Das Eingliedern festsitzender kieferorthopädischer Apparaturen macht das vorherige Anrauhen des Schmelzes notwendig. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit bestand darin zu ermitteln, ob ein zeit- und ausdehnungsbezogen überschüssiges kieferorthopädisches Ätzen des Schmelzes über die Fläche des zu befestigenden Brackets hinaus mit 30% Phosphorsäure zu einem erhöhten Risiko für White-Spot-Läsionen beitragen kann. Zusätzlich wurde getestet, inwieweit die Faktoren Zahnreinigung, Ätzdauer und Zeitdauer auf die mögliche Entstehung von White-Spot-Läsionen Einfluss nehmen. Für diese in-vitro-Studie wurden 90 extrahierte menschliche obere mittlere und seitliche Frontzähne verwendet. Die Zahnkronen mit einem Durchmesser von mindestens fünf mm wurden in Kunststoff eingebettet und mit Schleifpapier poliert. Es wurde jeweils eine Baseline-Messung mittels Quantitativer lichtinduzierter Fluoreszenz (QLF) durchgeführt, während der die Referenzbereiche für die nachfolgenden Messungen festgelegt wurden. Anschließend wurden die 90 Prüfkörper randomisiert in sechs Gruppen aufgeteilt. Drei Gruppen wurden täglich einer standardisierten Reinigung unterzogen und jeweils zu Versuchsbeginn 30 Sekunden, 15 Sekunden oder 0 Sekunden mit 30% Phosphorsäure angeätzt. Die Prüfkörper der anderen drei Gruppen wurden keiner Reinigung unterzogen und ebenfalls 30, 15 oder 0 Sekunden angeätzt. Während 42 aufeinanderfolgenden Tagen wurden alle Prüfkörper einem pH-Zyklus unterzogen: Die Demineralisation erfolgte für 60 Minuten. Hierauf folgte eine 120 minütige Remineralisation. Dieser Zyklus wurde drei Mal pro Tag durchgeführt. Nach dem letzten Zyklus wurden drei Gruppen mithilfe einer Zahnputzmaschine, die mit eingespannten Bürstenköpfen und einem Gemisch aus künstlichem Speichel und fluoridhaltiger Zahnpasta arbeitete, standardisiert gereinigt. Nach 2, 7, 14, 21 und 42 Tagen wurden die Fluoreszenzwerte der Schmelzoberflächen mittels QLF ermittelt. Bei der Auswertung der Messergebnisse zeigte sich ein signifikanter Einfluss  (p < 0,01) aller drei Faktoren (Reinigung, Ätzdauer, Versuchszeit) auf die Fluoreszenzwerte. Die Fläche der Demineralisation wurde nur durch die Ätzdauer signifikant beeinflusst. Der Einfluss der längeren Ätzdauer (30 Sekunden) verstärkte sich insbesondere bei den ungereinigten Prüfkörpern. Der DeltaQ-Wert wurde lediglich durch die verstrichene Versuchszeit in Kombination mit 30 sekündigem Ätzen signifikant beeinflusst (p < 0,02). Werden angeätzte Schmelzbereiche nicht von Bonding oder Bracket bedeckt, ist somit mit einer verstärkten Entstehung von White-Spot-Läsionen zu rechnen. Folglich ist bei der kieferorthopädischen Bracketbefestigung darauf zu achten, die Ätzfläche auf die Fläche des zu klebenden Brackets zu beschränken und Ätzzeiten von 15 Sekunden nicht zu überschreiten.

The primary goal of this study was to determine the impact of price discrimination on tourism demand. Four objectives were defined with reference to the primary research goal. The first objective was to analyse the concept of price discrimination and relevant theories by means of a literature study. In this regard it was found that price discrimination between markets is fairly common and that it occurs if the same goods were sold to different customers at different prices. Price discrimination is also possible as soon as some monopoly power exists and it is feasible when it is impossible or at least impractical for the buyers to trade among themselves. Three different kinds of price discrimination can be applied, namely first-degree, second-degree and third-degree price discrimination. The data also indicated that price discrimination is advantageous (it mainly increases profit) and that it has several other effects too. The second objective was to analyse examples of price discrimination by means of international case studies. In these different case studies it was found that demand and supply, therefore consumer and product, formed the basis of price discrimination. If demand did not exist, it would be impossible to apply price discrimination. The findings also indicated that, for an organisation to be able to practice price discrimination, the markets must be separated effectively and it will only be successful if there is a significant difference in demand elasticity between the different consumers. Furthermore, the ability to charge these different prices will depend on the consumer's ability and willingness to pay. If an organisation should decide to price discriminate, it would lead to a higher profit, a more optimal pricing policy and also to an increase in sales. The third objective was to analyse national case studies. This was done through comparing the data of a tourism organisation price discriminating (Mosetlha Bush Camp, situated in the North West) to two organisations that did not implement price discrimination (Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park in the Northern Cape and Golden Leopard Resort, also situated in the North West). It was found that a customer with low price elasticity is less deterred by a higher price than a customer with a high price elasticity of demand. As long as the customer's price elasticity is less than one, it will be very advantageous to increase the price: the seller will in this case get more money for less goods. With the increase in price the price elasticity tends to rise above one. The fourth objective was to draw conclusions and make recommendations. It was concluded that price discrimination could be applied successfully in virtually any organisation or industry. Furthermore, price discrimination does not always have a negative effect; but can have a positive ass well. It can have a positive effect on tourism demand. The findings emphasised that the main reason for implementing price discrimination is to increase profit at the cost of reducing consumer surplus. From the results it was recommended that more research on this topic should be conducted. / Thesis (M.Com. (Tourism))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

In dieser Arbeit wird ein Modell zur integrierten Verkehrsnachfrage- und Nutzenberechnung für den privaten Personenverkehr entwickelt, mit dem eine harmonisierte Bewertung der entscheidungsrelevanten Aufwände der Verkehrsteilnehmer in der Verkehrsnachfragemodellierung und der Nutzen-Kosten-Analyse ermöglicht wird. Notwendig ist die Modellentwicklung und die damit verbundene Zusammenführung, da die derzeit praktizierte methodische Trennung zum einen nicht theoriekonform mit der Nutzen-Kosten-Analyse ist, zum anderen daraus fehlerhafte Ergebnisse im Rahmen der ökonomischen Gesamtbewertung einer Verkehrsinvestition resultieren können. Das entwickelte Modell liefert als Ergebnis einerseits die Verkehrsnachfrage für den Ohne- und Mitfall (ohne und mit zu bewertender Verkehrsinvestition), andererseits wird die Änderung der Konsumentenrente der Verkehrsteilnehmer ausgegeben, die unmittelbar in die Nutzen-Kosten-Analyse einfließt. Das zugrundegelegte Verkehrsnachfragemodell ist das EVA-Logit-Modell, das dem EVA-Grundmodell in Form eines Logit-Modells entspricht und damit mikroökonomisch interpretierbar und integrierbar ist. Die Nutzenänderung der Verkehrsteilnehmer wird durch das Integral des EVA-Logit-Modells bestimmt und mit Hilfe der in der Verkehrsnachfrage modellierten Bewertungspräferenzen der Verkehrsteilnehmer gegenüber den Reisekosten monetarisiert. Das Ergebnis stellt die konsistent bestimmte Änderung der Konsumentenrente dar. Die Funktionsfähigkeit und Verwendbarkeit des entwickelten Modells wird anhand einer Beispielanwendung getestet.

再保險交易為國內產物保險業者經營業務及風險管理上不可或缺之工具，近年衍生融通資金及改善財務結構之財務面功能，並傳出國際知名保險業者不當運用之情事，而引起各國保險監理機關之重視，開始建立再保險完整之監理制度及詳細規範。就我國產險業而言，現行再保險交易分出業務之會計處理，可透過再保費支出、再保佣金收入、再保攤回賠款及提存未滿期保費準備減少數等會計科目，產生盈餘釋放數，進而操控公司財務報表。本研究擬探討我國產險公司是否會利用承作再保險交易從事盈餘管理。 本研究分別採用縱橫資料迴歸及分量迴歸兩種模型，以1994-2008年之國內12家產險公司為樣本，探討再保險交易量及再保險交易盈餘釋放數與盈餘管理動機之關聯。實證結果顯示我國產險公司，就資本市場動機而言，當期盈餘數愈低者，會避免虧損而從事愈多再保險交易或有愈高之盈餘釋放數，若當期盈餘低於前期愈多者，則有愈高之盈餘釋放數；就稅負動機而言，若為高稅負成本者，將從事較少再保險交易或有較低之盈餘釋放數；惟就監理動機而言，發現產險公司保單持有人盈餘與實收資本之45%的差距愈小者，反而從事愈少之再保險交易。 / Reinsurance is an indispensable tool for property-casualty insurers’ business operating and risk management. In recent years, reinsurance derived some financial functions such capital finance and financial structure improvement. Some of the world famous insurers had been found improper use of financial reinsurance, which caused regulators of various countries try to establish more supervisory systems and detailed standards to monitor such behavior. The present accounting procedures of reinsurance ceded-out business might release surplus through reinsurance premiums ceded, reinsurance commission earned, claims recovered from reinsures, and the decrease of unearned premium reserves, which release might give insurers to manipulate the financial reporting. Therefore, this research attempts to examine association between reinsurance arrangements and earnings management on Taiwan’s property-casualty insurers. This research applies panel data model and quantile regression model to test the reinsurance transactions and the surplus release associated with earnings management motivation. The data draw from12 property-casualty Taiwan’s insurers from 1994 to 2008. For capital market motivations, the evidence indicates that property-casualty insurers manage more reinsurance transactions or the higher surplus release to avoid losses, and manage the higher surplus release to avoid earnings decreases. For tax burden motivations, the result shows that the higher tax burden insurers have, the fewer insurers manage reinsurance transactions and the lower surplus release. However, for regulatory motivations, the empirical results indicate that the less difference between policyholders’ surplus and 45% of total capital has, the fewer reinsurance transactions are being managed.

A sociedade contemporânea está em transição. O mundo moderno, cartesiano e positivista, cede espaço à conduta pós-moderna, em que a tônica é a liquidez e a efemeridade. O capital amolda-se a essa transformação, mantendo a relação simbiótica com as instituições públicas e influenciando nas decisões estatais. No espaço urbano, essa transformação se traduz em conflito e desigualdade das oportunidades de acesso à terra, à infraestrutura e aos serviços públicos. Essa situação é agravada pela ausência de efetividade e de ineficiência das ações do Estado. O objetivo deste trabalho é o de pesquisar qual o papel do Estado, do Direito e da Justiça brasileira, influenciados pelo capital, em direção à cidade justa, na sociedade pós-moderna. Por meio do exame do ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, que pressupõe igualdade, justiça, solidariedade social e participação popular como princípios constitucionais expressos, busca-se verificar a evolução e efetividade do procedimento administrativo de recuperação de mais-valias urbanas. Para isso utiliza-se o processo de implantação, execução e ampliação do Shopping Center Iguatemi, na cidade de Porto Alegre, analisando-se a materialidade da justa distribuição dos ônus e benefícios decorrentes do processo de urbanização, como um dos modos de promoção da cidade justa. / Contemporary society is in transition. The modern, cartesian and positivist world, gives way to postmodern conduct, in which liquidity and ephemerality stand out. Capital molds to this transformation, maintaining the symbiotic relationship with public institutions and influencing state decisions. In urban space, this transformation translates into conflict and inequality of access to land, infrastructure and public services. This situation is exacerbated by the lack of effectiveness and the inefficiency of the State. The goal of this work is to investigate the role of the Brazilian State, Law and Justice, influenced by capital, towards to the just city, in postmodern society. Through the examination of the Brazilian legal system, which presupposes equality, justice, social solidarity and popular participation as expressed in the constitutional principles, it is sought to verify the evolution and effectiveness of the administrative procedure for the recovery of urban surplus value. In this regard, it is used the process of implantation, execution and expansion of the Shopping Center Iguatemi, in the city of Porto Alegre, analyzing the materiality of the fair distribution of the onus and benefits emerging from the process of urbanization, as one of the means to reach of the just city.

Energieffektivisering är intressant för alla industrier, eftersom det handlar om minskning av både energianvändning och kostnad. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att analysera potentiell energiåtervinning av spillvärme från en mangel vid Limatvätten AB. Limatvätten AB är en stor och modern tvätterianläggning. Limatvätten tvättar åt främst hotell- och restaurangkunder. Limatvätten AB har egna textilier som hyrs ut till hotell, konferenser m.m. Största kunderna finns i Sälenfjällen och Siljansregionen. Då inga processdata fanns tillgängliga för detta arbete krävdes mätningar för att få basinformationen. Utifrån mätningar beräknas mängden av energi som kan återvinnas. Systemförslag för värmeåtervinning ges även i rapporten. Aquavent är en värmeväxlare som använder ventilationsvärme från manglar. Vattnet som värms upp i aquavent leds in i tvättrören, vilket leder till minskning av ångförbrukning i tvättprocesser. Temperaturförändring är beroende av värmeväxlarens verkningsgrad, ju högre temperaturförändring det är desto mer mängd av energiåtervinning fås. Efter identifiering av problemet kartlades tidsplan, lämpliga instrument samt intressanta parametrar. Fukthalten, temperaturen och dynamiska trycket har mätts. Formlerna som beskrivs i teoriavsnittet har använts till de flesta beräkningarna med hjälp av Excel. Av resultatet framkommer att maximala energibesparingen blir 184 MWh/år om all överskottsvärme från manglarna återanvänds. Utifrån resultatet blir den totala besparingspotentialen på 57 000 SEK/år. Ytterligare kompletterande mätningar och analyser behövs för att få tillräckligt bra beslutsunderlag. Men detta arbete tyder på att ytterligare analys är intressant. Resultaten visar det att finns potential att använda överskottsvärme från Limatvättens manglar. Förutom besparingen av energin så minskas också klimatpåverkan eftersom överskottsenergin återanvänds igen som annars skulle försvinna ut i atmosfären. Om två av manglarna kopplas med ett värmeåtervinningssystem, resulterar det en dubblering på besparingspotentialen. För att få ett mera noggrant resultat kunde man logga en längre tid för mätningarna för att se förändring kring de mätande storheterna t.ex. genom att installera mätare som loggar till en dag eller till med en vecka. Övervakning och tolererande givare behövs dock. / Energy efficiency is in the interest of all industries, as it involves the reduction of both energy and cost. The purpose of this project for a bachelor’s degree is to analyse potential energy recovery of waste heat from an ironer. The work was carried out at Limatvätten AB, which is a large and modern laundry facility. Limatvätten AB is a textile service company that has been in existence for 50 years. The Lima laundry’s main customers are from the hotel and restaurant business. Limatvätten AB has its own textiles that are rented to hotels, conferences, etc. The largest customers are in Sälenfjällen and in the Siljan region. The work is done by identifying moisture, temperature and dynamic pressure in an ironer Based on measurements, the amount of energy that can be recycled is calculated. Heat recovery system proposals are also given in the report. Aquavent is a heat exchanger that uses ventilation heat from the ironers. The water that is heated in the aquavent is led into the washing pipes, which leads to the reduction of steam consumption in washing processes. Temperature change depends on the heat exchanger's efficiency, the higher the temperature change, the more amount of energy recovery is obtained. After identification of the problem, a timetable was mapped, and appropriate instruments and interesting parameters were chosen. The moisture content, temperature and dynamic pressure have been measured. The equations described in the theory section are used for most of the calculations with the help of Excel. According to the result, the energy saving will be 184 MWh/year if all excess heat from a mangle is reused. Based on the result, the total savings potential is SEK 57 000 /year. According to the results, it is shown that there is the potential to use excess heat from the Lima wash ironers. In addition to the saving of energy, climate impact is also reduced, as the excess energy is again reused which would otherwise disappear into the atmosphere. If two of the ironers are coupled with a heat recovery system, it results in a doubling on the savings potential.

Made available in DSpace on 2008-05-13T13:47:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2027.pdf: 569965 bytes, checksum: a32f8bd18e6a013bd20dd91dcb5acba3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-08-25 / During the last years, the accountancy of the results of the public companies in the values which evaluate the necessity of financing the public sector and the stock of the net debt of the public sector has guaranteed the fulfillment of the goals fixed to the primary surplus but has limited the quantity of the resources which the public companies can loan to invest. As we exam the treatment that the public companies receive in the agreements made by Brazil with IMF in relation to what is established in the IMF Manuals, in the European Union and in legal Brazilian diplomas, we find discrepancy of treatment, what makes us suppose that there are conditions even to include or to exclude the public companies accounts, not only on the definition of the results in terms of deficit or fiscal surplus, but also on the calculation of the values of the public debt. As we consider the manuals and the Brazilian legislation, we verify the possibility to adopt a similar treatment as the one which exists in the European Union, excluding these societies of the deficit and debt accounts. The object of this paper is to discuss the treatment of the accounts of the productive public companies in the budget of the public sector, using as example Petrobras, and analyze two possibilities: the first is the exclusion of these public companies accounts not only from the verification of the results in terms of deficit or fiscal surplus, but also in the calculation of the values of the public debt. The second possibility is that the accounts of these companies at least be removed from the primary surplus calculation. Petrobras, for example, has all of its investments paid by its own resources which come from the products it commercializes or are obtained at the market. Besides, Petrobras does not receive any public resource. On the contrary, it significantly contributes to the public income of the country, the states and the cities, by the means of payment of taxes, contributions, dividends and royalties by the oil and natural gas extraction. Petrobras is the biggest individual contributor of Brazil and has proposed a very important economy of foreign exchange reserves during its history. By these reasons, we suggest the exclusion of the accounts of the productive public companies of the deficit and debt accounts of the public sector. In the case that this suggestion may not be adopted, we suggest that at least these companies be excluded of the calculation of the primary surplus of the public sector. At this paper, we analyze the case of Petrobras, the federal public company which represents the best conditions to these suggestions. / Nos últimos anos, a contabilização do resultado das empresas estatais nos números que medem a necessidade de financiamento do setor público e o estoque da dívida líquida do setor público tem garantido o cumprimento das metas fixadas para o superávit primário mas tem limitado a quantidade de recursos que as empresas do governo podem tomar na forma de empréstimo para fins de investimento. Ao examinarmos o tratamento dado às contas das Empresas Estatais nos acordos do Brasil com o FMI em relação ao estabelecido nos manuais do Fundo, na União Européia e em diplomas legais brasileiros, encontramos discrepância de tratamento, o que nos faz supor que há condições tanto para a inclusão como para a exclusão das contas das Empresas Estatais, não apenas na apuração dos resultados em termos de déficit ou superávit fiscal, mas também no cálculo dos valores da dívida pública. Ao considerarmos os manuais e a legislação brasileira, verificamos a possibilidade de se adotar um tratamento similar ao empregado na União Européia, excluindo essas sociedades das contas de déficit e dívida. Essa dissertação se propõe a discutir o tratamento das contas das empresas estatais produtivas no orçamento do setor público, utilizando como exemplo a Petrobras, e analisar duas possibilidades: a primeira é a exclusão das contas dessas estatais não apenas na apuração dos resultados em termos de déficit ou superávit fiscal, mas também no cálculo dos valores da dívida pública. A segunda possibilidade é que as contas dessas empresas pelo menos sejam retiradas do cálculo do superávit primário. A Petrobras, por exemplo, possui todos os seus investimentos custeados por recursos próprios oriundos da comercialização de seus produtos ou por captação no mercado. Além disso, a Petrobras não recebe qualquer recurso do governo. Pelo contrário, ela contribui significativamente para a receita pública da União, dos estados e dos municípios, por meio do pagamento de impostos, taxas, contribuições, dividendos e royalties pela extração de petróleo e gás natural, sendo a maior contribuinte individual do Brasil, além da economia de divisas proporcionada ao longo de sua história. Pelos motivos acima expostos, sugerimos a exclusão das contas das empresas estatais produtivas das contas de déficit e de dívida do setor público. Caso esta proposta não seja adotada, sugerimos que pelo menos essas empresas sejam excluídas do cálculo do superávit primário do setor público. Neste documento, analisamos o caso da Petrobras, a empresa estatal federal que apresenta as melhores condições para essas propostas.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-19T19:29:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 01 - capa_abstract.pdf: 104110 bytes, checksum: 9a26d488fd09651766208a527c72bc65 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The Maquine Cavern is an important natural resource system located at Cordisburgo, in the state of Minas Gerais. It was built by nature in the last few thousand years and it is a significant source of knowledge to researchers and income to local people. Therefore, it is very important to preserve it. Visitors characteristics and econometric estimation of demand systems are key information which may be important to resource management decisions at local, state and federal levels. This study objective was to find the economic value of the Maquine Cavern. Specifically, the objectives were: a) To profile the Maquine Cavern visitor; b) To analyze the consumer surplus and the visitors response to variations in the admission fee by county; b) To analyze the consumer surplus and the visitors response to variations in the admission fee by consumer. The theory behind this study was the demand theory and public goods theory which support economic valuation methodologies to estimate natural resource prices . The analytical procedure was the Travel Cost method. Data were obtained by interviews (298) made with visitors in July 2007. Results showed that most visitors have high educational levels and generally do not travel alone and visit Maquine Cavern for the first time. Visitors which travel using their own cars show a high demand for visits and most visitors have monthly income between 2 and 5 minimum wages. The estimated Maquine Cavern average value with county data, i.e., the average willingness to pay for visits to the Maquine Cavern, revealed by visitors decisions in each county, was R$ 80.654,81. The average willingness to pay for visits to the Maquine Cavern, revealed by visitors when using individual data, was even smaller, R$ 12.688,32. The main conclusion was that estimated values do not show the real willingness to pay by individual for Maquine Cavern visits since the travel cost method did allow only the estimation of use values which represents a small part of total economic value of this natural resource. / A Gruta do Maquiné é um importante ativo ambiental do Município de Cordisburgo, no Estado de Minas Gerais. Formada ao longo de milhares de anos pela própria natureza, suas especificidades a colocam como fonte enriquecedora de conhecimento e também como fonte geradora de renda, fazendo-se, portanto, essencial a sua proteção. O conhecimento do perfil do visitante da Gruta do Maquiné e a estimativa da demanda de visitantes são informações que podem contribuir para melhor tomada de decisão dos gestores municipais, estaduais e nacional desse ativo. Dessa forma, o objetivo geral deste trabalho consistiu em determinar o valor econômico do ativo ambiental Gruta do Maquiné - MG. Especificamente pretendeu-se: a) traçar o perfil do turista da Gruta do Maquiné; b) analisar a resposta dos consumidores às variações na taxa de admissão da Gruta do Maquiné e o excedente do consumidor por município; c) analisar a resposta dos consumidores às variações na taxa de admissão da Gruta do Maquiné e o excedente do consumidor por indivíduo. A teoria que deu sustentação a este estudo foi a de demanda e a de bens públicos, que fornece o suporte necessário às metodologias de valoração econômica para a estimação dos preços dos ativos ambientais. O procedimento analítico usado foi o método do custo de viagem. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de questionários (298) aplicados aos visitantes da gruta no mês de julho de 2007. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que a maioria dos visitantes possui alto nível de escolaridade; em geral viajam acompanhados e visitam a gruta pela primeira vez. Observou-se ainda que os turistas que viajam em carro próprio apresentam demanda maior por visitas à Gruta do Maquiné e que a maior parcela de visitantes detém renda entre 2 e 5 salários mínimos. O valor médio estimado para a Gruta do Maquiné MG com dados agrupados por município, ou seja, a disposição total média a pagar por visitas à Gruta de Maquiné, revelada pelos visitantes de cada região, foi R$ 80.654,81. A disposição total média a pagar por visitas à Gruta, revelada pelos visitantes, quando avaliada por indivíduos foi ainda menor, R$ 12.688,32, comparativamente àquele valor obtido por município. Conclui- se, portanto, que os valores estimados não traduzem a real disposição dos indivíduos a pagarem por visitas à Gruta do Maquiné, visto que o método aplicado permitiu estimar somente o valor de uso direto do ativo, que representa apenas uma pequena parcela do valor econômico total deste ativo ambiental.

A sociedade contemporânea está em transição. O mundo moderno, cartesiano e positivista, cede espaço à conduta pós-moderna, em que a tônica é a liquidez e a efemeridade. O capital amolda-se a essa transformação, mantendo a relação simbiótica com as instituições públicas e influenciando nas decisões estatais. No espaço urbano, essa transformação se traduz em conflito e desigualdade das oportunidades de acesso à terra, à infraestrutura e aos serviços públicos. Essa situação é agravada pela ausência de efetividade e de ineficiência das ações do Estado. O objetivo deste trabalho é o de pesquisar qual o papel do Estado, do Direito e da Justiça brasileira, influenciados pelo capital, em direção à cidade justa, na sociedade pós-moderna. Por meio do exame do ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, que pressupõe igualdade, justiça, solidariedade social e participação popular como princípios constitucionais expressos, busca-se verificar a evolução e efetividade do procedimento administrativo de recuperação de mais-valias urbanas. Para isso utiliza-se o processo de implantação, execução e ampliação do Shopping Center Iguatemi, na cidade de Porto Alegre, analisando-se a materialidade da justa distribuição dos ônus e benefícios decorrentes do processo de urbanização, como um dos modos de promoção da cidade justa. / Contemporary society is in transition. The modern, cartesian and positivist world, gives way to postmodern conduct, in which liquidity and ephemerality stand out. Capital molds to this transformation, maintaining the symbiotic relationship with public institutions and influencing state decisions. In urban space, this transformation translates into conflict and inequality of access to land, infrastructure and public services. This situation is exacerbated by the lack of effectiveness and the inefficiency of the State. The goal of this work is to investigate the role of the Brazilian State, Law and Justice, influenced by capital, towards to the just city, in postmodern society. Through the examination of the Brazilian legal system, which presupposes equality, justice, social solidarity and popular participation as expressed in the constitutional principles, it is sought to verify the evolution and effectiveness of the administrative procedure for the recovery of urban surplus value. In this regard, it is used the process of implantation, execution and expansion of the Shopping Center Iguatemi, in the city of Porto Alegre, analyzing the materiality of the fair distribution of the onus and benefits emerging from the process of urbanization, as one of the means to reach of the just city.

A presente pesquisa se situa no contexto das investigações que buscam contribuir para o ensino de matemática nas séries iniciais da escolaridade. As investigações nesta área sugerem que as habilidades metacognitivas do indivíduo devam se tornar o foco da instrução em sala de aula. A literatura sobre educação matemática destaca as atividades de resolução de problemas como especialmente significativas para a investigação dos processos metacognitivos do aluno. Além disto, o tema problemas aritméticos verbais com história tem gerado numerosos artigos e livros que analisam as diversas categorias de problemas existentes, entre eles os problemas de adição/subtração e de multiplicação/divisão. Assim, o presente trabalho se propõe a investigar a eficácia de procedimento de desenvolvimento de habilidades metacognitivas em matemática, utilizando-se de problemas aritméticos verbais com história em um ambiente lúdico de aprendizagem. A amostra foi composta com 100 alunos de três turmas de segunda série do Ensino Fundamental. Todos os alunos foram avaliados por meio da Prova de Problemas Aritméticos Verbais com História (de adição, subtração, multiplicação e divisão) e o Subteste de Aritmética do Teste de Desempenho Escolar TDE. A partir dos resultados obtidos nestas duas avaliações, cada classe foi dividida em duas metades, a primeira, com resultados superiores à mediana, compôs o grupo de controle superior, e a segunda, com resultados inferiores à mediana, foi novamente subdividida, sendo que, um quarto compôs o grupo de controle inferior e o outro quarto, o grupo de intervenção. Este grupo recebeu o treinamento em habilidades metacognitivas em matemática em um ambiente lúdico de aprendizagem, ao longo do segundo semestre letivo, num total de 11 sessões, enquanto os outros dois grupos de controle participaram de atividades placebo. No final de cada semestre letivo, todos os alunos foram novamente avaliados, como no seu início. A análise estatística dos resultados obtidos no TDE e na Prova de Problemas Aritméticos revelou diferença significativa nas duas avaliações apenas para os alunos do Grupo de Intervenção. Para os dois Grupos de Controle, a diferença foi significativa somente no TDE. Assim, foi possível concluir que o treinamento realizado com o Grupo de Intervenção foi eficaz no sentido de promover uma melhoria nas habilidades metacognitivas em matemática. / This research situates within the context of investigations that seek to contribute to the teaching of mathematics in the early grades of schooling. Investigations in this area suggest that the metacognitive skills of the individual should become the focus of instruction in the classroom. The literature on mathematics education highlights the activities of problem solving as particularly significant for the investigation of the metacognitive processes of the student. Moreover, the theme of \"verbal arithmetic problems with history\" has generated numerous articles and books about the different categories of problems, including the problems of addition / subtraction and multiplication / division. The present study aims to investigate the effectiveness of the procedure of developing metacognitive skills in mathematics, using the \"verbal arithmetic problems with the story\" in a playful learning environment. The sample is composed of 100 students from three classes of second grade of elementary school. All students were assessed using the Test of Verbal Arithmetic Problems with History (addition, subtraction, multiplication and division) and the arithmetic subtest of the Test of Educational Achievement - TDE. From the results obtained in these two evaluations, each class was divided into two halves, the first are better than the median, composed the Control Higher Group, and second, with results below the median was again divided, with one quarter composed the Control Lower Group and the other fourth the Intervention Group. This group received training in metacognitive skills in mathematics in a playful learning environment, during the second semester, a total of eleven sessions, while the other two control groups participated in activities placebo. At the end of each semester all students were re-evaluated, as in the beginning. Statistical analysis of results obtained in the TDE and Problem Arithmetic Test revealed significant differences in the two ratings for the students in the intervention group. For the two control groups, the difference was significant only in the TDE. Thus, we concluded that the training carried out with the group intervention was effective in promoting an improvement in metacognitive skills in mathematics.