the physics and mechanics behind the AM process. Many factors and parameters contribute to the overall quality of a part, one of them being the powder bed itself. So far, little investigation has been dedicated to the behavior of the powder in the powder bed during the lasering process. A powder spreading machine that simulates the powder bed fusion process without the laser was designed by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and was built as a platform to observe powder characteristics. The focus for this project was surface roughness and particle size distribution (PSD), and how dose rate and coating speed affect the results. Images of the 316L stainless steel powder on the spreading device at multiple layers were taken and processed and analyzed in MATLAB to access surface quality of each region. Powder from nine regions of the build plate were also sampled and counted to determine regional particle size distribution. As a comparison, a simulation was developed to mimic the adhesive behavior of the powder, and to observe how powder distributes powder when spread.