Urban streets serve (1) movement functions: people and vehicles should get safely, comfortably and efficiently to their destinations, (2) place functions: streets are destinations on their own, people come here to access adjacent properties or to carry out activities directly in the street, (3) wider functions such as climate adaption or water management. Stakeholders in various cities worldwide are increasingly focusing on strengthening place functions and designing high quality street spaces that attract people and on-site activities, followed by movement activities in the active modes (walking, cycling, micro vehicles), while minimizing motorized traffic. Vibrant streets are streets for and with people, they contribute to urban planning ambitions for example by improving the economic success of adjacent properties or by strengthening local communities, to transport planning ambitions by supporting with walking and cycling the most sustainable and space-efficient transport modes, and to public health ambitions by increasing physical activity levels. Accordingly, vibrant streets contribute to sustainable development (e.g. SDG 11: “Sustainable Cities and Communities”). Similar to the benefits of vibrant streets, the success factors are interdisciplinary: Only joint efforts of urban and transport planning can achieve the ambitious goal of streets that serve all the three initially introduced functions in a balanced way but with a particular focus on walking, cycling and place activities. This chapter addresses the following main questions: What are the main characteristics of vibrant streets? What are their effects on the environment, the economy and society? What are the most promising strategies to achieve vibrant streets where street users stay for a long time? At the end of the chapter, the main lessons learnt are summarized and avenues for future research are outlined.:1 Vibrant streets as an interdisciplinary chance and challenge 2 Built-environment factors of walking and place activities at street level 2.1 Neighborhood level 2.2 Street level 3 Determinants of individual travel behavior 4 Community building 5 Contributions of vibrant streets to sustainable development 6 Strategies for fostering vibrant streets 7 Good practice examples 8 Avenues for research and planning practice 9 Publication bibliography

Reframing the Ditch explores the application of native canopy using green street tools as a method to move beyond minimums and improve biological diversity of stormwater conveyances in a way that is consistent with visual landscape preference theory. Small stream water quality impairment is an issue found in 83% of stream headwaters in the Eastern United States. The Clean Water Act (1972), which regulates pollutant discharge into U.S. surface waters, mandates that municipalities create an implementation plan to improve water quality of their impaired streams. Water quality impairment is often exacerbated when headwater streams flow through urban areas. Urban areas are concentrations of human activity and as such bring concentrations of impermeable surfaces and stormwater runoff. As development increases, dedicated space for stormwater changes. Natural flow patterns that interacted with stratified layers of native vegetation often become constrained to ditches and pipes with little or no vegetation within the conveyance corridor. Reframing the Ditch creates an approach to help municipalities improve water quality of headwater streams by addressing water quality in ditches before water reaches the stream. The objective of urban conveyance systems is to move stormwater runoff into waterways as quickly as possible. When we design these conveyances to simply minimize stormwater interference, we ignore the potential contribution this land has for our public urban systems. This project looks for an intermediary between minimums and maximums. Maximums, also known as restoration, allows for messy, dynamic systems that are not hydrologically or visually appropriate in most urban environments. This thesis reveals ditches as complex landscapes that require high preforming vegetation, which ultimately limits the number of native species suitable for such harsh environments. Additionally, the more impermeable an environment is and the farther a ditch is from the top of the watershed, the more stormwater runoff there is, and the more space is required to process water and improve water quality. Cost, lack of available vegetation and lack of space may limit the application of this design in most circumstances. However, there are appropriate landscapes where this design methodology can provide valuable insight for landscape implementation plans aimed at improving water quality, while also providing public space, enriching neighborhood aesthetics and highlighting the function of our urban drainage systems. / Master of Landscape Architecture / The Environmental Protection Agency, through the Clean Water Act, dictates what is an appropriate level of contamination in streams and rivers within the United States. Waterway impairment is a widespread issue affecting 83% of headwater streams in the Eastern United States. Improving the quality of headwater streams, the smallest parts of stream and river networks, is generally thought of as the first opportunity to improve water quality downstream. Reframing the Ditch suggests an alternate first opportunity by looking at how we can improve water quality by addressing design of the urban ditch. Urban ditches, mostly in the form or open channels or curb-and-gutters, collect and move stormwater runoff. Ditches, typically have little vegetation and work to more water as quickly and efficiently as possible. When we eliminate vegetation from urban ditches, we also eliminate valuable function. In natural stream processes, vegetation slows, filters, and infiltrates water, improving water quality, while also improving biodiversity and providing habitat. However, theses natural stream processes are dynamic and messy systems that are often not appropriate for urban settings. In order to define a design method that is appropriate for urban settings, Reframing the Ditch utilizes a green street toolkit to create a strong sense of place, while processing stormwater, within our public rights-of way. By focusing on the application of native urban canopy within a drainage network, we can adhere to landscape preference and increase biodiversity. The design reveals that ditches are complex, context specific landscapes. While there is opportunity to increase utility of these spaces, there is complexity and cost to doing so. Layering utility into our stormwater conveyances is a valuable design strategy that serves individuals, neighborhoods, municipalities and watersheds. This project is an effort to help municipalities reframe their ditches, by providing ecological and social benefit, and ultimately improving water quality downstream.

就文學角度而言，「詩經」是古代歌謠之總集；從經學立場來說「詩經」是儒家治平 的寶典。前者偏重其抒情本質，後者則強調其政治意涵。同指一部古籍，或以為喜恕 哀樂之所發，或以為倫理政教之所本，其中似有不能相容之處。推考其實，則事或不 盡然。蓋文學束質中，早已隱含抒情與美刺二元因子之同時並存，爾後彼此之消長起 伏，則隨時世而有所遷移；「詩」自不例外，其與歷史文化發展之因緣，亦有清楚的 脈絡可尋。 從先民節慶祭祀場合的激烈舞踊謳呼，到早期歌謠的吟唱諷誦，顯示一自然演化的趨 勢；此一淵源關係，可以從現存詩篇所殘留之原始樂舞痕跡裡，得到充分說明。 從里巷的文學性歌謠，發展至貴族的政治性詩篇，則有其人為制作之深意在：或於宗 廟祀享之時，為樂工瞽矇所歌奏；或於燕飲酢之餘，為君臣賓主所吟唱；或於應對周 旋之際，為大夫卿士所稱引。要皆藉以為表意之媒介，使用之時機固不盡同，但均不 色帶有濃烈之政治色彩。以此下逮戰國之世，更衍成儒者興觀群怨，事父事君之教； 於時，「詩」之媒介性格又為之丕變。 推「詩」之所以自民間進入貴族，復於此上層社會中呈現種種不同之面貌，一則由於 此一表意媒介本身性格即允許相當之彈性；再則，當時特有之政治及文化背景，亦直 接、間接地促成此一改變。本文的研究，即欲就「詩經」、「左傳」、「國語」及相 關之文獻史料中，探索「詩」從歌謠世界步上政治舞台之過程，並掌握此一媒介在歷 史文化潮流底下所發生的性格演變。

Submitted by Josimar Priori (josimarpriori@hotmail.com) on 2019-01-21T16:51:56Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - A construção da cidade - versão pós defesa revisada.pdf: 3113556 bytes, checksum: 53796b1563c68a9c72583660d5cfc095 (MD5) modelo-carta-comprovante-1.pdf: 163497 bytes, checksum: cfea1a73e8913e74f73a056e06b1e731 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Eunice Nunes (eunicenunes6@gmail.com) on 2019-01-21T18:26:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - A construção da cidade - versão pós defesa revisada.pdf: 3113556 bytes, checksum: 53796b1563c68a9c72583660d5cfc095 (MD5) modelo-carta-comprovante-1.pdf: 163497 bytes, checksum: cfea1a73e8913e74f73a056e06b1e731 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Eunice Nunes (eunicenunes6@gmail.com) on 2019-01-21T18:37:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - A construção da cidade - versão pós defesa revisada.pdf: 3113556 bytes, checksum: 53796b1563c68a9c72583660d5cfc095 (MD5) modelo-carta-comprovante-1.pdf: 163497 bytes, checksum: cfea1a73e8913e74f73a056e06b1e731 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2019-01-21T18:37:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - A construção da cidade - versão pós defesa revisada.pdf: 3113556 bytes, checksum: 53796b1563c68a9c72583660d5cfc095 (MD5) modelo-carta-comprovante-1.pdf: 163497 bytes, checksum: cfea1a73e8913e74f73a056e06b1e731 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / This thesis analyzes the construction of the city from a study on the relationships between people living on the streets and their religious, volunteers and state interlocutors. Urban construction is thought from a situational perspective. The city is treated as the result of daily practices and seen from different positions: people living on the streets, religious, volunteers, state agents. The ethnographic research was conducted in the city of Maringá-PR between January 2015 and January 2016, during which I followed the daily life of people living on the streets and the forms of intervention carried out by Christian churches, volunteer groups and state agents. The starting point was the mapping of what life on the streets creates in political and social terms. I observed that life on the streets prompts a series of social practices, which draw attention to their disproportion in relation to the number of people living on the streets and the disagreement (RANCIÈRE, 2006) related to the ways of representing it when it is taken as reference the ways in which street life itself is understood. Thus, at least three cités or ordinances (BOLTANSKI and THEVENOT, 2006) are produced by social actors, at the same time as they provide references to justify their actions. These are religious, voluntary and state ordinances, which create administrative ways, including public policies, to intervene on street life and presuppositions for interpretations of urban order. Religious see life on the streets from the standpoint of sin and spiritual causes, voluntary as scarcity and the state as urban dirt or lack of rights. The former set out to evangelize the people who live on the streets; the latter, in the name of solidarity, to help them, and third parties, on the one hand, to remove them from the field of vision and, on the other hand, to realize their rights. The people who intervene on them become, through this intervention, public agents, militants, good Christians, organizers of the city, in other words, they produce themselves as actors, subjects able to intervene in the issues of interest that are considered as of the city. In short, they constitute themselves as political subjects. People that live on the street, on the other hand, are displaced into a position of recipients of these policies, even though they are by contrast constitutive of them. These subjects, however, elaborate a narrative about themselves that questions the external representations, in addition to creating a set of practices, knowledge and ways of interpreting their life and the contemporary world that oppose this state of things. On the one hand, they make instrumental use and re-signify the resources that the interveners bring to them. On the other, they refuse the terms of orderings assistencial, religious and state ordinances in terms of their assumptions. From this use and contestation, important misunderstandings appear that make us understand more than just ways of managing life on the streets. They also talk about urban conflict and make it possible to observe the main ordering forms of the contemporary social world, which builds the city. Specifically, I argue that life on the streets offers terms for the establishment of the following political subjects: 1) Pentecostal churches, linked to a political-religious project of a nation; 2) individuals who identify themselves as good practitioners, children of God, supporters and builders of new projects of life, as well as professional politicians, militants who think the extension of rights, or are adept at social hygiene; 3) good men who elaborate a solidarity and welcoming city representation; 4) people living on the streets are seen as objects of intervention and priority state management. The overlap between religious, voluntary and state practices about street life seems to me, therefore, a relevant sign to know the ways of building order, power and the contemporary city. Being this mechanism of urban production from the street so recurrent and relevant, nationally and internationally, I suggest in this thesis that it is, sociologically, treated as a structuring mechanism of urban life. / Esta tese analisa a construção da cidade a partir de um estudo sobre as relações entre pessoas que vivem nas ruas e seus interlocutores religiosos, voluntários e estatais. A construção urbana é pensada a partir de uma perspectiva situacional. A cidade é tratada como o resultado de práticas cotidianas e vista a partir de diferentes posições: das pessoas que vivem nas ruas, de religiosos, de voluntários, de agentes do Estado. A pesquisa etnográfica foi realizada na cidade de Maringá-PR, entre janeiro de 2015 e janeiro de 2016, período em que acompanhei o cotidiano de pessoas vivendo nas ruas e as formas de intervenção realizadas por igrejas cristãs, grupos de voluntários e agentes estatais. O ponto de partida foi o mapeamento daquilo que a vida nas ruas cria em termos políticos e sociais. Observei que a vida nas ruas impulsiona uma série de práticas sociais, as quais chamam a atenção por sua desproporção em relação ao número de pessoas vivendo nas ruas e pelo desentendimento (RANCIÈRE, 2006) relacionado às maneiras de representá-la quando se toma como referência os modos como a própria vida nas ruas se compreende. Constitui-se, então, ao menos três cités ou ordenamentos (BOLTANSKI E THEVENOT, 2006) produzidos pelos atores sociais, ao mesmo tempo em que fornecem referências para que eles justifiquem suas ações. Trata-se dos ordenamentos religioso, voluntário e estatal, os quais criam modos administrativos, inclusive de políticas públicas, de intervir sobre a vida nas ruas e pressupostos para interpretações sobre a ordem urbana. Religiosos veem a vida nas ruas sob a ótica do pecado e de causas espirituais, voluntários como escassez e o Estado como sujeira urbana ou ausência de direitos. Os primeiros se propõem a evangelizar as pessoas que vivem nas ruas; os segundos, em nome da solidariedade, a ajudá-los, e os terceiros, por um lado, a retirá-los do campo de visão e, por outro, a efetivar seus direitos. As pessoas que intervém sobre eles se tornam, por meio dessa intervenção, agentes públicos, militantes, bons cristãos, ordenadores da cidade, ou seja, produzem-se como atores, sujeitos aptos a intervir nas questões de interesse que são tidos como da cidade. Em suma, se constituem como sujeitos políticos. As pessoas que vivem nas ruas, por outro lado, são deslocadas para uma posição de receptores dessas políticas, ainda que sejam, por contraste, constitutivas delas. Estes sujeitos, no entanto, elaboram uma narrativa sobre si que questiona as representações externas, além de criarem um conjunto de práticas, saberes e formas de interpretar sua vida e o mundo contemporâneo que se opõem a esse estado de coisas. De um lado, fazem uso instrumental e ressignificam os recursos que os interventores lhes fazem chegar. De outro, recusam os termos dos ordenamentos assistencial, religioso e estatal no plano de seus pressupostos. Desse uso e contestação, aparecem desentendimentos importantes, que nos fazem compreender mais do que formas de gerenciamento da vida nas ruas. Eles também falam sobre o conflito urbano e tornam possível a observação das principais formas ordenadoras do mundo social contemporâneo, que constroem a cidade. Especificamente, argumento que vida nas ruas oferece termos para o estabelecimento dos seguintes sujeitos políticos: 1) igrejas pentecostais, vinculadas a um projeto político-religioso de nação; 2) sujeitos que se identificam como praticantes do bem, filhos de Deus, solidários e construtores de novos projetos de vida, bem como políticos profissionais, militantes que pensam a extensão de direitos, ou são adeptos do higienismo social; 3) homens de bem que elaboram uma representação de cidade solidária e acolhedora; 4) pessoas que vivem nas ruas são figuradas como objeto de intervenção e de gestão estatal prioritária. A imbricação entre práticas religiosas, voluntárias e estatais sobre a vida nas ruas, parece-me, portanto, um signo relevante para conhecer os modos de construção da ordem, do poder e da cidade contemporânea. Sendo esse mecanismo de produção urbana a partir da rua tão recorrente e relevante, nacional e internacionalmente, sugiro nessa tese que ele seja, sociologicamente, tratado como mecanismo estruturante da vida urbana.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T14:16:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Claudia Lucia da Silva.pdf: 1138146 bytes, checksum: e334a838da67462126a7310c6d067fd2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study aims to identify initiatives for the research and production of knowledge about the adult population living on the streets as a guide for the creation of an epistemic community on that issue. This research was based on the production of dissertations and post-graduation theses entered in the database of the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES in Portuguese), from the period between 1993 and 2010. There could be found 117 dissertations and 22 doctor theses, totaling 139 papers on the topic adult population living on the streets. Out of these, 27 studies (19.5%) came from the Social Service branch, produced in the period from 1993 to 2010, which were divided into 24 dissertations and three doctor theses. This set of works reveals the predominance of studies aiming to characterize this phenomenon and to give more visibility to the process of exclusion, as well as services offered to this population in the areas surveyed. This study reveals the concern of the authors to register the bonds between people created by this phenomenon, the changes in the labor force and the globalization process undergoing today. The most productions on this subject were done in universities, which can motivate a movement of exchange to generate an epistemic community on that subject / Essa dissertação procurou identificar iniciativas de investigação e produção de conhecimentos sobre a população adulta em situação de rua como indicação para constituição de uma comunidade epistêmica sobre a temática. Tomou-se por base a produção de teses e dissertações de Pós-Graduação inscritas no Banco de Dados da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES, no período de 1993 a 2010. Nele foram encontradas 117 dissertações de mestrado e 22 teses de doutorado, totalizando 139 trabalhos sobre o tema população adulta de rua. Destes, 27 trabalhos (19,5%) são da área de Serviço Social, produzidos no período de 1993 a 2010, sendo 24 dissertações de mestrado e três teses de doutorado. O conjunto das produções revela o predomínio de estudos voltados para a preocupação em caracterizar o fenômeno, dando visibilidade ao processo de exclusão, bem como os serviços oferecidos a essa população nos espaços pesquisados. O estudo revela a preocupação dos autores em registrar os vínculos do fenômeno, as mudanças ocorridas no mundo do trabalho e o processo de globalização vigente. Identificaram-se concentrações de produção sobre o tema em universidades, o que pode ser incentivo de movimentos de intercâmbio a gerar uma comunidade epistêmica sobre o tema

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T14:16:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Walkiria Ferreira GuedesFinal.pdf: 2424261 bytes, checksum: 1b73dd810838d3d00afe57dcb7618994 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-11-19 / This dissertation has the purpose to study the population living on the streets, in their process of participation in the Centro Comunitário São Martinho de Lima, which is a place of experience of participation. Its objective is to analyze how this process of participation of the population from the Zona Leste (east area) of São Paulo happens as one of the local expression of a national movement, the struggle, along with other movements, aiming at access of certain rights, taking as a reference the past five years (2009-2013). The route proposed to elucidate the research objective is based on a theoretical and methodological framework, whose guiding principles are formed by concepts and social practices of movements and the civilian society, based on the rights that the 1988 Brazilian Constitution starred as the opening to participation. Participation is the main element for the application of citizenship and the building of democracy. For this reason, the conceptual references that pervade this research are grounded on bibliographical survey of Brazilian contemporary authors in the social service and the sociology area; the documental study was guided by the research about the situation of the population who lives on the streets and the current legislation on programs and services for taking care of this population. Centro Comunitário São Martinho de Lima seeks to identify how this space contributes to the participation of people in the streets, as human beings, to construct their citizenship. This is a qualitative research and its methodology is the participant observation, whose dynamics was based on a sharing of some moments of experience of the people in the locations they are placed to get engaged with the struggles, events, celebrations and so forth. Interviews were done as a way to collect information through testimonies of their personal life trajectory. Four (4) individuals were the subjects that are included in the activities of Centro São Martinho de Lima. Two (2) are base participants and cohabitants and two (2) are former homeless people who are currently helping in the activities with the target people. The outcomes show, on the one hand, that the Centro Comunitário, being a space where people live together and that promotes daily activities and debates about necessary topics and homeless struggles, is a space to strengthen the learning that the consolidation of the rights occurs through the practice of citizenship; on the other hand, participation is a process that results in experiences around common interests and needs. Therefore, the condition of vulnerability this population lives in makes participation occur in the field of psychosocial and socioeconomic needs, whose main entrance is the social welfare policy / A presente dissertação de mestrado tem por objeto de estudo a população, em situação de rua, no seu processo de participação no Centro Comunitário São Martinho de Lima, como um espaço de vivência do exercício de sua cidadania. Objetiva-se analisar como o processo de participação dessa população da zona leste da cidade de São Paulo, se efetiva, como uma das expressões locais de um movimento nacional, na luta, ao conjunto de outros movimentos, pelo acesso a determinados direitos, tomando por referência os últimos cinco anos (2009-2013). O percurso proposto para elucidar o objeto de pesquisa, assenta-se num referencial teórico-metodológico, cujos eixos norteadores formam-se a partir dos conceitos e práticas sociais dos movimentos e sociedade civil, embasados no campo dos direitos que a Constituição Brasileira de 1988 protagonizou como abertura à participação. Participação é um elemento central para o exercício da cidadania e a construção da democracia. Por essa razão, as referências conceituais que permeiam esse trabalho tem base no levantamento bibliográfico de autores contemporâneos brasileiros nas áreas de Serviço Social e Sociologia; o estudo documental se pautou em pesquisas sobre a população em situação de rua e a legislação vigente sobre serviços e programas de atenção a essa população. No Centro Comunitário São Martinho de Lima, busca-se identificar como esse espaço contribui para que a as pessoas em situação de rua participem, enquanto sujeitos, na construção de sua cidadania. É uma pesquisa qualitativa que tem como metodologia a observação participante, cuja dinâmica se pautou em compartilhar de alguns momentos de vivência dos sujeitos nos locais onde eles se encontram para participar das lutas, eventos, comemorações, dentre outros. Foram realizadas entrevistas como instrumento de coleta de informações por meio de depoimentos da história oral de vida desses sujeitos. Quatro (04) foram os sujeitos da pesquisa que estão inseridos nas atividades do Centro São Martinho de Lima. Dois (02) são participantes de base e conviventes e, dois (02) são ex-moradores de rua, que atualmente, colaboram nas atividades desenvolvidas junto à população em foco. Os resultados demonstram, por um lado, que o Centro Comunitário, sendo espaço de convivência que promove atividades cotidianas e debates sobre assuntos de interesses e lutas da população em situação de rua, é um espaço que fortalece o aprendizado de que a consolidação de direitos ocorre por meio do exercício da cidadania. Por outro, a participação é um processo fruto de vivências em torno de interesses e necessidades comuns, portanto, a condição de vulnerabilidade em que ela vive faz com que sua ocorra no campo das necessidades socioeconômicas cuja porta de entrada principal é a política de assistência social

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:33:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Efren Fernandez Pousa Junior.pdf: 3943998 bytes, checksum: ae4cd692b152e41a7ec74a67f8deeb40 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-21 / This dissertation analyzes the issue of social protection of the residents on the street (MSR) considering the possibility of social reintegration and recovery of citizenship of these individuals. Then see how the determinations social, economic, political and cultural, within the contemporary neo-liberal influence in the redefinition of their exclusion. These reflections made on social issues directly involve the idea of breaking what we call a cycle of isolation, lack of formalized production and accumulation of goods and labor. Seeks to deepen the changes in the pattern of coping with the state of poverty, inequality and exclusion, increased by studies on the actions the Federal Constitution of 1988 (social rights and public policies with universalist vision) and other laws under the Constitution, along with an even intense social action organizations (identified in this context, today, quite active early references on poverty in Brazil: a structured ideas of charity and mercy, especially the Catholic Church, in actions that lend themselves to a clear state Social Welfare) Social and Public Policy (now embodied in policies focused in particular on the federal level). It addresses also issues inherently accustomed to civic participation and the attitude of social movements, such as institutional mechanisms to ensure founding principles of freedom and implementing constitutional social rights. It appears, finally, in terms of national analysis, mapping of poverty, inequality and exclusion (2003), drawn from broader concepts of research, showing limitations, advantages and benefits in terms of range of the most reliable real needs social. / Esta dissertação analisa a questão da proteção social dos moradores em situação de rua (MSR) considerando a possibilidade de reinserção social e resgate da cidadania destes indivíduos. Observa, pois, como as determinações sociais, econômicas, políticas e culturais, dentro da contemporaneidade neoliberal, influenciam na ressignificação de sua exclusão. As reflexões aqui feitas sobre as questões sociais envolvem diretamente a idéia de rompimento daquilo a que denominamos por ciclo de isolamento, formalizado por ausência de produção/acumulação de bens e trabalho. Procura se aprofundar nas alterações ocorridas no padrão de enfrentamento do Estado sobre pobreza, desigualdade e exclusão, fulcrando estudos nas ações insculpidas na Constituição Federal de 1.988 (direitos sociais e políticas públicas com visão universalista) e demais legislações infraconstitucionais afeitas, ao lado de, uma ainda intensa, ação social civil (dentro deste contexto identificamos, ainda hoje, de maneira bastante ativa as referências iniciais sobre a pobreza no Brasil: um ideário estruturado na caridade e misericórdia, em especial da Igreja Católica, em ações que se coadunam com um claro Estado de Bem-Estar Social) e de Políticas Públicas Sociais (hoje materializadas em políticas focalizadas, em especial, em nível federal). Abordam-se, também, questões intrinsecamente afeitas à participação civil e à postura dos movimentos sociais, como mecanismos institucionais que garantam princípios fundantes de liberdade e implementadores dos direitos sociais constitucionais. Apresenta-se, por fim, em termos de análise nacional, o mapeamento da pobreza, desigualdade e exclusão (2003), elaborado a partir de conceitos mais abrangentes de pesquisa, mostrando limitações, vantagens e benefícios em termos de um alcance mais fidedigno das verdadeiras necessidades sociais.

This thesis explores the process of integrating cycling infrastructure into transportation networks in major cities. It starts by contextualizing the process in Copenhagen, Denmark (often called the best bike city in the world) during its cycling movement in the mid-20th Century. The findings from Copenhagen show that cycling is both viewed as a legitimate and respected mode of transportation and that the city layout, density, and topography is conducive to cycling. In the United States, this thesis explores the federal policies that have been created in support of the Complete Streets movement and makes the case that Complete Streets generally yield many benefits. In the final section, this thesis contextualizes these studies with a case study of Seattle and explores the challenges that have been associated with implementing Seattle’s Bicycle Master Plan. Although the city has made some small-scale cycling infrastructure, the number of cyclists in the city remains low and the bike network remains disconnected. There has been tremendous citizen pushback against lanes for fear of increased traffic and gentrification, and Seattle’s layout and topography presents additional challenges. While the author is in support of bicycling and cycle networks, she believes it is important to consider the opposition to implementing this infrastructure so that we can be more deliberate, sensitive, and inclusive with creating cycle networks in the future. The author proposes that cycling infrastructure may need to be done in smaller pockets before a citywide network can be successfully developed.

This study uses complexity theory to examine the space of the street. In a morpho-ecological city, process creates form just as form creates process. The process of movement is a critical form generator within the urban system. In this thesis, the urban system comprising streets/ car/pedestrian is examined. If this collection of urban modes of mobility is a complex system capable of selforganising behaviour, what effect does the ordering imposed by traffic engineering have on this system? I look at the driving body and the walking body as co-creating the city by their movement through urban space. I suggest that, through attention to the fragments of interactions enacted during these movements, we can, through design, allow for the emergence of selforganising behaviour. Urban shared streets, descendants of the ‘woonerf’, appear to function more efficiently than engineered streets, without the usual traffic ordering. The counterintuitive success of these streets implies a self-organising behaviour that is generated by the density of interaction between the inhabitants of the street. These designs potentially work as a change agent, a catalyst, operating within a complex system. This has the potential to move systems from one attractor state to another. A city built with these spaces becomes a city of enfilades; an open system of spaces that are adaptable to uses that fluctuate with time and avoid thickening the palimpsest of traffic engineering. I look at siting shared streets in Wellington, based on jaywalking, a transgressive use of the streetspace that prefigures a shared space, and changes to urban networks associated with such designs. Interaction within the city is a creative force with a structure. City design needs to consider and address this infrastructure and design for it. The infrastructure of interaction has been subsumed by the infrastructure of movement. Shared streets indicate there may not be a need for this – they can be integrated. The process of movement creates instances of interaction; therefore designing spaces of/for movement must be designed to enhance the infrastructure of interaction. The result of such interaction is not just somewhat better; it may be a phase change - catalytically better .

Transportation safety is a highly contentious issue in the design of cities and communities. To enhance community livability, urban designers, architects and city planners often encourage the placement of street trees, aesthetic street lights, and other roadside features in a buffer zone between the pedestrian realm and the vehicle travelway. While such designs clearly enhance the aesthetic quality of a roadway, conventional geometric design practice regards roadside features located in the clear zone as fixed-object hazards, and strongly discourages their use. This study examines roadside safety in urban environments to better understand the nature of urban fixed-object crashes, as well as the safety impacts of livable streetscape treatments. While the prevailing assumption is that livable street treatments have a negative impact on a roadways safety performance, the existing empirical evidence indicates that such designs are much safer than more conventional roadside designs. Current safety objections to the use of livable street treatments are not based on empirical evidence, but are instead the result of a design philosophy that systematically overlooks the real-world operating behavior of road users. This study details the origin and evolution of this philosophy, termed passive safety, and subjects it to an empirical test to evaluate its applicability to urban arterial roadways. It finds that passive safety assumptions do not meaningfully explain empirical observations of crash frequency and severity. To enhance contemporary geometric design practice, this study then proceeds to more thoroughly examine the nature and characteristics of urban roadside crashes, and proposes a new design approach, termed positive design that better addresses the twin goals of safety and livability.