A series of mutant strains of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae that are sensitive to osmotic stress and also have a defect in vacuolar biogenesis have been isolated (M. Latterich, PhD Thesis 1992). The mutations that cause this pleiotropic phenotype are termed ssv, for salt sensitive vacuolar mutants. Complementation analysis has revealed that ssv mutations fall into one of 18 complementation groups. A MAP kinase related signal transduction pathway, termed the HOG pathway for High Osmolarity Glycerol, has been identified in yeast. This pathway senses osmotic stress and invokes the cellular response, one aspect of which is the accumulation of intracellular glycerol (Brewster et. al, 1993). Mutations in the HOG pathway often cause an osmosensitive phenotype similar to that shown by ssv mutations. This work sets out to characterise several ssv strains for defects in the HOG pathway. These strains were subjected to osmotic stress and the intracellular and extracellular glycerol determined and compared to control strains and conditions. Many of the strains showed reduced, or even elevated in one case, glycerol levels compared to wild-type strains. No correlation could be made between these glycerol levels and the activity of the rate-limiting enzyme, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) determined in an independent study. Transcription of the GPDH gene is under the control of the HOG pathway. In a separate study, the nucleotide sequence of a short region of yeast chromosome VII was determined. Approximately 11,000 bases of DNA from the right sub-telomeric region was sequenced. Analysis of the DNA sequence showed four potential open reading frames. One of these encoded the YORl gene and another a protein related to PAU1 The remaining two ORFs, termed ORFl and ORF2, encoded potential proteins of unknown function. Disruption cassettes containing the LEU2 selectable marker were constructed for both ORFl and ORF2. Successful disruption of ORFl was achieved, but no viable transformants were ever recovered after attempted disruption of 0RF2..ORFl gene knockouts are viable and show no observable phenotype under a range of growth conditions. Subsequent analysis of ORFl and 0RF2 after the completion of the Yeast Genome Project, shows that both ORFl and 0RF2 are members of different sub- telomeric associated gene families. 0RF2 encodes a putative Y' protein.

The Swedish Social Democrats came in the 1910s to split into two branches, one of which accounted for more parliamentary politics and the other for the revolutionary road. The revolutionary wing of the Swedish Social Democrats adopted the name of the Swedish Social Democratic Party and was later to form the Communist Party of Sweden - sectional of the Communist International. In my essay I have examined what the international movement has meant and how it has affected the social democratic Left in its decision-making and action in the 1910s. The investigation was primarily focused on the Swedish social democracy's view of the international movement, not least on the revolutionary wave that exceeded by Europe's Socialist and Communist supporters following the Russian Revolution erupted in 1917. I also review the development of the Swedish propaganda, which came to change with the connection to the international movement. By assuming Werner Schmidt's theory of the historical room, I have strived to create an understanding of the contemporary and the decisions that were taken. The decision to join the international communist movement, which later come to be so reviled. The results of the study have shown that the international movement was of paramount importance for the Socialist Left's existence. And that the perception of the revolution and the change of propaganda was completely in agreement with the prevailing ideological ideas.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:32:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_elisa_caroline_da_silva_santos.pdf: 223235 bytes, checksum: 6bc94c607a827e53c2ba6bfeb81f7975 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-05-09 / Oocyte vitrification is a valuable tool for preservation of genetic material. This study compared the effects of vitrification in OPS and SSV, with addition of SupercoolTM X- 1000 (copolymer), on the viability of mature murine oocytes and immature bovine oocytes. Oocytes were vitrified in OPS and SSV, with addition of 0.1%, 1.0% copolymer and without copolymer, besides a control group with no vitrification. Murine oocytes were evaluated for membrane viability, in the first experiment, and for cleavage rate, in the second experiment. Results were superior with the concentration of 0.1% copolymer, for both methods, in the first experiment. In the second experiment, the SSV method without copolymer presented lower cleavage rate (9.2%) than the control group (26.6%). In the third experiment, bovine oocytes were vitrified and evaluated for maturation and membrane viability, but the results were numerically inferior than those for the control group, for both methods. Those results indicate that both vitrification methods can be used with inclusion of 0.1% of copolymer, for mature murine oocytes, considering membrane viability, but the SSV method without copolymer should not be used due to its low cleavage rate. However, the procedures tested in this study are not recommended for cryopreservation of bovine oocytes. / A vitrificação de oócitos é uma metodologia valiosa para a conservação de material genético. Este trabalho comparou o efeito dos métodos de vitrificação OPS e SSV, com adição de copolímero SupercoolTM X-1000 (copolímero), sobre a viabilidade de oócitos maturos murinos e oócitos bovinos imaturos. Os oócitos foram vitrificados em OPS e SSV, ambos com as concentrações de copolímero: 0%, 0,1% e 1% e o controle não foi vitrificado. No primeiro experimento, os oócitos maturos murinos vitrificados foram avaliados quanto à viabilidade de membrana e no segundo experimento, quanto à clivagem. A concentração 0,1% de copolímero foi superior (P>0.05) em ambos os métodos no primeiro experimento. No segundo experimento, o tratamento SSV 0% apresentou resultado inferior (P<0.05) (9,2%) ao controle (26,6%). No terceiro experimento, oócitos bovinos imaturos foram vitrificados e avaliados quanto à taxa de maturação e viabilidade de membrana. Aparentemente, segundo observações numéricas, os resultados de todos os tratamentos parecem ser inferiores ao controle. Os resultados desta pesquisa indicam que ambos os métodos podem ser utilizados com a concentração 0,1% de copolímero, na vitrificação de oócitos murinos maturos. No entanto, a vitrificação, seguindo os protocolos utilizados nesta pesquisa, não é indicada para a criopreservação de oócitos bovinos imaturos.

Der Freiburger Einsilbersprachverständnistest weist einige Mängel auf, die seit vielen Jahren bekannt und in der Literatur beschrieben sind. Im Rahmen dieser Dissertation wurde eine Basis geschaffen, um diese Mängel zu beheben. Zunächst wurden möglichst viele Einsilber der deutschen Sprache zusammengetragen und durch eine Vorauswahl auf 1526 reduziert. Zur Verbesserung der Aufnahmequalität im Vergleich zu derjenigen von 1968 und 1976 kamen professionelle digitale Aufnahmegeräte zum Einsatz, deren Aufstellung in Vorversuchen systematisch optimiert wurde. Die Sprachaufnahmen wurden von einem Sprecher (Dipl.-Ing. Stefan Brill) und einer Sprecherin (Maria Mahfoud, Verfasserin dieser Dissertation) ausgeführt. Bei der Evaluierung der neuen Aufsprachen beschränkten wir uns auf die Schnittmenge der Freiburger Aufsprachen von 1968 und 1976. Der Aufsprachenvergleich dieser 378 Einsilber in den vier verschiedenen Fassungen 1968, 1976, 2007 mit männlicher Stimme und 2007 mit weiblicher Stimme erbrachte Aussagen über die Qualität der neuen in Bezug auf die alten Aufnahmen. Dies geschah im Rahmen einer Untersuchung an normalhörenden Probanden. Normalhörende verstehen Sprache ohne Störgeräusch in der Regel problemlos, sodass mit nahezu perfektem Wortverständnis gerechnet werden muss. Der Vergleich der Aufsprachen wäre so nicht möglich. Daher wurde das Wortverständnis erschwert, indem die Aufsprachen mit einem unterschiedlich starken Störgeräusch in Form eines CCITT-Rauschens überlagert wurden. Die Variation des Rauschpegels erlaubte es außerdem, die Verstehbarkeitseinbuße der Aufsprachen in Abhängigkeit vom Störgeräusch zu erfassen und zu vergleichen. Der Bereich der Variation wurde mithilfe einer vorgeschalteten Pilotstudie auf 0 dB bis -16 dB (SNR) festgelegt. Dadurch wurde ein Verständlichkeitsbereich von 5,5 % im schwersten bis 94,4 % im leichtesten Fall abgedeckt. Das Auftreteten von Randeffekten konnte somit vermieden werden. Die Sprachstimuli wurden den Probanden in einem genau auf die Fragestellung abgestimmten Reihenfolge- und Zuordnungsschema vorgespielt. Dabei wurde darauf geachtet, dass jeder Proband die gleiche Anzahl an Einsilbern aus den vier verschiedenen Aufsprachen hörte. Die Sprachverständlichkeitsschwellen ("speech reception threshold", SRT) betrugen -3,75 dB (1968), -5,80 dB (1976), -8,54 dB (2007M) und -7,59 dB (2007W). Im paarweisen Vergleich mit dem McNemar-Test erwiesen sich alle Aufsprachen mit Ausnahme des Paares 2007M - 2007W als statistisch signifikant unterschiedlich. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Verständlichkeit der Neuaufsprachen besser ist als diejenige der Aufsprachen von 1968 und 1976. Dies wurde besonders im Kontrast zu der Aufsprache von 1968 deutlich. Die Aufsprachen der 1526 Einsilber und die Evaluierung der ersten 378 Einsilber an Normalhörenden sind Grundsteine für die Erörterung sinnvoller Veränderungen am Einsilbersprachverständnistest. Solche Veränderungen könnten in der Bildung neuer Listen bestehen, innerhalb derer u. a. auf Phonemverteilungen, die Art und Weise der Zusammenstellung der Wörter und einen neuen Ablauf des Prüfungssystems geachtet werden sollte. Außerdem ermöglichen die Erkenntnisse dieser Dissertation eine Verbesserung des Vorgehens im Rahmen weiterführender Untersuchungen. Das Ziel ist ein Test, der den neuen technischen Möglichkeiten entspricht und bisherigen Kritikpunkten standhält. / The Freiburg monosyllabic words recognition test suffers from a number of shortcomings that are well known and described in the literature since many years. In this thesis, the basis was established to remedy those deficiencies. Firstly, as many German monosyllables as possible were assembled. This set was preselected and then reduced down to a number of 1526 words. To improve the quality of the recordings compared to those from 1968 and 1976, professional digital equipment was used. The recording set-up was systematically optimized in pilot tests. Speech was recorded from a male (Stefan Brill) and a female talker (Maria Mahfoud, author of this thesis). In the evaluation, only the intersection of the Freiburg recordings from 1968 and 1976 was used. The comparison of these 378 monosyllables in all four versions 1968, 1976, 2007 (male voice) and 2007 (female voice) yielded results about the quality of the new recordings with reference to the old ones. The evaluation was performed with normal hearing subjects. Normal hearings usually understand speech in quiet without difficulties. Thus, we would expect nearly perfect word recognition and comparison of the recordings would not be possible. Therefore the word recognition was impeded by addition of CCITT noise. The variation of the noise level allowed for assessing and comparing the reduction of intelligibility as a function of the noise level. The range of variation was defined from 0 dB to -16 dB (SNR) by using a preceding pilot test. Thereby an intelligibility range from 5.5 % in the most difficult, to 94.4 % in the easiest case was covered. The occurence of boundary effects thus could be avoided. The speech stimuli were offered the subjects in a well-defined order and assignment scheme, in such a way that each subject listened to the same amount of monosyllables from the four different recordings. Speech reception thresholds ("SRTs") were found to be -3.75 dB (1968), -5.80 dB (1976), -8.54 dB (2007m) and -7.59 dB (2007f) for the four recordings. In a comparison with the paired McNemar-test, all recordings except the pair 2007m - 2007f were found to be statistically significantly different. The results show, that the intelligibility of the new recordings is better than that of the 1968 and 1976 recordings. Notably large is the contrast to the 1968 recordings. The recordings of the 1526 monosyllables and the evaluation of the first 378 monosyllables with normal hearings provide the basis for discussing the new design of the monosyllabic words recognition test. Such a new design could include the construction of new lists. Key construction criteria would be the distribution of phonemes, the compilation of words and a new test procedure. Moreover, the results from this thesis allow for improving the procedures in the context of further investigations, ultimately leading to a new test that is based on current technology and avoids former shortcomings.

The civil war in Finland became a great political battle between the Swedish Social Demo- cratic Party (SAP) and the Swedish Social Democratic Left-Wing Party (SSV) during spring 1918. Few studies about Swedish media report have been published that has a connection to the Finnish civil war. This composition has compared three socialist newspapers – Folkets Dagblad Politiken (FDP), Norrskensflamman and Social-Demokraten – formation of opinion. In the Swedish parliament’s lower chamber a significant interpellation debate took place, which this composition compares with the newspapers, in order to identify if the debate affected the newspapers reports.This composition administers a qualitative method by the use of text analytical elements. This allows findings of differences in the media reports during February 1918. The newspapers media opinion and the lower chamber members’ statements’ has been studied throughout three aspects: which causalities they gave to the civil war, how they related to the Swedish government commitment to Finland and how they related to the national political “Finnish debate”. In general, the Left-Wing Party supported the Finnish social democrats rising, whereas the Swedish Social Democrats couldn’t authorize the rising. Instead they emphasized that they acted on the will of the Swedish population, by keeping Sweden out of the war.The differences between the Left-Wing Party and the Social Democrats were vast during the debate. One could understand this polemic by applying Gunnar Sjöbloms theoretical concept of how parties construct their political ambitions in a multiparty system. The Left-Wing was more idealistic in the debate, compared to the Social Democrats who were more practical. The Social Democrats was for the first time in Swedish history in a ministry cabinet, together with the Liberal Party. Thus the ambition for the SAP was to show their voters that the party was “governmental capable”. SAP couldn’t legitimize nor admit the Finnish rising, thus they accentuated the democratic inviolableness. SSVs’ more idealistic standpoint became clear when they supported the Finnish Social Democratic rising. Therefore, SAPs’ focus was to maximize their parliamentary influence, while SSVs’ focus was to realize their political, ideological program. Thus the parties’ had different political ambition, which became clear during the “Finland debate”.Keywords: Finnish civil war, SAP, SSV, Folkets Dagblad Politiken, Norrskensflamman, Social-Demokraten, formation of opinion.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:37:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_priscila_leon.pdf: 654153 bytes, checksum: 745efebb8ab003c0c12bc3cc6559db76 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-04-30 / In vitro maturation rates are low for equine oocytes in comparison with other species, although several media have been tested without satisfactory results. Vitrification of oocytes allows preservation of genetic material of relevant mares, the creation of genetic banks and the use of reproductive biotechniques. The first articles had the objective of evaluating the effect of cisteamine supplementation in the in vitro maturation medium for equine oocytes, through the analysis of membrane viability and nuclear maturation rates. The second article had the objective of evaluating the efficiency of vitrification using open pulled straws (OPS) and solid surface (SSV) using a synthetic ice blocker (Supercool X-1000 ) through the analysis of membrane viability and in vitro maturation rates. In article 1, oocytes were matured in vitro using three media: 1) medium supplemented with 50µM of cisteamine; 2) medium supplemented with 100µM of cisteamine; and 30 control. After maturation, denuded oocytes were stained and evaluated as far as nuclear maturation and membrane viability. The medium 2 presented higher (P = 0.0417) nuclear maturation rate (53.6%) than media 1 (42.5%) and 3 (43.2%), whereas no difference was observed for membrane viability across media (P < 0.05). In article 2, three experiments were conduced. In experiment 1, oocytes were allocated in a control group and at distinct vitrification media (OPS and SSV), exposed or not to X-1000. Higher maturation rates (P < 0.005) were observed for oocytes in the OPS with X- 1000 (20.3%) than for OPS without X-1000 (11.8%), SSV with X-1000 (11.4%) and SSV without X-1000 (12.1%). In experiment 2, a toxicity test was conducted, exposing oocytes vitrified in OPS and SSV to solutions including 1%, 0.1% and without X-1000. Higher maturation rates were observed for SSV with 0.1% X-1000 (61.4%) than for the other groups (P < 0.05). In experiment 3, vitrification solutions in OPS and SSV received inclusion of 1% and 0.1% X-1000, but no differences were observed in nuclear maturation and membrane viability (P > 0.05). In article 1, supplementation of in vitro maturation medium with 100µM cisteamine increased the nuclear maturation rate of equine ooccyte, without effect in membrane viability. In article 2, it was concluded that both OPS and SSV vitrification methods allow cryopreservation of immature equine oocytes, but the inclusion of X-1000 apparently reduces the toxicity of cryoprotectant solutions, whereas vitrification in OPS with X- 1000 showed better results. / A maturação in vitro e a criopreservação de oócitos, são pontos críticos da produção in vitro de embriões, tendo utilização limitada na reprodução assistida de eqüinos, devido aos baixos resultados obtidos com estas biotécnicas nesta espécie. O artigo 1 teve como objetivo examinar o efeito da suplementação com cisteamina ao meio de maturação in vitro de oócitos eqüinos, através da análise de viabilidade de membrana e da taxa de maturação nuclear. No artigo 2, o objetivo foi avaliar os métodos de vitrificação em palhetas abertas estendidas (OPS) e em superfície sólida (SSV) com a adição de bloqueador sintético da formação de gelo (Supercool X- 1000 ), em oócitos eqüinos imaturos, através da análise da viabilidade de membrana e da taxa de maturação in vitro. No artigo 1, os oócitos foram divididos em três grupos de acordo ao tratamento de maturação in vitro: 1) meio suplementado com 50µM de cisteamina; 2) meio suplementado com 100µM de cisteamina; 3) controle. Após a maturação in vitro, os oócitos desnudos foram corados e avaliados quanto à maturação nuclear e viabilidade de membrana. O grupo 2 apresentou maior (P = 0.0417) taxa de maturação nuclear (53.6%), quando comparado ao grupo 1 (42.5%) e 3 (43.2%), já na viabilidade de membrana, não foi observada diferença (P < 0,05) entre os tratamentos. No artigo 2, experimento 1, os oócitos foram divididos entre controle e os métodos de vitrificação, OPS e SSV, expostos ou não ao X-1000. Foi observada uma maior taxa maturação (P < 0.005) no grupo OPS com X-1000 (20.3%) em relação ao OPS sem X-1000 (11.8%), SSV com (11.4%) e SSV sem X-1000 (12.1%). No experimento 2, foi realizado um teste de toxicidade, expondo os oócitos a soluções de vitrificação OPS e SSV com adição de 1%, 0,1% e sem X-1000. Foi observada uma maior taxa de maturação no SSV com 0,1% de X-1000 (61.4%) em relação aos demais grupos. No experimento 3, a vitrificação por OPS e SSV foi adicionada de 1% ou 0,1% de X-1000, não mostrando diferença (P > 0.005) entre a maturação nuclear e a viabilidade de membrana destes grupos. No artigo 1, concluiu-se que a suplementação de 100µM de cisteamina ao meio de maturação in vitro de oócitos eqüinos aumentou a taxa de maturação nuclear, e não apresentou efeito na viabilidade de membrana. No artigo 2, foi concluído que os métodos de vitrificação OPS e SSV permitem a criopreservação de oócitos eqüinos imaturos, a adição de X-1000 parece diminuir a toxicidade das soluções crioprotetoras, e a vitrificação por OPS com X-1000 mostrou ter resultado mais satisfatório.

This essay compares two party programmes with each other, both of the programmes are from the Swedish party Vänsterpartiet. The first program was written in 1917 and the second is the latest form 2018. However, before delving into the two programmes this essay takes a lending hand from Andrew Heywood and borrows his definition of socialism, Marxism and feminism. Further on in the essay the two party programmes are presented, starting with the oldest section and followed by the latest. To each section a comment follows with my analysis on the chosen segment. The essay’s aim is to discover how Vänsterpartiet have changed it’s program from 1917 to 2018.  The analysis shows that the party Vänsterpartiet has developed a more diverse party program, they party program includes socialism, neomarxism and socialistic feminism. The new party program contrasts the previous party program from 1917 which mainly focuses on Marxism and socialism. The result indicates a party that is moving forward as the times changes, however, some values from the 1917 program still exists in these modern times.

<p>Flight Control Systems are often designed in linearization points over a flight envelope and it must be proven to clearance authorities that the system works for different parameter variations and failures all over this envelope. </p><p>In this thesis µ-analysis is tried as a complement for linear analysis in the frequency plane. Using this method stability can be guaranteed for all static parameter combinations modelled and linear criteria such as phase and gain margins and most unstable eigenvalue can be included in the analysis. A way of including bounds on the parameter variations using parameter dependent Lyapunov functions is also tried. </p><p>To perform µ-analysis the system must be described as a Linear Fractional Transformation (LFT). This is a way of reformulating a parameter dependent system description as an interconnection of a nominal linear time invariant system and a structured parameter block. </p><p>A linear and a rational approximation of the system are used to make LFTs. These methods are compared. Four algorithms for calculation of the upper and lower bounds of µ are evaluated. The methods are tried on VEGAS, a SAAB research aircraft model. </p><p>µ-analysis works quite well for linear clearance. The rational approximation LFT gives best results and can be cleared for the criteria mentioned above. A combination of the algorithms is used for best results. When the Lyapunov based method is used the size of the problem grows quite fast and, due to numerical problems, stability can only be guaranteed for a reduced model.</p>

Flight Control Systems are often designed in linearization points over a flight envelope and it must be proven to clearance authorities that the system works for different parameter variations and failures all over this envelope. In this thesis µ-analysis is tried as a complement for linear analysis in the frequency plane. Using this method stability can be guaranteed for all static parameter combinations modelled and linear criteria such as phase and gain margins and most unstable eigenvalue can be included in the analysis. A way of including bounds on the parameter variations using parameter dependent Lyapunov functions is also tried. To perform µ-analysis the system must be described as a Linear Fractional Transformation (LFT). This is a way of reformulating a parameter dependent system description as an interconnection of a nominal linear time invariant system and a structured parameter block. A linear and a rational approximation of the system are used to make LFTs. These methods are compared. Four algorithms for calculation of the upper and lower bounds of µ are evaluated. The methods are tried on VEGAS, a SAAB research aircraft model. µ-analysis works quite well for linear clearance. The rational approximation LFT gives best results and can be cleared for the criteria mentioned above. A combination of the algorithms is used for best results. When the Lyapunov based method is used the size of the problem grows quite fast and, due to numerical problems, stability can only be guaranteed for a reduced model.

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