As explicações centradas em discursos sobre o cérebro ganham cada vez mais espaço em nosso coletivo, produzindo uma multiplicação no prefixo “neuro” nas mais diversas áreas, como neuropsicologia, neurolinguística ou neuroeducação. A prevalência das explicações neurocientíficas sobre outras perspectivas parece estar relacionada à criação de um plano biológico capaz de conectar objetos das Ciências Humanas e das Ciências Naturais produzindo um apagamento das fronteiras entre as duas através de uma sobreposião do Natural. Essa tese se insere no debate das relações entre psicologia e neurociências cognitivas. Nosso objetivo é propor através de conceito de políticas cognitivas uma forma de discutir as relações entre psicologia e neurociências evitando uma hierarquia pré-definida. Divimos a tese em duas partes. A primeira opera uma discussão histórica a respeito da temporalidade moderna e do progresso como forma de pensar a relação entre teorias, bem como discute a institucionalização das ciências da cognição. Sugerimos bifurcação e acontecimento como conceitos que nos permitem pensar a trajetória científica em outros termos, assim como mostramos que como campo multidisciplinar as ciências cognitivas só foram possíveis por uma oscilação entre a unidade e a multiplicidade da cognição. A segunda parte desenvolve o conceito de políticas cognitivas e o contraste com outras formas de pensar a multidisciplinaridade nas ciências da cognição e em seguida, apresenta diferentes políticas que se organizam ao redor da consciência de si, considerando por fim, como a relação entre essas políticas não precisa se estabelecer a partir da objetividade. Nas conclusões propomos algumas condições para relacionar diferentes políticas, bem como sugerimos uma postura ética necessária para a discussão. / Explanations centered on concepts about the brain gain more and more space in our collective, producing a multiplication in the prefix "neuro" in the most diverse areas, such as neuropsychology, neurolinguistics or neuroeducation. The prevalence of neuroscientific explanations over other perspectives seems to be related to the creation of a biological speech capable of connecting objects of the Human Sciences and Natural Sciences producing a blurring of the boundaries between the two through an overlap of the Natural. This thesis is inserted in the debate of the relations between cognitive psychology and cognitive neurosciences. Our objective is to propose through concept of cognitive politics a way of discussing the relations between psychology and neurosciences avoiding a pre-defined hierarchy. We divided the thesis into two parts. The first operates a historical discussion on modern temporality and progress as a way of thinking the relation between theories, as well as discusses the institutionalization of the cognitive sciences. We suggest bifurcation and event as concepts that allow us to think the scientific trajectory in other terms, just as we showed that as a multidisciplinary field the cognitive sciences were only possible by an oscillation between the unity and multiplicity of cognition. The second part develops the concept of cognitive politics and the contrast with other ways of thinking the multidisciplinarity in the sciences of cognition and then presents different politics that are organized around the self-awareness, considering finally how the relationship between these politics need not be established from objectivity. In the conclusions we propose some conditions to relate different politics, as well as we suggest a necessary ethical stance for the discussion.

This thesis is concerned with the study of biomedical scientific research work that is intensely distributed, i.e. socially distributed across multiple institutions, sites, and disciplines. Specifically, this PhD probes the ways in which scientists co-operating on multi-sited crossdisciplinary projects, design, use and maintain information-based resources to conduct and coordinate their experimental activities. The research focuses on the roles of information artefacts, i.e. the tools, media and devices used to store, track, display, and retrieve information in paper or electronic format, in helping the scientists integrate their activities to achieve concerted action. To examine how scientists in globally distributed settings organise and co-ordinate their scientific work using information artefacts, a multi-method multi-sited study informed by different ethnographic perspectives was conducted focused on a large European crossdisciplinary translational research project in nanodiagnostics. Situated interviews with project scientists, participant observations and participatory learning exercises were designed and deployed. From the data analysis, several abstractions were developed to represent how the joined utilisations of key information artefacts support the co-ordination of experimental activities. Subsequently, a framework was developed to highlight key interactional strategies that need to be managed by experimenters when using artefacts to organise their work cooperatively. This framework was then used as a guiding device to identify innovative ways to design future digital interactive systems to support the co-ordination of intensely distributed scientific work. From this study, several key findings came to light. We identify the role of the experimental protocol acts as a co-ordinative map that is co-designed dynamically to disseminate various instantiations of experimental executions across sites. We have also shed light on the ways the protocol, the lab book and the material log are used jointly to support the articulation of scientific work. The protocol and the lab book are used both locally and across co-operating sites to support four repeatability and reproducibility levels that are key to experimental validation. The use of the local protocol / lab book dyads at each site is further integrated with that of a centralised material log artefact to enable a system of exchange of scientific content (e.g. experimental processes, intermediate results and observations) and experimental materials (both physical materials and key information). We have found that this integration into a co-ordinative cluster supports awareness and the articulation of experimental activities both locally and across remote labs. From this understanding, we have derived several sensitising tensions to frame the strategies that scientific practitioners need to manage when designing their multi-sited experimental work and technologists should consider when designing systems to support them: (1) formalisation / flexibility; (2) articulability / local appropriateness; (3) scrutiny / tinkering; (4) accountability / applicability; (5) traceability / improvisation and (6) lastingness / immediacy. Lastly, based on these tensions, we have suggested a number of implications for the design of interactive information artefacts that can help manage both local and multi-sited co-ordination in intensely distributed scientific projects.

Submitted by Kenia Bernini (kenia.bernini@ufpel.edu.br) on 2017-07-10T21:00:06Z No. of bitstreams: 3 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Daniel_Souza_Pereira_Dissertação.pdf: 4610906 bytes, checksum: 2ad2752a225d4403ddacecbd42572ddd (MD5) Daniel_Souza_Pereira_Produto.pdf: 947886 bytes, checksum: 03b0de744d5147be98bb45a050a17fd4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-07-11T20:22:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 3 Daniel_Souza_Pereira_Dissertação.pdf: 4610906 bytes, checksum: 2ad2752a225d4403ddacecbd42572ddd (MD5) Daniel_Souza_Pereira_Produto.pdf: 947886 bytes, checksum: 03b0de744d5147be98bb45a050a17fd4 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-07-11T20:23:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 3 Daniel_Souza_Pereira_Dissertação.pdf: 4610906 bytes, checksum: 2ad2752a225d4403ddacecbd42572ddd (MD5) Daniel_Souza_Pereira_Produto.pdf: 947886 bytes, checksum: 03b0de744d5147be98bb45a050a17fd4 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-11T20:23:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 Daniel_Souza_Pereira_Dissertação.pdf: 4610906 bytes, checksum: 2ad2752a225d4403ddacecbd42572ddd (MD5) Daniel_Souza_Pereira_Produto.pdf: 947886 bytes, checksum: 03b0de744d5147be98bb45a050a17fd4 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-29 / Esta dissertação de mestrado tem por objetivo analisar os resultados do desenvolvimento de um projeto de ensino no componente curricular de Seminário Integrado, e que integra a proposta para o Ensino Médio Politécnico no Rio Grande do Sul. Este projeto de ensino está fundamentado em pressupostos Ciência-Tecnologia-Sociedade (CTS). Foi desenvolvido com uma turma de segundo ano do Ensino Médio. Neste projeto foram propostas ações a partir de um enfoque curricular CTS para o processo de ensino-aprendizagem da temática “Qualidade da água de abastecimento público em Pelotas”, desenvolvido em Seminário Integrado. Começamos com os conceitos básicos e implicações sociais da temática ” integrando o conhecimento e a formação cidadã do estudante. Para elaborar, desenvolver e analisar projeto de ensino aplicado, esse trabalho inicia com o levantamento das ideias prévias dos alunos sobre o tema, a fim de fornecer elementos e qualificar o pesquisador no ambiente da pesquisa. O enfoque curricular CTS, tem por base as experiências concretas dos estudantes, abordando os aspectos humanos e sociais da Ciência de forma simples, relacionando os conteúdos científicos e as relações CTS, de modo que haja interação da tríade “Ciência-Tecnologia-Sociedade”, considerando aspectos que influenciam esses alunos. O projeto de ensino foi desenvolvido com o enfoque curricular CTS, que está apresentado com seus referenciais teóricos. A metodologia escolhida foi o estudo de caso, uma vez que o pesquisador é o professor dos alunos envolvidos na pesquisa e também o projeto e seus resultados. A escolha do tema utilizado no projeto de ensino foi feita pelos próprios alunos, o que facilitou no desenvolvimento da proposta. O objetivo dos alunos foi conhecer se a água de abastecimento público no município de Pelotas, possui qualidade adequada dentro dos padrões da legislação no que se refere a consumo humano. A análise do desenvolvimento do projeto permitiu identificar que os alunos, quando estimulados a serem protagonistas da sua própria formação, mudam o comportamento no que se refere ao interesse de aprender, o que contribui de sobremaneira na construção da sua autonomia. O projeto com enfoque curricular CTS, se mostrou adequado para o componente curricular Seminário Integrado, pois o aluno foi o agente da sua própria formação, o que oportunizou a construção da sua autonomia, aquisição de conhecimentos, desenvolvimento de valores, organização, trabalho coletivo. O projeto será reaplicado no segundo semestre de 2016, contribuindo para um melhor desenvolvimento no componente curricular Seminário Integrado / The Master's dissertation aims at analyzing the results of the development of a teaching project within the curricular component Integrated Seminar, which is a proposal to the Polytechnic School in Rio Grande do Sul, based on Science-Technology-Society assumptions (STS). It has been developed in a second-year high school class. In this teaching project we proposed actions from a STS curricular point of view to the process of teaching and learning at Integrated Seminar. We start with the basic concepts and social implications that the theme "quality of the public water supply in Pelotas" to integrate student's knowledge and civic education. In addition to the analysis of applied learning project, the work begins with the collection of previous ideas of students on the topic in order to provide elements and qualify the researcher in the research environment. The education project was developed with the STS curricular approach, which is presented with its theoretical frameworks. The chosen methodology was the case-study, since the researcher is the teacher in contact with the students evaluated. The choice of the theme used in the educational project was made by the students themselves, which facilitated the development of the proposal. The goal of the students was to assess the public water supply in the city of Pelotas and to evaluate if its quality is adequate for quality standards with respect to human consumption legislation. The analysis of project development identified students when encouraged to be protagonists of their own formation change behavior with regard to the interest of learning, which contributes greatly to the construction of their autonomy as students. The project with STS curricular approach was suitable for the Integrated Seminar component, because the students were the agents of their own formation, which provided an opportunity to build their autonomy, one of the STS assumptions

Submitted by Maria Bernadete Dos Santos (mariabpds@id.uff.br) on 2017-09-25T19:06:31Z No. of bitstreams: 3 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação Fábio.pdf: 1469819 bytes, checksum: 8e3c12ffed7d9285c2f0065b8662cbaa (MD5) Produto Fábio Marques.pdf: 759010 bytes, checksum: e19d9e5bef2f672625b15c173938dd4d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Biblioteca Central do Valonguinho Biblioteca Central do Valonguinho (bcv@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-10-05T21:43:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 3 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação Fábio.pdf: 1469819 bytes, checksum: 8e3c12ffed7d9285c2f0065b8662cbaa (MD5) Produto Fábio Marques.pdf: 759010 bytes, checksum: e19d9e5bef2f672625b15c173938dd4d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-05T21:43:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação Fábio.pdf: 1469819 bytes, checksum: 8e3c12ffed7d9285c2f0065b8662cbaa (MD5) Produto Fábio Marques.pdf: 759010 bytes, checksum: e19d9e5bef2f672625b15c173938dd4d (MD5) / Neste trabalho relatamos uma experiência de ensino de Radioatividade para uma turma de terceira série do Ensino Médio de uma escola particular localizada no centro do município de Nova Iguaçu, Rio de Janeiro. Os eixos balizadores desta dissertação foram o movimento Ciência-Tecnologia-Sociedade (CTS), aliados ao referencial teórico do educador Paulo Freire, no qual buscou-se como objetivo principal a elaboração, aplicação e avaliação de uma sequência didática (SD) para abordar o conteúdo, buscando construir junto aos alunos habilidades e competências necessárias para a tomada de decisão e o desenvolvimento de uma visão crítica de mundo, onde os alunos são cidadãos. A “crise hídrica” foi utilizada como tema gerador, que sustentou todo desenvolvimento da sequência didática. Para coleta de dados, questionários mistos com perguntas abertas e fechadas foram desenvolvidos e aplicados como pré e pós-testes. A avaliação de aprendizagem foi realizada através de uma prova discursiva englobando questões relacionadas aos aspectos históricos, teóricos e sociais. Além disso, um teatro na forma de júri simulado foi utilizado a fim de criar um momento de debate e discussão acerca do tema. Resultados mostram que a sequência utilizada gerou modificação no pensamento dos alunos, que despertou o interesse por novos conhecimentos, e estes tornaram-se mais críticos e capazes de tomar decisões sobre os problemas que enfrentam, avaliando seus riscos e benefícios. / This paper reports a radioactivity of teaching experience to a group of third high school grade of a private school located in the center of the city of Nova Iguaçu, Rio de Janeiro. The benchmarks axes of this work were the movement Science-Technology-Society (STS), together with the theoretical framework of the educator Paulo Freire, which was sought as main objective the development, implementation and evaluation of a didactic sequence (DS) to address content, seeking to build with the students skills and competencies required for decision making and the development of a critical vision of the world, where students are citizens. The "water crisis" was used as the theme generator, which sustained development of all instructional sequence. For data collection, mixed questionnaires with open and closed questions were developed and applied as pre- and post-tests. The content evaluation was conducted through a discursive proof covering issues related to the historical, theoretical and social aspect CTS. In addition, a theater in the form of simulated jury was used to create a moment of debate and discussion on the subject. Results show that the generated sequence used change in thinking simplistic and naive student, and these have become more critical and able to make decisions about the problems they face, evaluating their risks and benefits.

O trabalho apresentado investiga as contribuições da pesquisa em ensino de ciências para a promoção da educação científica em atividades a serem desenvolvidas por laboratórios ativos de pesquisa. Apoiado nos debates sobre o ensino em espaços não formais, procura situar o ambiente de trabalho desses centros e suas possibilidades de interlocução com a escola básica e o público em geral. Tal perspectiva localiza as limitações desses laboratórios, reconhecendo a não intencionalidade própria dos espaços envolvidos, ao contrário do que se observa, por exemplo, em museus ou exposições científicas. Por outro lado, identifica sua singularidade, enquanto ambiente privilegiado para apresentar os processos de produção científica, enfatizando os aspectos sociais de seu fazer, pouco explorados no contexto escolar. Com esse intuito, foram analisadas as possíveis contribuições de reflexões sobre Alfabetização Científica e Ciência- Tecnologia-Sociedade (CTS), a fim de inserir articulações entre os aspectos do conhecimento científico presentes nos laboratórios e as demandas de visitantes. Em particular, investiga-se o acelerador de partículas Pelletron, do Departamento de Física Nuclear do IFUSP, analisando diferentes estratégias associadas a visitas, desenvolvidas ao longo de seis anos de trabalho, com a finalidade de promover a educação científica. Nessas análises, foi possível identificar que os diferentes protagonistas, sejam eles alunos, professores, cientistas ou técnicos, manifestam interesses nem sempre convergentes. Isso conduziu ao questionamento da centralidade atribuída ao conhecimento físico conceitual, procurando ampliar a ideia de conhecimento de forma a incluir outras dimensões do fazer científico. Nessa direção, discute-se o potencial de dimensões do conhecimento relacionadas à produção da ciência e sua função social. Propõe-se, assim, que o conhecimento físico se articule com situações da dinâmica da vida do laboratório e com as questões de inserção da ciência no conjunto da sociedade, ampliando a compreensão dos visitantes acerca da ciência. / The present study investigates the contributions of research in science learning to promote science education activities to be developed by operational research laboratories. Supported by discussions regarding the non-formal education, this study aims to situate the work environment of these laboratories and their potentialities of communication with elementary schools and the general public. This endeavor must recognize the limitations of these laboratories, since they have a different purpose when compared to museums and science exhibitions, for instance. On the other hand, it is possible to identify the uniqueness of such places as a privileged environment to present the science production process and the social aspects of this process, that is little explored in the school context. In addition, we analyzed the possible contributions of reflections on Scientific Literacy and Science- Technology-Society (STS), in order to insert links between aspects of scientific knowledge in the laboratories and the demands of visitors. In particular, we investigate the Pelletron particle accelerator, from the Department of Nuclear Physics of the Institute of Physics from the University of São Paulo (IFUSP), analyzing different strategies associated with the visits developed over six years of work, in order to promote science education. In these analyses, it was possible to identify that the different actors, such as students, teachers, scientists or technicians, express different interests that do not always converge. This led to challenge the central role attributed to conceptual physical knowledge, seeking the broadening of the idea of knowledge in order to include other dimensions of scientific work. In this sense, we discuss the possible dimensions of knowledge related to the production of science and its social function. Therefore, we propose that the physical knowledge must be linked to other aspects of the laboratory dynamics and to issues regarding the insertion of science in the society, expanding visitors\' understanding about it.

<p>An engineering firm which handles and constructs drawings needs well defined routines and structures which should be homogeneous through all the different departments. A common drawing system results in better quality and cooperation between the departments.</p><p>SAS Technical Services (STS) did not have a common drawing system which had led to development of different routines in the different regions and departments. Requested was development of new routines regarding engineering drawings, such as drawing numbering structure, revision and subscription routines, which standards to adhere to, custom made drawing templates and management of the drawings with belonging documents.</p><p>Each requested task was broken into minor tasks and analyzed. Solutions by different leading engineering companies were used for comparison and ideas.</p><p>All the tasks were collected and organized in one single document which is the result of the thesis; a drawing instruction.</p><p>The drawing instruction will after a learning phase ease the work for the STS engineers as all necessary information can be found in one single place. Also, work with contractors will be time-saving as the instruction can be handed out for guidance.</p> / <p>En ingenjörsfirma som hanterar och skapar mängder med ritningar behöver väldefinierade rutiner och strukturer som är homogena genom hela bolaget. Ett gemensamt ritningssystem resulterar i bättre kvalitet och bättre samarbete mellan de olika avdelningarna.</p><p>SAS Technical Services (STS) hade inte ett gemensamt ritningssystem vilket har lett till att de olika avdelningarna har utvecklat olika rutiner rörande ritningar. Önskemålet var utvecklande av nya rutiner rörande ingenjörsritningar såsom ritningsnumreringsstruktur, revisions- och prenumerationsrutiner, vilka standarder som skall följas, egna ritningsmallar och skötsel av ritningar med tillhörande dokument.</p><p>Varje önskad uppgift blev uppdelad i mindre uppgifter och analyserad. Lösningar från olika ledande ingenjörsbolag användes för jämförelse och idéer.</p><p>Alla uppgifterna samlades och organiserades i ett och samma dokument som är resultatet av detta arbete; en ritningsinstruktion.</p><p>Ritningsinstruktionen kommer efter en inlärningsfas underlätta arbetet för ingenjörerna på STS eftersom all nödvändig information nu finns på ett och samma ställe. Arbeten med entreprenörer vill också bli underlättande eftersom instruktionen kan delas ut för vägledning.</p>

<p>A container crane of STS-type, Ship To Shore, consists of a spreader hanging underneath a railrunning trolly. As the container is under the influence of wind, it is likely that it starts to turn in a torsional pendulum. This report handles how the torsional pendulum of a container crane can be damped. </p><p>A number of different models have been developed to analyze how different placement of the actuators affects the system. Two differens types of controllers, LQG and MPC, have been developed and applied to these models. The different models and controlers were evaluated and compared by studying simulation results in timedomain. Moreover in order to make the simulations more realistic, a wind model has been developed and applied. </p><p>The models and controllers have been analyzed with bodediagrams and sensitivity functions. </p><p>The analyses shows clearly that the best placement of the actuators for control of the torsional pendulum on an STS-crane is in the trolly, pulling and relaxing the wires. This control is best handled by a state feedback control (LQG). Furthermore, the control should in this way, with addition of in the horizontalplane movable suspensions in the trolly, work acceptably in the whole operational area of a STS-crane.</p>

<p>I denna uppsats undersöks hur Kronofogden har byggt upp sin beställarkompetens inför och under upphandlingen av sitt första affärssystem, samt vilken inverkan behovet av beställarkompetens har haft på upphandlingens upplägg.</p><p>Genom att studera den upphandlingsprocess Kronofogden bedrev vid upphandling av nytt affärssystem och med hjälp av en modell för beställarkompetens identifieras vilka faktorer som påverkat upphandlingen samt vilken inverkan dessa faktorer haft.</p><p>Kronofogden har byggt upp sin beställarkompetens genom att utgå ifrån verksamhetens behov och lärt sig hur ett affärssystem kan tillfredsställa behovet. Därigenom har man förbättrat sina möjligheter att genomföra en framgångsrik upphandling trots att Kronofogden inte har några tidigare erfarenheter av affärssystem. Utifrån den förståelse Kronofogden har byggt upp rörande affärssystem har man valt att begränsa sin lösning för att sedan fortsätta successivt och genom att använda ett testsystem har de fått in en extra säkerhet i upphandlingen.</p>

I dagens samhälle tas miljöfrågor allt oftare upp i den allmänna och politiska debatten och ett aktivt miljöarbete är något som i allt högre grad krävs av företag från bland annat myndigheter och miljöorganisationer. Stålindustrin är inget undantag och får därför ofta kritik för att de åtgärder som vidtas inte är tillräckliga. Inom stålindustrin genomför företag ofta investeringar för att minska sin miljöpåverkan trots att avkastning på det investerade kapitalet uteblir. Den institutionella organisationsteorin förklarar dessa handlingar som direkta konsekvenser av likriktning. Det fenomen som studeras i studien är spridningen av miljömedvetenhet eftersom denna anses ligga till grund för investeringarna i miljöåtgärder inom den svenska stålindustrin. Formatet för studien är en fallstudie där den empiriska datainsamlingen skett genom tryckt material och intervjuer. Det kan konstateras att det studerade företagets miljöarbete påverkas i stor utsträckning av andra aktörer inom det organisatoriska fält som företaget tillhör. Inverkan på det studerade företagets miljöarbete och således spridningen av miljömedvetenhet varierar mycket mellan olika aktörer. Det är framförallt aktören politiker och myndigheter som genom tvingande mekanismer styr företagets miljöarbete. Beroende på rådande situation kan dock även influenserna från övriga aktörer påverka företagets miljöarbete och spridningen av miljömedvetenhet. / In society today environmental issues more often appear on both the public and the political agenda and an active environmental awareness is increasingly often demanded from companies by regulative authorities and environmental organisations. The steel industry is no exception and therefore receives criticism that they do not undertake the necessary actions to prevent further pollution. Companies within the steel industry often invest in different measures to reduce their environmental impact although it seldom generates a profit. Institutional theory explains these actions as direct consequences of conformity. The phenomenon of interest is the spread of environmental awareness because it is considered to be the reason behind investments in environmental impact reduction within the Swedish steel industry. The study is preformed as a case study where the empirical data is collected through written sources and interviews. It is established that the environmental work of the focal company is largely affected by the other actors within the organizational field of interest. Among these actors the level of impact on the focal company’s environmental work and therefore also the spreading of environmental awareness varies a lot. Politicians and government authorities are the actor which first and foremost through coercive actions affects the environmental work in the studied company. Although, depending on the situation at hand the other actors can also play very important parts in affecting the studied company and the spread of environmental awareness.

I denna uppsats undersöks hur Kronofogden har byggt upp sin beställarkompetens inför och under upphandlingen av sitt första affärssystem, samt vilken inverkan behovet av beställarkompetens har haft på upphandlingens upplägg. Genom att studera den upphandlingsprocess Kronofogden bedrev vid upphandling av nytt affärssystem och med hjälp av en modell för beställarkompetens identifieras vilka faktorer som påverkat upphandlingen samt vilken inverkan dessa faktorer haft. Kronofogden har byggt upp sin beställarkompetens genom att utgå ifrån verksamhetens behov och lärt sig hur ett affärssystem kan tillfredsställa behovet. Därigenom har man förbättrat sina möjligheter att genomföra en framgångsrik upphandling trots att Kronofogden inte har några tidigare erfarenheter av affärssystem. Utifrån den förståelse Kronofogden har byggt upp rörande affärssystem har man valt att begränsa sin lösning för att sedan fortsätta successivt och genom att använda ett testsystem har de fått in en extra säkerhet i upphandlingen.