Internet évolue avec la société et les nouvelles technologies, mais ses usages restent centrés sur le principe communicationnel de partager ses idées, ses histoires avec d’autres personnes. Comprendre les modes de communication des internautes offre des défis de taille aux chercheurs. Malgré une riche littérature sur les usages d’Internet, peu d’études se sont penchées sur l’analyse en profondeur des habitudes des internautes ordinaires. Cette thèse a pour objet d’étude le partage de contenus en ligne, car il s’agit d’une pratique permettant de réfléchir sur le rapport des usagers à la technologie. En m’inspirant des travaux d’Henri Lefebvre et de Michel de Certeau, je mobilise le concept de la vie quotidienne, concept qui met en lumière les processus à travers laquelle les gens font sens de leur vie. Afin de mieux saisir le quotidien, lequel est mobile, fluide et multiple, des métaphores spatiales tirées d’études des sciences, technologies et société (STS) seront mobilisées. Les concepts d’espace fluide et de feu sont idéaux pour étudier les pratiques de partage de vidéo que l’on peut qualifier de mutables et adaptables. Dans cette thèse, l’accent est mis sur les expériences subjectives des internautes ; ainsi, j’ai adopté une méthodologie qualitative pour recueillir les témoignages d’une dizaine de participants décrivant longuement leurs pratiques. En effet, j’ai rencontré chaque personne à plusieurs reprises et nous avons discuté d’exemples spécifiques. À travers les thèmes récurrents qui ont émergé des verbatims, et dans la tradition de la théorisation ancrée, la première partie de l’analyse fournit une riche description du quotidien des participants. J’explore en particulier la façon dont les internautes adaptent leur partage sur leurs expériences des sites de réseaux sociaux, comment la vidéo est utilisée dans le maintien de leurs relations sociales, et comment le partage des vidéos complémente leurs conversations. Sachant que les pratiques en ligne et hors ligne se fondent l’une dans l’autre, la deuxième partie de l’analyse articule la complexité de la vie quotidienne et la fluidité des pratiques de partage à l’aide du concept de l’objet fluide pour traiter des aspects complexes, dynamiques et souples des pratiques des internautes ordinaires. Cette recherche qualitative fournit un portrait de l’expérience humaine qui est autant détaillé que possible. Elle permet de souligner que c’est dans une variété contextes non remarquables – car faisant partie intégrante de la vie quotidienne – que les Internautes naviguent et que les activités humaines sont sans cesse construites et transformées, ouvrant des possibilités vers de nouvelles façons de faire et de penser. La thèse poursuit un dialogue interdisciplinaire entre la communication (les Internet Studies notamment) et les études des sciences, technologies et société (STS), tout en apportant de nombreuses données empiriques sur les pratiques des internautes « ordinaires ». De plus, la thèse offre des métaphores capables d’ouvrir de nouvelles perspectives pour l’analyse des usages du Web social. Elle apporte également une contribution originale en intégrant des approches théoriques des pratiques quotidiennes avec la théorisation ancrée. Tant les fondements conceptuels et des approches méthodologiques développées ici seront des exemples très utiles pour d’autres chercheurs intéressés à poursuivre la compréhension des pratiques quotidiennes impliquant l’Internet, surtout quand ces derniers impliquent le visuel, l’émotif et le relationnel. / The Internet evolves continually with society and the development of new technologies, but its uses remain centered on the communicative principle of connecting with others and sharing ideas, stories and information. Understanding the communication modes of the Internet offers a sizable challenge to researchers. Despite a rich literature on Internet usages, few studies offer in-depth analysis of the habits of ordinary users. This study specifically addresses the question of online content sharing, as a practice that enables reflection on users' relationships with technologies. Drawing inspiration from the work of Henri Lefebvre and Michel de Certeau, this dissertation mobilizes the notion of daily life (the quotidien), a concept that highlights the processes through which people make sense of their lives. In order to best apprehend daily experience that is mobile, fluid and multiple, I draw on spatial metaphors from science and technology studies. With their sensitivity to both social and material characteristics, fluid object and fire space concepts are well-suited for studying video-sharing practices that are highly mutable and adaptable. Since I emphasize subjective experiences, the research design involved a qualitative methodology. I met with ten participants three times each. During these meetings, they described their video sharing practices and told stories around using and sharing videos. Building on recurrent themes that emerge from transcriptions of various conversations, in the tradition of grounded theory, the first part of the analysis provides a rich description of everyday life and video sharing. In particular, I discuss how people regulate their sharing behavior on social networking sites, how they use video to maintaining their social relationships and how sharing videos complements their conversations. The second part of the analysis focuses on the complexity of everyday life, and draws attention to how one context flows almost imperceptibly into another, and how online and offline worlds intersect. Fluidity offers a metaphor to support the complex, dynamic and flexible aspects of ordinary users’ video sharing practices in a continually changing space. This qualitative approach produces a picture of the human experience that is rich and detailed, and allows us to highlight the different contexts in which the participants navigate their daily lives. It is in these often unremarkable contexts that human activities are constantly constructed and transformed, creating opportunities for new ways of doing and thinking. The dissertation engages in an interdisciplinary dialogue between communication (particularly Internet Studies) and science and technology studies (STS) in order to offer new perspectives for the analysis of uses of the social Web. It also makes an original contribution by integrating theoretical approaches to daily practices with grounded theory. The conceptual foundations and methodological approach developed here provide a useful guide for other researchers interested in pursuing the understanding of everyday practices involving the Internet, especially when these involve visual, emotional and relational elements.

Os mapas conceituais (MCs) são úteis para representar o conhecimento e promover a aprendizagem significativa, porém recentes trabalhos na literatura apontam que não estão sendo plenamente explorados, pois raramente são utilizados para representar o conhecimento diversificando as proposições. As proposições são unidades fundamentais de conhecimento nos mapas conceituais (MCs). Diferentes mapeadores podem responder a mesma pergunta focal realizando diferentes conexões e relacionando os conceitos de formas diferentes para representar o conhecimento. A proposta do trabalho consiste na elaboração de uma análise de proposições (n=1455) presentes em MCs (n= 104) coletados na disciplina Ciências da Natureza (EACH-USP/Leste) em 2009, durante o período da primeira (MC5) e terceira avaliação (MC15). A análise proposicional proposta utilizou-se de um esquema taxonômico para classificação de proposições estáticas e dinâmicas em seis categorias. As proposições estáticas representam o conhecimento com definições e classificações, enquanto que as proposições dinâmicas expressam relações de ação, influência, dependência, interdependência funcional, proporcionalidade e causa e efeito entre os conceitos. O número de proposições por categoria passou por métodos de estatística descritiva, para mostrar os parâmetros estatísticos como, média, mediana, quartil inferior, quartil superior, mínimo da amostra, e máximo da amostra para descrever cada uma das seis variáveis consideradas na análise proposicional proposta neste trabalho. A comparação dos valores médios de cada categoria para análise proposicional das avaliações MC5 com os valores médios de cada categoria das avaliações MC15 foi feita utilizando-se o teste-t. O método de estatística exploratória multivariada foi empregado para realizar análise hierárquica de agrupamentos (HCA) a fim de observar possíveis tendências entre os alunos e/ou categorias. A HCA agrupou as seis categorias de proposições propostas por este trabalho, sendo que em MC15 houve uma maior distribuição dos tipos de proposições entre as categorias dinâmicas. A HCA formou três agrupamentos para ambas as avaliações e, ainda que tendências dos agrupamentos tenham se mantido, houve um aumento do número total de proposições, sendo que mais de 60% dos alunos optaram pelas proposições dinâmicas, comprovando a eficácia dos estímulos fornecidos nas avaliações. Os resultados apontam para a necessidade da utilização da análise proposicional no mapeamento conceitual para diversificar formas de representação do conhecimento, ou seja, que não sejam somente com o objetivo de descrever, definir e classificar conceitos, mas que sejam utilizadas para incentivar relações conceituais de ação, influência, dependência, proporcionalidade, interdependência funcional e causa e efeito. / The concept maps (CMs) are useful for representing knowledge and promote meaningful learning, but recent studies in the literature indicate that they are not being fully exploited because they are rarely used to represent knowledge by diversifying the propositions. The propositions are fundamental units of knowledge in concept maps (CMs). Different authors may answer the same question different focal performing connections and related concepts in different ways to represent knowledge. Our purpose is to prepare an analysis of propositions (n = 1455) present in MCs (n = 104) collected in the course of Nature Sciences (EACH-USP/Leste) in 2009, during the first (MC5) and third assessment (MC15). The analysis used the propositional proposed a scheme for taxonomic classification of static and dynamic propositions in six categories. The proposals represent the static knowledge with definitions and classifications, while the dynamic propositions expressing relations of action, influence, dependence, and proportionality between cause and effect concepts. The number of propositions in each category went through descriptive statistical methods, to show the statistical parameters as mean, median, lower quartile, upper quartile, the sample minimum and maximum sample to describe each of the six variables considered in the analysis proposed propositional this work. A comparison of mean values for each category analysis of propositional evaluations MC05 to mean values for each category of MC15 evaluation was made using t-test. The exploratory multivariate statistical method was used to perform hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) to observe possible trends among students and / or categories. HCA grouped the categories and in MC15 was a greater distribution of the types of propositions between the dynamic categories. The HCA was formed three groups for both assessments and, although trends of groupings have been kept, there was an increase in the total number of propositions, and more than 60% of students opted for dynamic propositions, proving the effectiveness of the stimuli provided in the evaluations . The results point to the necessity of using propositional analysis of the conceptual mapping to diversify forms of knowledge representation, they are not solely for the purpose of describing, defining and classifying concepts, but are used to encourage conceptual relations action, influence, dependence, proportionality and cause and effect.

O Programa Mais Educação (PME), instituído em 2007, surge como uma estratégia do Governo Federal para induzir a ampliação da jornada escolar e a organização curricular na perspectiva da educação integral. Este programa integra diferentes saberes, espaços educativos e pessoas da comunidade e visa desenvolver uma educação pública de qualidade. O objetivo desta pesquisa de caráter predominantemente qualitativo foi investigar como a escola com jornada educativa ampliada, por meio do Programa Mais Educação (PME), pode colaborar para o desenvolvimento de uma educação conscientizadora na rede municipal de ensino fundamental de São Gabriel-RS. Realizou-se uma análise qualitativa por meio da aplicação de questionários que permitiu compreender a visão dos educadores do município sobre as concepções acerca de educação integral e Programa Mais Educação. Percebemos uma visão simplificada do Programa, visto que uma minoria participou de cursos de formação sobre educação integral e PME. Observamos também que poucas escolas aderiram aos macrocampos educação ambiental e desenvolvimento sustentável, dado que nos chamou a atenção ao considerarmos as influências da produção científica e tecnológica no modo atual de vida da sociedade. Diante disso, partimos para uma intervenção nas oficinas pedagógicas do PME, com estudantes do ensino fundamental, onde desenvolvemos sete oficinas de educação ambiental com uma abordagem CTS (Ciência, Tecnologia e Sociedade) sobre a temática do lixo. Encontramos lacunas no ensino das relações lixo e meio ambiente, principalmente com relação ao seu destino, observamos que os estudantes não possuíam uma visão mais clara dos impactos de nossas atitudes e a sua relação com o lixo. A partir dessas dúvidas,foram desenvolvidas atividades embasadas nos Três Momentos Pedagógicos (Delizoicov e Angotti, 1992) propiciaram a participação ativa dos alunos, oportunizando informações para o pensamento reflexivo e a tomada de decisões. Ao final deste trabalho apresentou-se um vídeo com os conceitos construídos pelos estudantes durante as oficinas. Esse vídeo foi utilizado como recurso informativo para a população, em diversos espaços da comunidade como: sala de espera da prefeitura e espaços de propagandas de mídias na praça central da cidade. Por fim, disponibilizamos o vídeo no YouTube e um livreto com as oficinas aplicadas nesta pesquisa para as educadoras da escola envolvida e a todos os professores de ciências que tiverem interesse, pois está disponibilizado nos apêndices deste trabalho. / The PMC (More Education Program) established in 2007 emerges as a strategy from the Federal Government to induce the enlargement of the school´s day work as well as the curriculum organization aiming the overall education. That program integrates different knowledges, and seeks to develop a public education with quality. The target of this research, which has a mainly qualitative outline, was to investigate how a school with such enlarged day work through the PME Program can cooperate for the development of an education with awareness in the city´s elementary school in São Gabriel-RS. An analysis was performed both quantitative and qualitative through the application of questionnaires which allowed to understand the São Gabriel teachers´ vision about the conceptions concerning the overall education and the PME. We have noticed a simplified vision of that Program, since a minority have participated in the formation courses about overall education and the PME. We have also perceived that few schools joined the macrofields overall education and sustainable development, data which was evident when we considered the influences of the scientific and technological production in the society´s present way of life. Being so, we have started and intervention in the PME´s workshops with students from the elementary school, where we developed seven workshops of environmental education with a STS approach (Science, Technology and Society) about the trash theme. We have found gaps in the teaching of the trash/environment relationship, mainly as to its destination, where we have noticed that the students did not have a clear notion of the impact our actions and attitudes in relation to the trash. After these doubts, the development of activities based on the Three Pedagogical Moments (Delizoicov and Angotti, 1992), enabled the students´ active participation generating information for the reflexive thought and the decision-making. At the end of this work, a video was presented with concepts built by the students during the workshops. That video was used as an information resource for the population, in several spaces of the community such as; the City Hall´s waiting room, spaces of media on the main square. Finally, that video was also made available to YouTube followers, and a brochure with the workshops used in that research for the tutors of the related school and to all science teachers who have shown interest, since it is available at the addendum of this work.

Neste trabalho de pesquisa, apresentamos uma análise das evoluções nas concepções sobre a abordagem de ensino baseada nas relações entre Ciência, Tecnologia e Sociedade. Neste contexto, realizamos uma pesquisa pautada pela abordagem qualitativa, no âmbito da formação inicial de professores de Física do nível médio. Os dados da pesquisa foram obtidos ao longo do desenvolvimento das disciplinas de Metodologia de Ensino de Física I e II ministradas no curso de Licenciatura em Física da Universidade de São Paulo. Utilizamos questionários, entrevistas e sínteses produzidas pelos futuros professores, que nos possibilitaram caracterizar as concepções em foco e selecionar sujeitos para dois estudos de caso. Estes sujeitos tiveram suas concepções analisadas segundo uma ordem cronológica e segundo parâmetros que embasaram as categorias de análise que foram definidas com base nos dados e também a partir da literatura pertinente. Três dimensões dentro do ensino em uma abordagem CTS foram consideradas: objetivos do ensino, diversidade temática e metodologia de ensino. A análise evidenciou que os futuros professores reelaboraram suas concepções iniciais ao longo da disciplina gradativamente, em movimentos de aproximação destas concepções a características de um ensino de Física em uma abordagem CTS. Com base em nossa pesquisa, ressaltamos a importância de que estejam presentes nos cursos de Formação de Professores de Física as discussões que envolvam as possibilidades das abordagens de ensino, renovação curricular, bem como a conscientização dos licenciandos sobre as evoluções de suas próprias concepções. / In this research report, we introduce an analysis of the evolutions on conceptions about the teaching approach based on Science, Technology and Society (STS) relationship. In this context, we developed a research reasoned on qualitative approach, on initial Physics teaching formation at high school. The research data, obtained during the development of the discipline Metodologia de Ensino de Física I e II, furnished on Physic under graduating course of University of São Paulo. We used questionnaires, interviews, and written reports made by the future teachers, that gave us the possibility to characterize the focusing conceptions and select future teachers for two case study. These future teachers had their ideas discussed by following a chronological order and through parameters related to the analysis category. These were defined based not only on data, but also from relevant literature. Three dimensions of a STS approach teaching were considered: goals, theme and methodology. The analysis showed that the future teachers elaborated over again their initial conceptions during development of the discipline, in approximation movements of theirs conceptions to a STS teaching approach. Based on our research, we give prominence to importance to be present on Teacher Formation Courses of arguing about possible teaching approaches, curricular renovation and future teachers acquiring knowledge about their own conceptions evolutions.

This work explores the everyday uses of rock music by women rock musicians, fans and DJs (amateurs), in a specific place (Portugal) and time (1990s-2014). Drawing on the work in the two main fields of music sociology and gender studies and its performative perspective to both gender and music (but also taking contributions from techno-feminist studies, science and technology studies, sociology of work, leisure and sports), this research takes a ‘music-in-action’ approach. This approach understands music as a social activity, as a network of connections between people, materials, discourses and activities. Rock music is best understood as a genre-in-action (not just as a semiotic text or reflection), as socio-material practice, in its collective, relational, performative, situated contexts of use - as rock musicking. As such, there are socio-material processes that constrain and enable women (as a minority group) doing and being in a masculinist rock music world. Taking a ‘mutual shaping’ approach to genre and gender, this research also takes into account how people use aesthetic materials in the processes of performative gendered identity making and relationship with others, as well as world building. The data consists of sixty in-depth interviews with Portuguese rockers (between 2012 and 2014), and supplementary field observations and follow-up interviews. The research found that girls and women’s musical opportunities are more restricted, but that they are also actively negotiated. Parental support and the presence of rock fathers in early years, as well as participation in male networks – whether or not a woman is romantically involved with ‘one of the boys’ – throughout the life course are pathways into rock musicking, as documented in other studies. Adding to the literature, this research highlights how not only in early years, but throughout the life course, rock musicking practices are dependent upon specific aesthetic (musical and visual) gender performances. From female masculinity to alternative femininities, rock music and its visual and material cultures are ‘active ingredients’ in doing and undoing gender. In Portugal, the absence of a strong riot grrrl movement and the lack of female/feminist networks, turns membership in male bands the norm. Consequently, either the “girl in the band’ or girl/female bands have to deal with their ‘novelty’ value. These rockers negotiate the labels of riot grrrl, feminist and grunge within a ‘girl power’ discourse, but mostly, struggling not to let their musical skills and value be obscured by their sex/ualization – developing high standards of musicianship, managing on-stage bodily disclosure, naming and praising their peers, aligning with an Anglo-Saxon rock female canon, but also othering female fans. In male bands, due to male skill ascription, women are segregated into traditional female musical roles, the singer, the bass player. On the other hand, women drummers get token value. At the expenses of instrument specialization, women undertake multi-instrumental pathways. Becoming musical agile selves and re-valuing (traditionally female) musical roles, playing conventions and body techniques. Women also appropriate mixers to spread their love for rock music. These women creatively expand rock music’s material culture, crafting it with clothes, acessories and even food. For rockers who are mothers, rock musicking becomes a technology of mothering. Taking Portuguese women rockers and their socio-musical practices, at both the everyday level and on the “spectacular” rock stage, this research adds to the international and growing body of work on gender and (rock) music across different disciplinary fields (sociology, popular music studies, feminist studies). It extends the traditional focus within popular music scholarship on Anglo-American rock culture, feminist mo(ve)ments, and subcultures, to place emphasis instead on an age group and place that has otherwise been overlooked.

O Ensino de Física em um mundo democrático requer mais práticas curriculares que abordem as implicações sociais da Ciência e da Tecnologia (C&T). Buscando articular uma visão marxista com pressupostos do movimento CTS, o presente trabalho de conclusão reporta uma experiência de ensino de máquinas térmicas que apresenta dois diferenciais: (1) situa a máquina térmica no contexto histórico da revolução industrial inglesa; (2) promove um jogo de interpretação de papéis (Roleplaying Game – RPG). A fundamentação teórica está baseada em três fontes principais: o referencial curricular CTS, a teoria do desenvolvimento de Lev Vygotsky1 e a reconstrução histórica de Eric Hobsbawm para a Revolução Industrial. O trabalho foi aplicado em duas turmas da 2ª série do Ensino Médio. Foi elaborado um produto educacional em hipermídia, voltado para professores. Nossos resultados sugerem que a proposta favoreceu que os alunos: (1) percebessem que a máquina térmica, situada em um palco de conflitos sociais, não pode ser compreendida somente como um aparato tecnológico; (2) vivenciassem os conflitos de uma posição social diferente da sua própria (a posição do operário de uma fábrica, por exemplo). / Physics teaching in a democratic world requires more curricular practices addressing social implications of Science and Technology (S&T). Intending to interweave a Marxian stance along with STS ideas, this text reports an experience of teaching thermal machines with two main distinctions: (1) it situates thermal machines in the context of British industrial revolution; (2) it involves a Roleplaying Game (RPG). The theoretical framework is based on three sources: STS curriculum design, Lev Vygotsky’s developmental psychology and Eric Hobsbawm’s account for Industrial Revolution. This experience was enacted twice with high school students. The emerging educational product (directed to other science teachers) was elaborated on hypermedia. The results suggest that this experience favored students’: (1) acknowledging that thermal machine, located in a stage of social conflicts, is not only a technological apparatus; (2) lived the conflicts of a different social position (eg., the role of an industry employee).

Background: The 30-day readmission rate is considered a quality of care measure for providers and has become important because providers might face reduced reimbursement from any increase in unplanned readmissions Objective: The aim of the first chapter is to investigate the waiting-length of stay (WLOS) and post-length of stay (PLOS) on the 30-day readmission. In the second chapter, we examined the hospital procedural volume and hospital quality on the 30-day readmission. Our objective in the third chapter is to examine the zip code-level SES factors on the 30-day readmission rates. Participants: patients undergoing isolated coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in Virginia Methods: A retrospective study design has been conducted using a multi-level logistic model of increasing complexity for all three chapters. The sample used was from the Virginia Cardiac Surgery Quality Initiative (VCSQI) of the periods 2008-2014, the dataset included patient characteristics. Afterward, we merged the sample with both the Virginia Health Information (VHI) to obtain hospital characteristics (ownership, teaching status, and location), and Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRF) to obtain county-socio-economic status (SES) characteristics (education, employment, and median household income), the previous SES was used for chapter’s one and two. In chapter three, instead of AHRF, we merged the sample with the American Community Survey (ACS) to obtain zip code-SES characteristics (employment, median household income, education, median house price). The main outcome was the 30-day readmission rate. The analytical sample of chapter one n = 22,097, in chapter two the sample n = 25,531, while in chapter three the sample n= 25,829. We conducted a sensitivity analysis in all three chapters. In chapter one we analyzed the data at the patient level, in chapter two we analyzed the data at the hospital level, while in chapter three we conducted the analysis at the area zip code level. Results: In chapter one, we found that readmitted patients after a prolonged PLOS had increased odds of readmission, by 68.7%, compared to readmitted patients with a shorter PLOS in the fully adjusted model; while, WLOS was not significant at the P < 0.05. In chapter two, the fully adjusted model displayed significant results with a reduced odds in readmissions by 22.8% in the middle-volume hospitals compared to the low-volume hospitals, while the middle-quality hospitals had increased odds of readmission by 23.5% compared to the low-quality hospitals. In chapter three, statistically, we did not find that area zip code-SES had an effect on the 30-day readmission rate. While, geographically, we found that addresses of individuals were clustered in certain areas of Virginia. Conclusion: In chapter one, patients undergoing CABG and experience a prolonged PLOS of > 6 days are at risk to be readmitted within 30-days of the procedure. In chapter two, the higher volume hospitals (middle-volume) compared to low-volume hospitals showed a significant reduction in odds in the 30-day readmissions, especially after adjusting the model with hospital quality. In chapter three, even though, there was no association of area-SES with 30-day readmission, in the maps, we found a cluster of patient addresses in the southern parts of Virginia with an increased readmission, which is considered underprivileged area; and the fact might be due to the proximity of these areas to cardiovascular hospitals. Policy Implication: In chapter one, the study provided a model for clinicians to stratify patients at risk of readmission, especially patients with risks of staying longer in the hospital after CABG. In chapter two, policymakers and the CMS should find new ways to help hospitals with low-volumes to reduce their isolated-CABG readmission rates and be able to compete with high-volume hospitals. In chapter three, no significant correlation between area-SES and readmission for patients who underwent CABG was found; these backs prior notion that SES should not be adjusted for the reimbursement penalties of the Hospital Readmission Reductions Program (HRRP) on hospitals

本研究目的為探討國內新聞從業人員在採訪創傷新聞事件後，是否亦間接地受到創傷壓力所影響；又，社會支持與記者的創傷壓力調適有何關聯；而至今國內新聞界在記者創傷議題這部分的認知與作法處於何種階段。在研究方法上，採用質化的深度訪談法，訪談了包括文字記者、攝影記者以及主管職位等13位國內電視新聞從業人員。研究結果發現，普遍而言，國內電視新聞從業人員所承受身心壓力都較一般人來得高，而部分曾經採訪過重大創傷事件或創傷受害者的記者，更可能經歷深層的創傷壓力徵狀，包括侵入性回憶、逃避、高度警覺等。另外，部分受訪記者對創傷新聞事件的反應冷靜，可能源自記者良好的心理建設，但仍有記者是因為同儕壓力、尋求榮譽感或生計壓力等原因，而必須表現勇敢、甚至漠然，此亦可能為創傷壓力反應的一種。容易造成記者創傷壓力的新聞事件主要包括兩類，一為重大災難，一為看似平常、但可能對個別記者影響深刻的普通新聞事件；而易造成創傷壓力之新聞事件特性包括事件本身的嚴重度、記者深入了解新聞故事、與記者關係密切的人成為新聞主角、具情感張力的畫面。最後，個性、性別、路線、職位、電視台定位等變項可能影響記者是否容易面對創傷事件並受創傷壓力所影響。 接著，研究發現記者主要以「自我調適」與「尋求社會支持」兩種方式來應對可能承受的創傷壓力。在自我調適的部分，受訪記者以「娛樂」以及「重新定義生命或工作價值」的方式，來調整自己的狀態。在尋求社會支持的部分，首先，不若國外文獻對同儕支持的全面推崇，國內記者認為同儕支持主要能夠滿足資訊層面，但對同儕支持所提供的情緒支持仍有遲疑，可能與國內新聞圈的競爭激烈有關；第二，記者認為新聞組織能夠、也必須提供全面的物質支持與資訊支持，但由於現今不論是第一線記者或新聞主管，對記者創傷議題仍不熟悉，因此大部分受訪記者對組織是否能提供情緒支持採保留態度；第三，國內電視記者已不排斥尋求專業支持，但這方面的資訊相當缺乏；第四，雖然記者在擔心傷害家人的情況下，對家庭較不提及自身所承受的創傷壓力，但家庭仍提供了記者深層的情緒支持；第五，宗教支持為國內記者能夠舒服地吐露自身壓力的管道，提供了全然的情緒支持，此為國內新聞脈絡較特殊之處。 再者，國內新聞界雖已開始對記者創傷議題開始有初步的認知與作法，但整體的普及度與實行度仍不高。本研究在理解國內情況與參考國外各新聞組織的作法後，對國內新聞界在記者創傷議題可能能夠努力的方向，提出了若干建議。最後，亦在思考研究發現與研究限制後，對未來學術研究提出幾點建議。 / This study investigated trauma experiences of journalists in Taiwan after covering disaster, crime and justice news or interviewing traumatized victims, and how social support mechanism plays a buffering role in their trauma-stress coping. This thesis also explored news rooms’ attention and response toward this issue. This study adapted the semi-structured interview and the grounded theory methodology to analyze in-depth interview data of 13 TV journalists inTaiwan, including script journalists, photojournalists, local journalists and managers. This study found that the interviewed journalists live under physical and mental pressure. Some of those who have covered traumatic news experienced traumatic symptoms, including intrusion, avoidance, and hyperarousal. Although some journalists keep calm when they confront traumatic stress events, we still couldn’t overlook the potential traumatic effect since journalists may suppress their authentic feelings because of peer pressure, sense of honor, or bread and butter. In addition, the interviewed journalists employed “self-adjustment” and “seeking social support” to deal with the traumatic stress. First, the journalists relieved their pressure by means of entertainment, and redefining the value of job and the priorities of life. As for social support, the journalists thought that peer support could satisfy the need of information, but may not necessarily offer fully emotional support because of the flaming competitions between journalists and news organizations. As for news rooms, the journalists asked for tangible support, namely resources and informational support, but were suspicious of the emotional support. Then, this study found that the journalists are willing to seek professional support, but seldom seek support from family because of the worry of horrifying their family members. However, it does not mean that the emotional support from family is not important, and being there is the best support for journalists. Finally, religion support is the main channel from which the journalists could feel safe, peace and calm, which is a unique phenomenon in the Taiwan media settings. In the end, after understanding the Taiwan media situations and consulting the practices of foreign news organizations, this study recommended some suggestions and implications for future studies and news rooms accordingly.

Dans cette thèse, nous avons abordé par la microscopie/spectroscopie tunnel l'étude de deux phénomènes mettant en jeu les interactions entre électrons : la supraconductivité et la transition Métal/Isolant de Mott. L'étude par microscopie/spectroscopie tunnel du graphite intercalé supraconducteur CaC6 a permis qu'il s'agissait d'un supraconducteur bien décrit par la théorie BCS conventionnelle, avec un gap à température nulle de 1,6+/0,2 meV. Toutefois, un léger élargissement des structures spectroscopiques témoignait d'une légère anisotropie du paramètre d'ordre dans le plan ab. Nous avons pu extraire par l'imagerie du réseau de vortex une longueur de cohérence extrapolée à température nulle de 38 nanomètres. La seconde partie du manuscrit est constitué par l'étude de la transition Isolant-Métal induites par pulses électriques dans GaTa4Se8, qui est un isolant de Mott faible, proche de la transition Isolant Métal. L'application du pulse électrique entraine l'apparition de zones métalliques dans une matrice isolante au sein du volume du matériau, ce qui fournit une explication des modèles phénoménologiques développés suite aux mesures de transport. De plus, l'application de rampes de tension lors des mesures spectroscopiques induit une transition Isolant-Métal locale, et pour des tensions encore plus élevées (V > 1.0V), on observe un gonflement de la surface sous l'effet du champ électrique. L'étude du composé dopé en électrons de formule Ga0,91Zn0,15Ta4Se8 montre que si le dopage induit effectivement une métallicité, la transition observée sous pulse se rapproche plus d'une transition induite par une modification du rapport t/U que d'une transition induite par dopage. Ce manuscrit pose la question de savoir si ces phénomènes sont intrinsèques à GaTa4Se8 ou généralisables aux autres isolants de Mott faibles.

<p>Sverige är ett framstående land inom medicinteknik, och har genom åren producerat flera viktiga innovationer, såsom pacemakern, ultraljud och kuvösen, vilka bidragit till bättre och effektivare vård. Många av idéerna till dessa innovationer har sitt ursprung inom grundforskning, medan utveckling och kommersialisering sker inom industrin. Syftet med uppsatsen är att studera och analysera vilka problem som kan föreligga då teknik utvecklad i ett forskningssammanhang vidareutvecklats och kommersialiseras i en affärskontext.</p><p>Studien bygger på en kvalitativ fallstudie av hur teknikutvecklingen fortskridit mot kommersialisering inom det medicintekniska företaget SciBase AB, som utvecklat en produkt och metod för diagnostik av hudcancern malignt melanom. Analysen har genomförts utifrån ett sociotekniskt perspektiv, och bygger på teorier hämtade från STS- och IMP-fältet.</p><p>Studien bekräftar svårigheten att inpassa något nytt i ett befintligt affärssammanhang, och hur befintliga relationer och regulatorer har en avgörande inverkan på vad som utvecklas till en innovation. Vidare visas att teknik påverkas av det sammanhang i vilken den utvecklas, vilket senare påverkar möjligheten att inbädda tekniken i en affärskontext.</p>