Les dunes côtières constituent un des éléments fondamentaux de la dynamique des systèmes côtiers sableux. Leur stabilité dépend essentiellement de leur capacité à résister aux effets des tempêtes et à se reconstituer après l'érosion. Dans le contexte actuel du changement climatique, la probable hausse du niveau de la mer devrait affecter considérablement les systèmes côtiers et de surcroît augmenter la vulnérabilité des cordons dunaires à l'érosion.L'objectif principal de cette thèse est d'étudier l'évolution des littoraux dunaires de la Côte d'Opale en adoptant une approche à plusieurs échelles de temps afin d'évaluer leur capacité de résistance et/ou de régénération face aux événements tempétueux. A long terme, l'étude de l'évolution du trait de côte sur près de 68 ans, à partir de photographies aériennes orthorectifiées, a révélé que plus de la moitié des littoraux dunaires de la Côte d'Opale sont stables ou en accumulation et possèdent donc une bonne capacité de résilience, malgré les nombreuses tempêtes ayant affecté ce littoral depuis le début des années 50. L'analyse de leur évolution sur un pas de temps de 5 ans a mis en évidence une forte variabilité spatiale et temporelle directement liée aux forçages météo-marins, notamment aux épisodes tempétueux associés à des hauts niveaux d'eaux. A moyen et court termes, des levés topographiques LiDAR et des mesures in-situ, couplés aux données météorologiques et hydrodynamiques, ont révélé une réponse morphologique différente entre des secteurs dunaires adjacents. Celle-ci est liée à la variation des paramètres morphologiques (altitude de pied de dune, largeur et volume du haut de plage) au cours des périodes étudiées. Les résultats montrent également que les processus de régénération peuvent être très longs sur nos sites d'étude, ce qui suggère que les dunes cotières qui, jusqu'à présent étaient relativement stables, risquent de connaître des épisodes d'érosion plus fréquents avec l'élévation contemporaine du niveau de la mer. / Coastal dunes are fundamental elements of sandy coastal systems dynamic. They may experience a variable response to coastal erosion, in relation to their ability to withstand storm effects and to recover from erosion. Global sea level rise, related to global warming, would considerably affect coastal systems and hence the sensitivity of coastal dunes to erosion. The main objective of this thesis is to study the evolution of the Côte d'Opale coastal dunes at different time scales in order to evoluate their capacity to resist and/or to recover from storm impacts. Over long term periods (nearly 68 years), shoreline evolution analysis from orthorectified aerial photographs revealed that more than half of the Côte d'Opale coastal dunes are stable or prograding and thus, are resilient. Their evolution over 5-year periods highlighted a strong spatial and temporal variability which is directly linked to weather and hydrodynamic conditions, especially the occurence of storms during heigh water levels. At medium and short term scales, topographic surveys from LiDAR and in-situ measurements, coupled with metrological and hydrodynamic data, showed a different morphological response between adjacent coastal dune areas. This is related to variations in morphological parameters such as dune foot elevation, width and volume of the upper-beach during the studied periods. Results show also that coastal dunes recovery from storms can be a very long process at our study areas, suggesting that foredunes in a state of mesoscale stability may experience more frequent erosion with currents sea level rise.

Bibliography: leaves 84-91. Examines the current status of urban stormwater and water resources management in Vietnam

<p>The aim of this study is to analyse how pornography is used in the American comics X-Men, published by Marvel under the authorship of Chris Claremont.</p><p>I have applied Butler and MacKinnons theories about pornography as a performative speech, to this special art form. I have also investigated how censorship has influenced the comics evolution and whether it has affected the way women and sexual and ethnical minorities are represented. To corroborate how these theories apply, I have analysed three main female fig-ures in The X-Men comics - Storm, Phoenix and Shadowcat - and I have tried to identify how they relate to existing stereotypes.</p><p>The conclusion of this essay is that the women characters in X-Men break the existing stereo-types and create new implications. This reinforces Butler’s theory about the possibility to re-verse hate speech and diminishes MacKinnons perspective of pornography as an imperative.</p>

Since 2004 there have been multiple devastating tsunamis around the globe triggered by large magnitude earthquakes; with the most recent being the Tohoku, Japan tsunami in March 2011. These tsunamis have caused significant loss of life and damage to the coastal communities impacted by these powerful waves. The resulting devastation has raised awareness of the dangers of tsunamis and the Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation (NEES) housesmash project (NEEShousesmash), was started to investigate several different areas of tsunami inundation. The work presented in the following two manuscripts was performed at the O.H. Hinsdale Wave Lab and Gene D. Knudson Wood Engineering Lab, which are located at Oregon State University. This work represents a small portion of the total NEEShousesmash project, and is focused on improving the knowledge and predictability of tsunami loading and structural performance. The first manuscript investigates tsunami wave impact on full scale light-frame wood walls, and compares the measured forces to calculated values using the linear momentum equation, previously evaluated by Cross (1967). The results show for each wave height tested a peak transient force followed by a sustained quasi-static force, with a ratio of transient force to quasi-static force of 2.2. The results also show that the linear momentum equation did an acceptable job of predicting the measured transient forces on the walls to within ±10%, and that increased wall flexibility, 2x4 vs. 2x6 dimensional lumber, resulted in lower measured transient forces when subjected to similar tsunami wave heights. These results are important for practical use because the linear momentum equation is a simple equation to use, that only requires a couple of site specific input variables. The second manuscript is a continuation of the work done in the wave lab for the first manuscript. These experiments provide a starting point for expanding the testing of the structural response and performance of larger scale structures subjected to tsunami wave loads. By simulating tsunami loading in a traditional structures laboratory, the inherent limits of testing structural performance in small scale tsunami laboratory facilities is removed. The results show that a light-frame wood shear wall, built to current standards, is susceptible to premature failures from concentrated impact loads at intermediate heights compared to the design strength at full height. It is also shown that the out-of-plane walls subjected to both elastic and inelastic loads behave like a one way slab with minimal load sharing between adjacent studs. The failures observed during the hydrodynamic wave testing of the nailed connection between the bottom plate and studs was successfully reproduced, and shows that current construction standards are not fully utilizing the available capacity of each stud when subjected to tsunami waves. The reinforcement of this connection with traditional metal brackets would help increase the capacity of the out-of-plane wall to resist tsunami wave loads. / Graduation date: 2012

The aim of this study is to analyse how pornography is used in the American comics X-Men, published by Marvel under the authorship of Chris Claremont. I have applied Butler and MacKinnons theories about pornography as a performative speech, to this special art form. I have also investigated how censorship has influenced the comics evolution and whether it has affected the way women and sexual and ethnical minorities are represented. To corroborate how these theories apply, I have analysed three main female fig-ures in The X-Men comics - Storm, Phoenix and Shadowcat - and I have tried to identify how they relate to existing stereotypes. The conclusion of this essay is that the women characters in X-Men break the existing stereo-types and create new implications. This reinforces Butler’s theory about the possibility to re-verse hate speech and diminishes MacKinnons perspective of pornography as an imperative.

Amsterdamfördraget som trädde i kraft 1999 hade bland annat som mål att, med unionens svagaagerande på Balkan i minnet, reformera och utveckla den gemensamma utrikes- och säkerhetspolitikenskapad sex år tidigare genom Maastrichtfördraget. Denna uppsats syftar till att analysera de förändringarsom skedde i EU:s aktörskapacitet inom den andra pelaren i samband med Amsterdamfördraget samtpåvisa dessa förändringar i unionens konkreta arbete i ett fall. För detta ändamål används en modell avGunnar Sjöstedt framtagen för värdering av unionen utifrån dess strukturella förutsättningar. Detempiriska materialet utgörs till stor del av unionens officiella dokument och fördragstexter men även förområdet relevant litteratur har använts.Analysen visar på den grundproblematik som råder inom området i form av en intressekonflikt mellangemensamt agerande och medlemsländernas inflytande över förd politik. Uppsatsen lyfter fram tvåförändringar som trots denna konflikt stärkt unionens förutsättningar att agera på det internationellaplanet. Dessa är införandet av befattningen hög representant för den gemensamma utrikes- ochsäkerhetspolitiken samt ökade möjligheter till flexibilitet vid beslutsfattande. Unionens konkreta arbetehar analyseras utifrån dess agerande mot Makedonien. Här visar analysen på ett stärkt engagemang frånunionens sida där den höge representanten med sina resurser spelat en stor roll. Unionens stärkta förmågatill agerande i Makedonien måste anses som en framgång för den gemensamma utvecklingen, dockkvarstår att se om detta går att upprepa i ett större och mer komplext fall. / The Amsterdam Treaty which entered into force 1999 had as one of theobjectives, in light of the European Union’s weak actions in the Balkans, toreform and develop the Common Foreign and Security Policy that was createdsix years earlier through the Maastricht Treaty.The aim of this essay was to analyse the changes in EU’s actor capabilitywithin the second pillar as the Amsterdam Treaty came into force, as well asshowing how these changes influenced the work performed by the EU in oneparticular case. In order to achieve this, a model by Gunnar Sjöstedt was used.The model was developed to evaluate the EU based on its structuralprerequisites. The empirical material used, came, to a large extent, from theEU’s official documents and treaties, but other relevant literature within thefield has been used as well.The analysis identified the fundamental issue within this field, namely, aconflict of interest between the joint action and the member countries´influence on the policies. The essay underlined two changes which havestrengthened the EU´s prerequisites to act at the international level. These arethe appointment of a High Representative for the Common Foreign andSecurity Policy, as well as the creation of increased possibilities for flexibilityin the decision making process. The work of EU was analysed from its actionsin Macedonia which showed a strengthened engagement from its side, wherethe High Representative and its resources have played an important part. TheEU’s strengthened ability to act in Macedonia must be seen as a success for thejoint development. It remains to be seen, however, whether this can be repeatedin a bigger, more complex case. / <p>Avdelning: ALB - Slutet Mag 3 C-upps. Hylla: Upps. ChP 01-03</p>

Växande städer leder till att naturmark omvandlas till stadsmiljöer. Det skapar mer hårdgjorda ytor och därmed ökade volymer dagvatten som behöver hanteras. Modellering av dagvattennätet används ofta för att bedöma kapaciteten och risk för översvämningar. Avrinningsområdets storlek är en avgörande parameter för att bedöma hur mycket vatten som kommer till en viss ledning. Traditionellt har automatisk bestämning av avrinningsområden gjorts enbart utifrån topografin. I områden med dagvattennät styr däremot ledningarnas sträckning i första hand hur vattnet rinner, och de följer inte nödvändigtvis terrängen. ArcHydro Tools, som är ett tilläggsprogram till ArcMap, har utvecklats för att beräkna topografiska avrinningsområden. Genom att programmera en tilläggsfunktion i Python har processen i ArcHydro Tools anpassats för att kunna ta hänsyn till dagvattennätet. Dagvattennätet approximerades som vattendrag. Tryckledningar och tunnlar tillåter inte något inflöde av vatten. Därför beskrevs dessa som ändpunkter i ledningsnätet, varifrån vattnet inte rann vidare. Funktionen som skapades i det här examensarbetet tillät att vattnet stannade i dessa punkter, till skillnad från i den ursprungliga metoden. Den utgick istället från att vattnet rann till kanten av det undersökta området, vilket i de här fallen skulle ha resulterat i felaktigt avgränsade avrinningsområden. Tilläggsfunktionen anpassades för att användas som övriga funktioner i ArcMap och testades på data över Lidingö stad. Resultatet visade att det var möjligt att utnyttja topografiskt baserade metoder för bestämning av avrinningsområden så att avgränsningen istället skedde med utgångspunkt i dagvattennätet. Det är ett steg mot att effektivisera processen för bestämning av avrinningsområden för användning vid hydrologisk modellering av dagvattennätet. Behovet av manuell bearbetning minskas. Ett försök att i ArcMap implementera en funktion för efterbehandling av avrinningsområden gjordes också. Funktionen letar upp avrinningsområden som bedöms som för små och lägger ihop dem med ett närliggande område. Avrinningsområden som beräknats med den modifierade metoden har senare använts vid modellering av dagvattennätet i Molkom, Värmland. / Growing populations result in expanding cities. An increase in the amount of impervious surfaces in the area will follow and thereby generate more storm water. The capacity of the drainage system can be evaluated using hydraulic modelling. The model highly depends on the catchment areas, which will determine the water volume each pipe section receive. Watershed delineation is usually done based on the topography. However, if a storm water drainage system is present, it may route the water in a different direction than the slope indicates. ArcHydro Tools is an extension to ArcMap and is commonly used to delineate catchment areas. The method heavily relies on topography during this process. A function has been developed during the course of this project to allow for the drainage system to be the primary source of information for watershed delineation. This function made sure that outlets in the model were to be evaluated as such, even if they happen to be located in the middle of the area of interest. The water is therefore not necessarily routed to the edge of the elevation model, but can be allowed to stay at the appropriate position. In order to do this, the drainage system was represented as a stream network. The new method was applied to test data supplied by Lidingö city, Stockholm, Sweden, and included elevation data and information about the drainage system. The result implies that it is indeed possible to use the drainage system as a base for delineation of catchment areas. A more efficient method of calculating catchment areas will reduce the required amount of manual processing, thereby saving time and resources. Another function, for finishing up the resulting catchment areas, is proposed but not fully implemented. The whole process was used to delineate catchment areas for Molkom, County of Värmland, Sweden. The resulting watersheds were later successfully used for modelling the storm water drains in the area.

Highly polluted urban storm water from e.g. highways can contain large amounts of heavy metals that may cause harm if they are discharged into recipients. To remove the heavy metals a possible low-cost method that does not require much maintenance, could be the use of reactive filters with filter materials consisting of industrial residues or other cheap mineral based materials. Dissolved metal ions are removed by reactive filters through the processes of ions binding to active sites on the surface of the filter materials, or by formation of insoluble precipitates. The ability of CaO-treated granulated blast-furnace slag, iron oxide coated sand, olivine and nepheline to remove seven heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Cu, Ni, Zn, Pb and Hg) from urban storm water was studied. Initially batch experiments were performed where the effect of pH, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved ions on the adsorption efficiency was studied. The experiments were conducted with urban storm water and with a reference solution (10 mM NaNO3), both containing the same concentration of heavy metals (approx. 1 μM). The two materials with the best results were further investigated in a column study, where the capacity of the filter was tested. Chemical equilibrium calculations using the program Visual MINTEQ were performed in order to assess the role of precipitation as a mechanism for removal. The results show that the blast-furnace slag was the most effective filter material and that it has great potential to be used as a heavy metal remover. Also the iron oxide coated sand worked satisfactory. The highest degree of removal was obtained for lead, cadmium and nickel, for which the removal efficiency exceeded 90% after a load of 300 times the water volume in the columns. For some metals, mainly copper, chromium and mercury the dissolved organic matter affected the removal negatively. The chemical mechanisms causing the removal are specific adsorption to the surfaces of the materials, and for the blast-furnace slag probably precipitation of insoluble metal sulfides. / Starkt förorenat dagvatten som rinner av från exempelvis motorvägar, kan innehålla betydliga mängder tungmetaller som kan orsaka skada om de kommer ut i omgivande vattendrag. En billig metod för tungmetallavskiljning, som inte kräver så mycket underhåll, skulle kunna vara att använda reaktiva filtermaterial bestående av restprodukter eller andra mineraliska lågkostnadsmaterial. Reaktiva filter fungerar som metallavskiljare genom att de lösta metalljonerna binder till ytgrupper på filtermaterialen eller att svårlösliga utfällningar bildas. Förmågan att avskilja sju tungmetaller (Cr, Cd, Cu, Ni, Zn, Pb och Hg) ur dagvatten har undersökts för fyra mineraliska filtermaterial, kalciumoxiddopad masugnsslagg, järnoxidsand, olivin och nefelin. Studien inleddes med skakförsök där adsorptionens pH-beroende undersöktes. Försöken gjordes dels med dagvatten, dels med en referenslösning (10 mM NaNO3) med samma tungmetallkoncentration (ca 1μM). Detta gjordes för att studera effekter av löst organiskt material och andra ligander på adsorptionen. Därefter testades de material som uppvisat bäst resultat i skakförsöket i kolonnförsök, ett försök som mer efterliknar en praktisk tillämpning och där filtrets kapacitet kan studeras. Genom kemiska jämviktsberäkningar med programmet Visual MINTEQ var det möjligt att undersöka om bildningen av svårlösliga metallutfällningar bidrog till metallavskiljningen. Resultaten visar att slaggen var det effektivaste filtermaterialet och att detta har stor potential att användas för avskiljning av tungmetaller. Även järnoxidsanden fungerade tillfredsställande. De metaller som avskiljdes bäst var bly, kadmium och nickel, för vilka avskiljningen var &gt; 90 % i kolonnförsöket efter en belastning motsvarande 300 gånger vattenmängden i kolonnerna. För vissa metaller, främst koppar, krom och kvicksilver, försämrades avskiljningen betydligt när löst organiskt material fanns närvarande. Mekanismerna som står för avskiljningen är till störst del adsorption till grupper på filtermaterialens ytor, men bildning av svårlösliga metallsulfider är också tänkbar för slaggen.

Denna rapport ger förslag på olika metoder att automatiskt justera flytläget på en statiskt förankrad boj, en överblick över de processer som styr ändringen av vattennivån och en statisktisk analys på vattennivåförändringarna vid Stockholm, Kungsholmsfort och Kungsvik. Beroende på vattenivåns variation finns olika metoder för justering. Områden med små variationer av vattennivå lämpar det sig bäst utan någon som helst justering av flytläget. Områden med inte för stora tidvattensförändringar bör justeras med ett system bestående av vinsch, växellåda med en utväxling på 10 000:1, en 12 V DC motor, ett skötselfritt 12 V batteri, en luftlindad linjärgenerator och en trådtöjningsgivare. Områden med stora variationer i tidvatten behöver en avlastning för motorn i form av en fjäder och dämpare. De monteras horizontellt inuti bojen för att skyddas från den yttre miljön. Den statistiska analysen påvisade de största vattennivåändringarna vid både Kungsviks och Kungsholmsforts mätstationer, båda uppvisade ett intervall på 1,6 m mellan minimum och maximum. Kungsvik var den station med de största dagliga variationerna, detta på grund av tidvattnets påverkan i området. / This thesis gives examples of different methods of automated adjustment of floatation level for a static moored buoy, an overview of the theories behind water level change and a statistical analysis of the water level changes for Stockholm, Kungsholmsfort and Kungsvik. Depending on the range and frequency of the water level change different methods of adjustment are recommended. For areas with small changes in sea level the best choice would be no adjustment of the floatation level. Areas that are influenced by moderate tidal ranges should incorporate a system of regulation consisting of a winch, gearbox with a gear ratio of around 10,000:1, 12 V DC motor, 12 V maintenance free battery, air coiled linear generator and a strain gauge. For areas with large tidal ranges the previous system should be complimented with a horizontally mounted spring, inside the buoy, to lessen the loads on the motor. The statistical analysis found the largest extremes in water level of the three sites to be at Kungsvik and Kungsholmsfort, both exhibiting a range of almost 1.6 m. Kungsvik was the station with the largest daily variations, this is because this is the only station influenced by tidal variations.

Denne studien har hatt som mål å undersøke om vestlig offensiv luftmakt benytteroperasjonskunst i planlegging og gjennomføring av militære operasjoner, og omoperasjonskunst er nødvendig for effektiv utnyttelse av luftmakt? Hensikten har vært å seom det konsept som er valgt på felles (joint) nivå - operasjonskunst - også brukes avluftkomponenten. Som teoriforankring har studien benyttet en operasjonalisering avClausewitz sin teori om nødvendigheten av en balanse i ”treenigheten” mellom folket,feltherren og fyrsten, og metoden har innebært å studere problemet utifra tre uvahenigevariabler; teori, doktriner og praksis. Empiridelen omfatter dermed en studie av tekster frabåde operasjonskunstens utvikling, og såvel tidligere luftmaktsteoretikere som mermoderne teorier (Warden, Boyd og effekt baserte operasjoner). NATO og amerikanskefelles- og luftforsvarsdoktriner ble studert for å påvise eventuelle relasjoner til studiensspørsmål. Den praktiske bruk av moderne offensiv luftmakt ble undersøkt ved å studereluftkampanjen under operasjon Desert Storm i 1991, og noen av de trender som tegnet seg ioperasjon Iraqi Freedom i 2003.Studiens resultat viser at vestlig offensiv luftmakt i liten grad har kjent til og benyttetteoriene rundt begrepet operasjonskunst, og at dens konsepter har vært mye tuftet påluftspesifikk teori og doktrine. Videre konkluderer den med at noen av effektene avoperasjonskunst likevel kommer frem i praksis, og at trendene som Irakkrigen tegner tyderpå en større fokus på fellesoperasjoner også i luftmiljøet. Studien konkluderer til slutt medat luftmakten kan være best tjent med å ta til seg konseptet med operasjonskunst for å ståbest mulig rustet til å møte de forskjellige utfordringer i moderne krigføring. / This thesis examines two basic questions. Does Western airpower practice operationalart as a guiding principle of warfare, and is operational art necessary to achieve successin modern air warfare? The purpose was to study whether the use of offensive airpowerwas set on the conceptual basis of operational art, used at the joint level of warfare, or ifit was just a question of “targeting”. The study applied Clausewitz’ theory of a “trinity”between what is commonly represented as the people, the military, and the governmentas its theoretical base. To reflect the relative complexity of the study, it used a methodof examining the questions from three different angles; theory, doctrine andemployment of offensive airpower. Through the study of these subjects and use ofairpower in Operation Desert Storm (and to a limited degree during Operation IraqiFreedom), the focus and essence of airpower is highlighted. Airpower theorists havealways tried to put emphasis on the unique capabilities of the airplane and operations inthe third dimension. Strategic use of airpower, they have proclaimed, is the best use ofairpower, tactical use, and especially in support to land, is the least effective. Much inopposition to and in competition with the older Navy and Army, a separate mission forthe Air Force has been stressed.Modern airpower doctrine has in large followed suit. At the same time operational art isbeing introduced as the conceptual basis for first land- and then joint operations. The aircampaign(s) in this study gives insight into an airpower shaped both by theory and bydoctrine. Modern airpower was used with success in operations that in large focus onoverwhelming force and superior technology, but at the same time tried to achieve someof the leverage and synergy of the joint battlespace. The study concludes that westernoffensive airpower up to now did not practice operational art in warfare, and that itsconcepts largely were founded on airpower specific theory and doctrine. It alsoconcludes that the trends shown in Iraq 2003 indicate a change toward a more jointthinking in the airpower community. It also concludes that airpower would be bestsuited to meet the challenges of modern warfare by considering employing the conceptof operational art in joint operations. / Avdelning: ALB - Slutet Mag 3 C-upps.Hylla: Upps. ChP 02-04