<p>Angiogenesis is defined as the formation of new capillary blood vessels from pre-existing ones. This process involves several steps including: migration, proliferation and differentiation of endothelial cells into blood vessels. Angiogenesis is initiated by binding of specific growth factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF), to their cell surface receptors. Shb is a ubiquitously expressed adaptor protein with the ability to bind several tyrosine kinase receptors. My aim has been to identify the role of Shb in FGF- and VEGF-signalling in endothelial cells. Shb was found to be phosphorylated in a Src-dependent manner upon both FGF- and VEGF-stimulation. This was confirmed using fibroblasts overexpressing temperature sensitive v-Src. Furthermore, Shb-induced cell spreading on collagen of immortalised brain endothelial (IBE) cells was also Src-dependent. FGF stimulation led to a direct association between Shb and FAK, which was mediated by the phosphotyrosine binding domain of Shb. IBE cells overexpressing wild-type or R522K Shb (inactive SH2 domain) displayed increased FAK activation on collagen.</p><p>The SH2-domain of Shb was found to bind to tyrosine 1175 in the VEGFR-2 in a phosphotyrosine dependent manner using PAE cells expressing VEGFR-2. Furthermore, by use of siRNA, Shb knock-down experiments revealed that Shb regulates FAK activity, cellular migration and stress fiber formation in response to VEGF stimulation of VEGFR-2. In summary, Shb binds to both FGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 and regulates the activity of FAK and thereby stress fiber formation and cellular migration, which are necessary for formation of new blood vessels. IBE cells with an inactive SH2 domain of Shb displayed disorganised formation of tubular structures in the tube formation assay, while overexpression of wild-type Shb led to accelerated tubular morphogenesis.</p><p>Taken together, my data show that the adaptor protein Shb plays an important role in the process angiogenesis, in response to angiogenic tyrosine kinase receptors, by interacting with FAK and regulating spreading, stress fiber formation and cellular migration.</p>

<p>I USA infördes begreppet informationsoperationer i mitten av 1990-talet och det har sedan dess skett en stor utveckling inom detta fält. Även i den svenska Försvarsmakten har konceptetinformationsoperationer införts och en utveckling och uppbyggnad av förmågor inom detta koncept pågår. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka huruvida konceptet informationsoperationers uppkomst i Försvarsmakten kan utgöra ett exempel på idéspridning. Utgångspunkten är att USA som en av världens ledande försvarsmakter är trendsättare för andra försvarsmakter i västvärlden, däribland den svenska Försvarsmakten. Med utgångspunkt i teorin om idéspridning undersöks om den amerikanska idén om informationsoperationer har spridit sig och snappats upp av Försvarsmakten som sedan översatt idén efter sina egna förutsättningar. Uppsatsen beskriver informationsoperationers uppkomst i USA och hur begreppet har fått fäste och utvecklats i Försvarsmakten. Vidare beskrivs hur idén tagit organisatorisk form i Försvarsmakten i syfte att utifrån teorin om lokal översättning undersöka hur detta skiljer sig från det amerikanska konceptet. I slutsatserna konstateras att teorin om idéspridning är tillämpbar i det här fallet och att det också skett vissa anpassningar av idén när Försvarsmakten implementerat den i sin egen organisation.</p> / <p>The concept of information operations was introduced in the US in the middle of the 1990’s and has since that time developed and a lot of things have happened in that field during the last decade. The development of information operations is going on in the Swedish Armed Forces as well. The purpose of this essay is to study whether the introduction of the concept of information operationsin the Swedish Armed Forces can be seen as an example of the spreading of ideas according to new institutional theory. With the premise that the US, with one of the worlds leading armed forces, functions as a trend setter for other nations in the western part of the world this essay investigates if it is the American idea about information operations that has been adopted by the Swedish Armed Forces. Furthermore it investigates whether the idea, if it has been adopted, has been copied or translated to fit the new organization. The essay starts with describing the concept of informationoperations in the US, how it was introduced and how it is currently used. Then follows a presentation about how information operations, as a concept, has developed in the Swedish Armed Forces. Differences between how the concept of information operations has been implemented in the organizations is presented and discussed in order to try the theory about local translation of ideas. The major conclusions is that the concept of information operations’ introduction in the Swedish armed forces can function as an example of the new institutional theory about the spreading of ideas and that there has been some adaptations of the concept in order to fit the organization.</p>

Angiogenesis is defined as the formation of new capillary blood vessels from pre-existing ones. This process involves several steps including: migration, proliferation and differentiation of endothelial cells into blood vessels. Angiogenesis is initiated by binding of specific growth factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF), to their cell surface receptors. Shb is a ubiquitously expressed adaptor protein with the ability to bind several tyrosine kinase receptors. My aim has been to identify the role of Shb in FGF- and VEGF-signalling in endothelial cells. Shb was found to be phosphorylated in a Src-dependent manner upon both FGF- and VEGF-stimulation. This was confirmed using fibroblasts overexpressing temperature sensitive v-Src. Furthermore, Shb-induced cell spreading on collagen of immortalised brain endothelial (IBE) cells was also Src-dependent. FGF stimulation led to a direct association between Shb and FAK, which was mediated by the phosphotyrosine binding domain of Shb. IBE cells overexpressing wild-type or R522K Shb (inactive SH2 domain) displayed increased FAK activation on collagen. The SH2-domain of Shb was found to bind to tyrosine 1175 in the VEGFR-2 in a phosphotyrosine dependent manner using PAE cells expressing VEGFR-2. Furthermore, by use of siRNA, Shb knock-down experiments revealed that Shb regulates FAK activity, cellular migration and stress fiber formation in response to VEGF stimulation of VEGFR-2. In summary, Shb binds to both FGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 and regulates the activity of FAK and thereby stress fiber formation and cellular migration, which are necessary for formation of new blood vessels. IBE cells with an inactive SH2 domain of Shb displayed disorganised formation of tubular structures in the tube formation assay, while overexpression of wild-type Shb led to accelerated tubular morphogenesis. Taken together, my data show that the adaptor protein Shb plays an important role in the process angiogenesis, in response to angiogenic tyrosine kinase receptors, by interacting with FAK and regulating spreading, stress fiber formation and cellular migration.

I USA infördes begreppet informationsoperationer i mitten av 1990-talet och det har sedan dess skett en stor utveckling inom detta fält. Även i den svenska Försvarsmakten har konceptetinformationsoperationer införts och en utveckling och uppbyggnad av förmågor inom detta koncept pågår. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka huruvida konceptet informationsoperationers uppkomst i Försvarsmakten kan utgöra ett exempel på idéspridning. Utgångspunkten är att USA som en av världens ledande försvarsmakter är trendsättare för andra försvarsmakter i västvärlden, däribland den svenska Försvarsmakten. Med utgångspunkt i teorin om idéspridning undersöks om den amerikanska idén om informationsoperationer har spridit sig och snappats upp av Försvarsmakten som sedan översatt idén efter sina egna förutsättningar. Uppsatsen beskriver informationsoperationers uppkomst i USA och hur begreppet har fått fäste och utvecklats i Försvarsmakten. Vidare beskrivs hur idén tagit organisatorisk form i Försvarsmakten i syfte att utifrån teorin om lokal översättning undersöka hur detta skiljer sig från det amerikanska konceptet. I slutsatserna konstateras att teorin om idéspridning är tillämpbar i det här fallet och att det också skett vissa anpassningar av idén när Försvarsmakten implementerat den i sin egen organisation. / The concept of information operations was introduced in the US in the middle of the 1990’s and has since that time developed and a lot of things have happened in that field during the last decade. The development of information operations is going on in the Swedish Armed Forces as well. The purpose of this essay is to study whether the introduction of the concept of information operationsin the Swedish Armed Forces can be seen as an example of the spreading of ideas according to new institutional theory. With the premise that the US, with one of the worlds leading armed forces, functions as a trend setter for other nations in the western part of the world this essay investigates if it is the American idea about information operations that has been adopted by the Swedish Armed Forces. Furthermore it investigates whether the idea, if it has been adopted, has been copied or translated to fit the new organization. The essay starts with describing the concept of informationoperations in the US, how it was introduced and how it is currently used. Then follows a presentation about how information operations, as a concept, has developed in the Swedish Armed Forces. Differences between how the concept of information operations has been implemented in the organizations is presented and discussed in order to try the theory about local translation of ideas. The major conclusions is that the concept of information operations’ introduction in the Swedish armed forces can function as an example of the new institutional theory about the spreading of ideas and that there has been some adaptations of the concept in order to fit the organization.

Complex networks have been used to represent the fundamental structure of a multitude of complex systems from various fields. In the network representation, the system is reduced to a set of nodes and links that denote the elements of the system and the connections between them respectively. Complex networks are commonly adaptive such that the structure of the network and the states of nodes evolve dynamically in a coupled fashion. Adaptive networks lead to peculiar complex dynamics and network topologies, which can be investigated by moment-closure approximations, a coarse-graining approach that enables the use of the dynamical systems theory. In this thesis, I study several contact processes in adaptive networks that are defined by the transmission of node states. Employing moment-closure approximations, I establish analytical insights into complex phenomena emerging in these systems. I provide a detailed analysis of existing alternative moment-closure approximation schemes and extend them in several directions. Most importantly, I consider developing analytical approaches for models with complex update rules and networks with complex topologies. I discuss four different contact processes in adaptive networks. First, I explore the effect of cyclic dominance in opinion formation. For this, I propose an adaptive network model: the adaptive rock-paper-scissors game. The model displays four different dynamical phases (stationary, oscillatory, consensus, and fragmented) with distinct topological and dynamical properties. I use a simple moment-closure approximation to explain the transitions between these phases. Second, I use the adaptive voter model of opinion formation as a benchmark model to test and compare the performances of major moment-closure approximation schemes in the literature. I provide an in-depth analysis that leads to a heightened understanding of the capabilities of alternative approaches. I demonstrate that, even for the simple adaptive voter model, highly sophisticated approximations can fail due to special dynamic correlations. As a general strategy for targeting such problematic cases, I identify and illustrate the design of new approximation schemes specific to the complex phenomena under investigation. Third, I study the collective motion in mobile animal groups, using the conceptual framework of adaptive networks of opinion formation. I focus on the role of information in consensus decision-making in populations consisting of individuals that have conflicting interests. Employing a moment-closure approximation, I predict that uninformed individuals promote democratic consensus in the population, i.e. the collective decision is made according to plurality. This prediction is confirmed in a fish school experiment, constituting the first example of direct verification for the predictions of adaptive network models. Fourth, I consider a challenging problem for moment-closure approximations: growing adaptive networks with strongly heterogeneous degree distributions. In order to capture the dynamics of such networks, I develop a new approximation scheme, from which analytical results can be obtained by a special coarse-graining procedure. I apply this analytical approach to an epidemics problem, the spreading of a fatal disease on a growing population. I show that, although the degree distribution has a finite variance at any finite infectiousness, the model lacks an epidemic threshold, which is a genuine adaptive network effect. Diseases with very low infectiousness can thus persist and prevail in growing populations.

This thesis studies the design and implementation of a linear minimum mean-square error (LMMSE) receiver in asynchronous bandlimited direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) systems that employ long-code pseudo-noise (PN) sequences and operate in multipath environments. The receiver is shown to be capable of multiple-access interference (MAI) suppression and multipath diversity combining without the knowledge of other users' signature sequences. It outperforms any other linear receiver by maximizing output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) with the aid of a new chip filter which exploits the cyclostationarity of the received signal and combines all paths of the desired user that fall within its supported time span. This work is motivated by the shortcomings of existing LMMSE receivers which are either incompatible with long-code CDMA or constrained by limitations in the system model. The design methodology is based on the concept of linear/conjugate linear (LCL) filtering and satisfying the orthogonality conditions to achieve the LMMSE filter response. Moreover, the proposed LMMSE receiver addresses two drawbacks of the coherent Rake receiver, the industry's current solution for multipath reception. First, unlike the Rake receiver which uses the chip-matched filter (CMF) and treats interference as additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN), the LMMSE receiver suppresses interference by replacing the CMF with a new chip pulse filter. Second, in contrast to the Rake receiver which only processes a subset of strongest paths of the desired user, the LMMSE receiver harnesses the energy of all paths of the desired user that fall within its time support, at no additional complexity. The performance of the proposed LMMSE receiver is analyzed and compared with that of the coherent Rake receiver with probability of bit error, <i>Pe</i>, as the figure of merit. The analysis is based on the accurate improved Gaussian approximation (IGA) technique. Closed form conditional <i>Pe</i> expressions for both the LMMSE and Rake receivers are derived. Furthermore, it is shown that if quadriphase random spreading, moderate to large spreading factors, and pulses with small excess bandwidth are used, the widely-used standard Gaussian Approximation (SGA) technique becomes accurate even for low regions of <i>Pe</i>. Under the examined scenarios tailored towards current narrowband system settings, the LMMSE receiver achieves 60% gain in capacity (1. 8 dB in output SNR) over the selective Rake receiver. A third of the gain is due to interference suppression capability of the receiver while the rest is credited to its ability to collect the energy of the desired user diversified to many paths. Future wideband systems will yield an ever larger gain. Adaptive implementations of the LMMSE receiver are proposed to rid the receiver from dependence on the knowledge of multipath parameters. The adaptive receiver is based on a fractionally-spaced equalizer (FSE) whose taps are updated by an adaptive algorithm. Training-based, pilot-channel-aided (PCA), and blind algorithms are developed to make the receiver applicable to both forward and reverse links, with or without the presence of pilot signals. The blind algorithms are modified versions of the constant modulus algorithm (CMA) which has not been previously studied for long-code CDMA systems. Extensive simulation results are presented to illustrate the convergence behavior of the proposed algorithms and quantify their performance loss under various levels of MAI. Computational complexities of the algorithms are also discussed. These three criteria (performance loss, convergence rate, and computational complexity) determine the proper choice of an adaptive algorithm with respect to the requirements of the specific application in mind.

This thesis studies the design and implementation of a linear minimum mean-square error (LMMSE) receiver in asynchronous bandlimited direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) systems that employ long-code pseudo-noise (PN) sequences and operate in multipath environments. The receiver is shown to be capable of multiple-access interference (MAI) suppression and multipath diversity combining without the knowledge of other users' signature sequences. It outperforms any other linear receiver by maximizing output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) with the aid of a new chip filter which exploits the cyclostationarity of the received signal and combines all paths of the desired user that fall within its supported time span. This work is motivated by the shortcomings of existing LMMSE receivers which are either incompatible with long-code CDMA or constrained by limitations in the system model. The design methodology is based on the concept of linear/conjugate linear (LCL) filtering and satisfying the orthogonality conditions to achieve the LMMSE filter response. Moreover, the proposed LMMSE receiver addresses two drawbacks of the coherent Rake receiver, the industry's current solution for multipath reception. First, unlike the Rake receiver which uses the chip-matched filter (CMF) and treats interference as additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN), the LMMSE receiver suppresses interference by replacing the CMF with a new chip pulse filter. Second, in contrast to the Rake receiver which only processes a subset of strongest paths of the desired user, the LMMSE receiver harnesses the energy of all paths of the desired user that fall within its time support, at no additional complexity. The performance of the proposed LMMSE receiver is analyzed and compared with that of the coherent Rake receiver with probability of bit error, <i>Pe</i>, as the figure of merit. The analysis is based on the accurate improved Gaussian approximation (IGA) technique. Closed form conditional <i>Pe</i> expressions for both the LMMSE and Rake receivers are derived. Furthermore, it is shown that if quadriphase random spreading, moderate to large spreading factors, and pulses with small excess bandwidth are used, the widely-used standard Gaussian Approximation (SGA) technique becomes accurate even for low regions of <i>Pe</i>. Under the examined scenarios tailored towards current narrowband system settings, the LMMSE receiver achieves 60% gain in capacity (1. 8 dB in output SNR) over the selective Rake receiver. A third of the gain is due to interference suppression capability of the receiver while the rest is credited to its ability to collect the energy of the desired user diversified to many paths. Future wideband systems will yield an ever larger gain. Adaptive implementations of the LMMSE receiver are proposed to rid the receiver from dependence on the knowledge of multipath parameters. The adaptive receiver is based on a fractionally-spaced equalizer (FSE) whose taps are updated by an adaptive algorithm. Training-based, pilot-channel-aided (PCA), and blind algorithms are developed to make the receiver applicable to both forward and reverse links, with or without the presence of pilot signals. The blind algorithms are modified versions of the constant modulus algorithm (CMA) which has not been previously studied for long-code CDMA systems. Extensive simulation results are presented to illustrate the convergence behavior of the proposed algorithms and quantify their performance loss under various levels of MAI. Computational complexities of the algorithms are also discussed. These three criteria (performance loss, convergence rate, and computational complexity) determine the proper choice of an adaptive algorithm with respect to the requirements of the specific application in mind.

“Vad genererar närvaron i sociala medier för svenska kollektivtrafikbolags vardagsverksamhet och hur kan de användas vid en kris?” Syftet med uppsatsen är att belysa problematiken med att kollektivtrafikbolag i Sverige idag inte tar tillvara på möjligheterna med sociala medier. Vi ser ett behov att belysa fördelarna och nackdelarna i samband med användningen av Facebook och Twitter för kollektivtrafikbolag. Studien syftar till att visa att sociala medier är en bra kommunikationskanal som även blir användbar vid en krissituation. Uppsatsen syftar till att förmedla de fördelar som interaktion via sociala medier innebär i vardagsverksamheten och vid en kris. Uppsatsprocessen genomfördes kvalitativt och en induktiv ansats tillämpades. Det har genomförts nio intervjuer, sju med kollektivtrafikbolag och två med kommunikationskonsulter med expertis inom kommunikation och krishantering. Genom att undersöka hur bolagen hanterar sociala medier och tänker kring relationer, förtroende, rykteshantering och kriser tillhandahölls material som möjliggjorde att uppfylla uppsatsens syfte. Studien har hög giltighet för de undersökta kollektivtrafikbolagen och antagandet om att den kan generaliseras och gälla för hela Sveriges kollektivtrafikmarknad går inte att garantera. Dock anser vi att det kan ligga resterande kollektivtrafikbolags intresse att ta del av studien. Studien påvisar att Facebook och Twitter med fördel kan användas av svenska kollektivtrafikbolag för att kvalitetsförbättra verksamheten, men även att sociala medier är bra för hantering av och kommunikation vid en kris. Studien visar att om kollektivtrafikbolag arbetar kontinuerligt med att vara närvarande, kommunicera och engagera, stoppa ryktesspridning och bistå med information i realtid genererar fördelar. Fördelarna är att resenärer får mer förtroende, skapar en bättre relation till företaget, ökar förståelsen och att de ger företag information som leder till att företaget kan göra kvalitetsförbättringar. Dessa aktiviteter förebygger även att en kris uppstår samt underlättar vid hantering att krissituation. Bolagens aktiviteter i sociala medier och vad de genererar illustreras i två modeller. “Värdet av sociala medier i vardagsverksamheten” som visar på ett samband mellan aktiviteter och vad de genererar, kvalitetsförbättringar i verksamheten. “Värdet av sociala medier vid en krissituation” som visar att samma aktiviteter verkar förebyggande att risken av en kris inträffar samt underlättar vid en faktisk krissituation. Om sociala medier inte används för att kvalitetsförbättra verksamheten eller till att förebygga och kommunicera under en kris påvisar studien inte någon nytta med att verka i sociala medier för de undersökta bolagen. Ett felaktigt användande av sociala medier ger ett negativt utfall, det är resurskrävande och kan förvärra en krissituation genom den enorma spridningseffekten sociala medier har. / “What does the presence in social media generate for public transport companies in Sweden in everyday activities and how they can be use in crisis management?” The purpose with this thesis is to highlight the complexity that public transport companies in Sweden today do not take advantage of opportunities that social media offers. We have noticed a need to highlight the advantage and disadvantage arising from the use of Facebook and Twitter for public transport companies. We wish to prove that social media is a high-quality communication channel which also can be useful in crises. This thesis aims to convey the benefits of interaction thru social media in everyday activities and crisis management. The process of the thesis is conducted thru a qualitative and inductive approach. Nine interviews have been made with seven public transport companies and two with communication consultants with expertise in communications and crisis management. By examining how they manage the presence in social media and reflects about relationships, trust, reputation management and crises we were given material thru interviews that allowed to fulfil the purpose of the thesis. The survey has a high level of validity but the assumption that it can be generalized and applied to all Swedish public transport companies cannot be made. However we believe that it could be interesting for all Swedish public transport companies to take advantage of the thesis. The survey has revealed that the Swedish public transport companies to improve the quality of the business can use social media especially Facebook and Twitter advantageously, but also that social media is effective in the management for managing and handling communication in a crisis. The survey shows that public transport companies continually works to be present, to communicate and engage, stop the spread of rumours and provide information in real time. These actions effect passengers to get more trust in the companies, as well as it creates a better relationship, improve understanding and that the passengers provide the companies with information that leads to quality improvements. These activities can also be used to prevent a crisis and facilitate the handling of a crisis. The companies activities in social media and what they generate illustrates in two models. “The value of social media in everyday business” showing the connection between everyday activates in social media generating a quality tool. “The value of social media in a crisis” showing that the same activates prevents a crisis from happening and helps manage a crisis situation. If the public transport companies examined do not use social media to quality improvement activities or to prevent and communicate during a crisis the survey demonstrates that there is no advantage to be present in social media at all. If a company uses social media in wrong way , it demands a lot of resources and can aggravate a crisis situation. / VG

Assessment of occurrence and diagnostic methods of viral diseases in cattle – viral diarrhoea (BVD), infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), rabies, enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL), and spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) – was carried out for the first time in Lithuania. It was established that viruses of rabies, infectious rhinotraheitis and viral diarrhoea are most widespread in the country. It was determined that occurrence of rabies in cattle is parallel with the infection of wildlife with rabies virus. Analysis of eradication programme of enzootic bovine leucosis was done. It revealed that only combined application of diagnostic and preventive measures allowed reducing the cattle infection up to 0.2%. Though bovine spongiform encephalopathy has not been recorded in Lithuania, it is feasible to implement its diagnostic and prevention programme. An overall financial analysis of expenditures on BSE and viral diseases diagnostics and control was for the first time done in Lithuania. It showed that BSE and EBL occupied the leading positions in the structure of expenditures on viral diseases. In 2001, expenditures on BSE investigations accounted for 76.68% and in 2004 for 86.74% of the total. Expenditures on EBL investigations relatively reduced from 86.98% in 2000 to 8.47% in 2004. During the time under consideration, expenditures on investigations of other viral diseases changed but little. It was determined that consistent and wide-scale preventive vaccination created... [to full text]

Depuis quelques années, le recours à la biotechnologie dans le secteur de l'alimentation est omniprésent. Les techniques, évoluant au gré de l'avancement de la science, permettent aux gens faisant partie de plusieurs sphères de la société, tels les scientifiques, producteurs, agriculteurs, consommateurs etc., de profiter de ces percées technologiques. Toutefois, afin d'encadrer la commercialisation de ces nouveaux produits alimentaires découlant de cette technologie, un cadre réglementaire devait, il va sans dire, être élaboré. Ce fut le cas de part et d'autre de l'Atlantique. Toutefois, bien qu'appréciée des scientifiques, cette technologie est loin de faire l'assentiment de tous. D'ailleurs, différentes perceptions se reflètent dans les différents cadres réglementaires mis de l'avant, tout aussi bien canadien que français, quant à l'utilisation et la mise en vente des nouveaux aliments. Ce travail décrit les systèmes réglementaires visant la commercialisation des aliments nouveaux tant canadien que français. Par ailleurs, il relate les différents débats, sociologique, éthique, et techniques, dont ces organismes génétiquement modifiés (OGM) sont la cible. / Since the past decades, the use of biotechnology in the industry of novel food was very considerable. This new technique is very useful, and can be easily important for an appreciable quantity of people, like productors, agricultors and consumers. Since it was used in the production of novel food, a new regulatory enforcement was needed. It was done either in France and Canada, but differently. As we know, the different way of life in both countries play an important role in the acceptance of the genetically modified organisms (GMO's). In this thesis, we will give a description of the different regulatory frameworks for food products of biotechnology. Then, we will see what was important, according to the different sociologie and ethics point of view, in the elaboration of these relevant legislation. / "Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de Maître en droit (LL.M)"