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A severa degradação do meio ambiente, causada pela ação do homem nas últimas décadas, tem forçado as organizações a tomarem providências no sentido de reduzir os efeitos negativos causados pelas atividades industriais. Neste sentido, os indicadores de sustentabilidade têm crescido em importância, pois permitem avaliar o nível de sustentabilidade das mais diversas entidades, identificando os potenciais de melhoria e o progresso obtido. Apesar da grande variedade de indicadores existentes, ainda existem áreas pouco exploradas, como é o caso dos indicadores para o desenvolvimento de produtos na indústria de autopeças. Com o objetivo de contribuir para a criação de produtos mais sustentáveis, orientando o processo de desenvolvimento desde as fases iniciais, foi proposto neste trabalho um conjunto de indicadores de sustentabilidade, divididos em indicadores de sustentabilidade para produtos e indicadores de sustentabilidade para gestão de projetos. Estes dois conjuntos de indicadores foram definidos com base no estudo das melhores práticas e recomendações de projeto para o meio ambiente e sustentabilidade, nos indicadores de sustentabilidade existentes e nas necessidades da indústria automotiva. O resultado foi um conjunto de 23 indicadores de sustentabilidade para produtos, como o objetivo de avaliar as características técnicas do produto de forma quantitativa, e 26 indicadores de sustentabilidade para gestão de projetos, com o objetivo de avaliar se os principais aspectos e recomendações de projeto para a sustentabilidade estão sendo considerados ao longo do processo de desenvolvimento, de forma qualitativa. Para demonstrar a aplicação dos indicadores propostos, foi apresentado um exemplo, baseado no desenvolvimento de um novo componente para motores diesel, partindo desde o planejamento estratégico até a descontinuação do produto do mercado. O exemplo demonstrou que os indicadores definidos foram bastante úteis no sentido de orientar a equipe de desenvolvimento para a obtenção de um produto sustentável, com base nas metas definidas no início do projeto, podendo ser incorporadas ao processo de desenvolvimento por empresas do setor automotivo. / The severe environmental degradation caused by human activities in recent decades has forced organizations to take actions and measures in order to reduce or eliminate the negative effects caused by industrial activities. In this sense, sustainability indicators have grown in importance because they allow to assess the level of sustainability from various entities, identifying potential for improvement and progress achieved. Despite the great variety of existing indicators, there are still unexplored areas, such as indicators for product development in the auto parts industry. Aiming to contribute to the creation of more sustainable products, guiding the development process since the earliest stages, it was proposed in this work a set of sustainability indicators, divided into product indicators and design indicators. These two sets of indicators were defined based on the study of best practices and recommendations from various techniques such as design for environment and sustainability, study of existing sustainability indicators and the needs of the automotive industry. The result was a set of 23 product indicators, evaluating the product characteristics in a quantitatively way, and 26 design indicators, assessing whether the main aspects and techniques of design for sustainability are being considered throughout the development process, in a qualitative way. In order to demonstrate the application and use of the proposed indicators, it was presented an example, based on the development of a new component for diesel engines, starting from strategic planning to the product discontinuation from the market. The example showed that the defined indicators are very useful in guiding the development team to achieve a sustainable product, based on the goals defined at the beginning of the project, which can be incorporated into the development process for automotive companies.

Inúmeras alterações vêm acontecendo na sociedade contemporânea devido ao surgimento de novas tecnologias, fato esse que tem influenciado várias áreas do conhecimento e alterado de forma significativa o estilo de vida da sociedade. Um dos impactos que a comunidade vem experimentando devido ao seu atual modo de vida é um contínuo e vertiginoso uso dos recursos naturais, que consecutivamente produzem abalos ambientais. Em vista disso, está crescendo o grau de conscientização da sociedade, e as empresas estão sendo impelidas a responder e se responsabilizar pelos impactos negativos gerados por suas atividades, mudando assim, paulatinamente o cenário social e ambiental. Para sanar tal situação, uma nova ferramenta com base em serviços veio proporcionar um desenvolvimento econômico apoiado na desmaterialização do crescimento, conhecido como Sistema Produto-Serviço Sustentável (SPSS). Algumas das características deste sistema se alteram em virtude das necessidades do cliente ou de acordo com a solução, priorizando o atendimento de componentes tangíveis ou intangíveis. O objetivo do estudo é propor um Mapa Visual para categorização de Modelos de Negócio de Sistemas Produto-Serviço Sustentáveis. Em relação ao caminho metodológico para atingir o objetivo proposto, foi desenvolvida uma pesquisa de natureza aplicada, com abordagem qualitativa do problema, descritiva e se valendo de técnicas bibliográfica e documental, e estudo de caso de um mobiliário escolar informatizado. Como resultado da pesquisa, propõe-se um Mapa Visual, composto por 3 categorias, 9 sub-categorias e 45 critérios para categorização de Modelos de Negócio (MN) de SPSS. / Several changes occur in the contemporaneous society, in several areas of knowledge. The impacts produced generated in the last years due to technologies recently appeared, provoked significantly the society’s way of life. These impacts generate effects such the relationship between the current way of life and the increasing use of the natural resources. Therefore, increases gradually the enterprises’ awareness, the last ones responding for these impacts. In order to solve this situation, these enterprises developed a new tool based in services, to proportionate an economic development based in knowledge’s dematerialization, well known as Sustainable Product-Service System (SPSS). Some of the characteristics of this system can be changes, in virtue of the client’s needings or according to solution, prioritizing the attendance of the material and unmaterial components. Thus, it is intended through this study propose a categorization process for Business Models related to SPSS. Concernin the methodological way to achive the proposed goal, it was developed a research of applied nature, with a qualitative approach of the problem, being descriptive and using bibliographic and documental techniques, and being the case of study, an informatized scholar furniture. As a result of this research, it proposes a Visual Map, composed by three categories, 9 subcategories and 45 categorization creiteria of the SPSS Business Models.

A severa degradação do meio ambiente, causada pela ação do homem nas últimas décadas, tem forçado as organizações a tomarem providências no sentido de reduzir os efeitos negativos causados pelas atividades industriais. Neste sentido, os indicadores de sustentabilidade têm crescido em importância, pois permitem avaliar o nível de sustentabilidade das mais diversas entidades, identificando os potenciais de melhoria e o progresso obtido. Apesar da grande variedade de indicadores existentes, ainda existem áreas pouco exploradas, como é o caso dos indicadores para o desenvolvimento de produtos na indústria de autopeças. Com o objetivo de contribuir para a criação de produtos mais sustentáveis, orientando o processo de desenvolvimento desde as fases iniciais, foi proposto neste trabalho um conjunto de indicadores de sustentabilidade, divididos em indicadores de sustentabilidade para produtos e indicadores de sustentabilidade para gestão de projetos. Estes dois conjuntos de indicadores foram definidos com base no estudo das melhores práticas e recomendações de projeto para o meio ambiente e sustentabilidade, nos indicadores de sustentabilidade existentes e nas necessidades da indústria automotiva. O resultado foi um conjunto de 23 indicadores de sustentabilidade para produtos, como o objetivo de avaliar as características técnicas do produto de forma quantitativa, e 26 indicadores de sustentabilidade para gestão de projetos, com o objetivo de avaliar se os principais aspectos e recomendações de projeto para a sustentabilidade estão sendo considerados ao longo do processo de desenvolvimento, de forma qualitativa. Para demonstrar a aplicação dos indicadores propostos, foi apresentado um exemplo, baseado no desenvolvimento de um novo componente para motores diesel, partindo desde o planejamento estratégico até a descontinuação do produto do mercado. O exemplo demonstrou que os indicadores definidos foram bastante úteis no sentido de orientar a equipe de desenvolvimento para a obtenção de um produto sustentável, com base nas metas definidas no início do projeto, podendo ser incorporadas ao processo de desenvolvimento por empresas do setor automotivo. / The severe environmental degradation caused by human activities in recent decades has forced organizations to take actions and measures in order to reduce or eliminate the negative effects caused by industrial activities. In this sense, sustainability indicators have grown in importance because they allow to assess the level of sustainability from various entities, identifying potential for improvement and progress achieved. Despite the great variety of existing indicators, there are still unexplored areas, such as indicators for product development in the auto parts industry. Aiming to contribute to the creation of more sustainable products, guiding the development process since the earliest stages, it was proposed in this work a set of sustainability indicators, divided into product indicators and design indicators. These two sets of indicators were defined based on the study of best practices and recommendations from various techniques such as design for environment and sustainability, study of existing sustainability indicators and the needs of the automotive industry. The result was a set of 23 product indicators, evaluating the product characteristics in a quantitatively way, and 26 design indicators, assessing whether the main aspects and techniques of design for sustainability are being considered throughout the development process, in a qualitative way. In order to demonstrate the application and use of the proposed indicators, it was presented an example, based on the development of a new component for diesel engines, starting from strategic planning to the product discontinuation from the market. The example showed that the defined indicators are very useful in guiding the development team to achieve a sustainable product, based on the goals defined at the beginning of the project, which can be incorporated into the development process for automotive companies.

Inúmeras alterações vêm acontecendo na sociedade contemporânea devido ao surgimento de novas tecnologias, fato esse que tem influenciado várias áreas do conhecimento e alterado de forma significativa o estilo de vida da sociedade. Um dos impactos que a comunidade vem experimentando devido ao seu atual modo de vida é um contínuo e vertiginoso uso dos recursos naturais, que consecutivamente produzem abalos ambientais. Em vista disso, está crescendo o grau de conscientização da sociedade, e as empresas estão sendo impelidas a responder e se responsabilizar pelos impactos negativos gerados por suas atividades, mudando assim, paulatinamente o cenário social e ambiental. Para sanar tal situação, uma nova ferramenta com base em serviços veio proporcionar um desenvolvimento econômico apoiado na desmaterialização do crescimento, conhecido como Sistema Produto-Serviço Sustentável (SPSS). Algumas das características deste sistema se alteram em virtude das necessidades do cliente ou de acordo com a solução, priorizando o atendimento de componentes tangíveis ou intangíveis. O objetivo do estudo é propor um Mapa Visual para categorização de Modelos de Negócio de Sistemas Produto-Serviço Sustentáveis. Em relação ao caminho metodológico para atingir o objetivo proposto, foi desenvolvida uma pesquisa de natureza aplicada, com abordagem qualitativa do problema, descritiva e se valendo de técnicas bibliográfica e documental, e estudo de caso de um mobiliário escolar informatizado. Como resultado da pesquisa, propõe-se um Mapa Visual, composto por 3 categorias, 9 sub-categorias e 45 critérios para categorização de Modelos de Negócio (MN) de SPSS. / Several changes occur in the contemporaneous society, in several areas of knowledge. The impacts produced generated in the last years due to technologies recently appeared, provoked significantly the society’s way of life. These impacts generate effects such the relationship between the current way of life and the increasing use of the natural resources. Therefore, increases gradually the enterprises’ awareness, the last ones responding for these impacts. In order to solve this situation, these enterprises developed a new tool based in services, to proportionate an economic development based in knowledge’s dematerialization, well known as Sustainable Product-Service System (SPSS). Some of the characteristics of this system can be changes, in virtue of the client’s needings or according to solution, prioritizing the attendance of the material and unmaterial components. Thus, it is intended through this study propose a categorization process for Business Models related to SPSS. Concernin the methodological way to achive the proposed goal, it was developed a research of applied nature, with a qualitative approach of the problem, being descriptive and using bibliographic and documental techniques, and being the case of study, an informatized scholar furniture. As a result of this research, it proposes a Visual Map, composed by three categories, 9 subcategories and 45 categorization creiteria of the SPSS Business Models.

Interaction with digital products and interfaces concern more and more of human decision-making and the problems regarding environmental, financial and social sustainability are consequences much due to our behavior. The issues and goals of sustainable development therefore implies how we have to think differently about digital design. In this paper, we examine the adequacy of influencing sustainable behavior with a data-driven design approach, applying a conversational user interface. A case study regarding the United Nation’s goals of technological development and economic distribution was conducted, to see if a hypothetical business with a proof-of-concept digital product could be effective in influencing where companies base their operations. The test results showed a lack of usability and influence, but still suggested a potential with language-based interfaces. Even though the results could not prove anything, we argue that leveraging data analysis to design for sustainable behavior could be a very valuable strategy. A data-driven approach could enable ambitions of profit and user experience to coincide with those of sustainability, within a business organization.

Le déploiement du développement durable passe par des enjeux de transition sociétale et technique auxquels cherche à répondre le Design for Sustainability (DfS). Dans le cadre de la conception des systèmes de production, et en particulier pour les produits manufacturés, les impacts environnementaux que ce soit en termes de consommation de ressources ou de rejets (déchets, émissions) doivent être intégrés comme des paramètres de conception. L’évaluation des impacts environnementaux (par exemple par l’Analyse de Cycle de Vie, ACV) doit donc s’articuler avec la gestion du cycle de vie des produits (PLM). L’inventaire de cycle de vie, ICV est un élément central du lien entre le système de production et son environnement, caractérisé par des informations géographiques et spatiales sur l’écosphère. Le travail de thèse proposé stipule que les impacts environnementaux des systèmes conçus dépendent de cette caractérisation géographique. Les approches d’écoconception et de DFS doivent donc intégrer ces informations géographiques ce qu’elles ne font que très peu, ces informations n’étant pas intégré dans les outils de conception. La thèse propose donc une approche de modélisation pour intégrer les informations relatives au produit et son système de production (via le PLM), l’évaluation de son potentiel d’impact environnemental (via l’ACV et en particulier l’ICV), et les informations géographiques en conception. Pour cela, les informations géographiques à associer sont identifiées et des cas d’études illustratifs sont construits pour montrer l’impact de ces informations sur la définition des produits / There are different approaches to implement sustainability and Design for Sustainability (DfS) is the one that give more accurate result by considering both global and regional scales. Integration of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) into Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) is an example of tool integration to support sustainability. In LCA framework, Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) is the quantified and classified list of input and output flow of the LCA model that is a model of the product system, linking the technological system to the ecosphere (Environment system). As each region has a unique environmental system, design characteristics and specifications of technological system should be modified and adopted based on these differences. Implementation of this approach will require geographical information of interacted environmental systems, which is a kind of new strategy in DfS. Therefore, we tested the interest of the integration of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) with PLM to support geographical considerations during product development activities. The main research question of this research work is then how to propose this PLM-GIS integration for DfS. Thus, we conducted that literature review on existing data models about product, environment, geography and their combination is a key to prove the link among them

La recherche porte sur la perception de qualité des artefacts en béton, et ce depuis la perspective disciplinaire du design industriel. Afin de documenter et examiner les applications et perceptions contemporaines de ce matériau, nous nous attardons à l’évolution des technologies du béton en termes de recettes, techniques de mise en forme, usages, ainsi que ses différentes appréciations. Une revue de littérature a permis de formuler la problématique et d’organiser les données recueillies afin de répondre à nos questions de recherche. Ainsi, nous avons identifié certains événements marquants ayant provoqué des développements importants dans l’évolution du béton. De plus, nous avons regroupé plusieurs témoignages illustrant différentes perceptions du matériau dans des contextes d’usages variés. Les résultats de la recherche ont été interprétés en mettant de l’avant une méthodologie qualitative de recherche. Nous avons également étudié une sélection d’artéfacts en béton à travers des observations empiriques non participatives ainsi que deux cas sélectionnés. Cependant, ce type de recherche à la première personne est influencé par l’auteure, ses expériences vécues, son bagage culturel ainsi que son regard disciplinaire. Ainsi, il était important de valider ces observations teintées par l’appréciation de l’auteure, et ce en triangulant les données avec celles regroupées de documents historiques, scientifiques, techniques et médiatiques. Plusieurs méthodes et outils analytiques ont été mobilisés afin d’organiser les résultats de la recherche. Des cartes chronologiques nous ont permis d’isoler et d’illustrer les étapes déterminantes ayant affecté l’histoire du béton (i.e. la découverte du ciment Portland, etc.). À des catégorisations, nous avons pu classer et comparer certaines données plus spécifiques aux recettes et applications du matériau (i.e. les bétons primitifs – modernes, les bétons structuraux – non-structuraux, etc.). Des cartographiques sémantiques nous ont permis d’interpréter les témoignages compilés des différentes perceptions du béton et ce en se basant sur une échelle sémantique bipolaire (i.e. le béton est laid – beau, le béton est froid – chaud, etc.). Enfin, nous nous sommes basés sur le cadre d’expériences de produits et matériaux (product and material experiences framework) proposé par Desmet et Hekkert (2007) afin d’interpréter les appréciations des artéfacts en béton recueillis à travers la revue de littérature ainsi que les observations empiriques à la première personne. La recherche montre que la perception de qualité du béton fait face à un dualisme qui oppose ses avantages techno-économiques avec son impact environnemental ainsi que la détérioration prématurée de sa surface. Malgré l’appréciation générale de sa versatilité, accessibilité et performance technique, une prise de conscience collective semble rendre les acteurs plus conscients de l’empreinte écologique résultant du cycle de vie du béton. De plus, la recherche démontre que les idéologies sont en train d’évoluer vers des pratiques et modes de vies plus durables malgré les habitudes de surconsommation de la société moderne. En mettant moins l’emphase sur la perfection superficielle, les designers sont de plus en plus motivés à trouver inspiration dans des pratiques plus sensibles et résilientes afin de trouver des solutions durables face aux enjeux urbains. Les dernières tendances révèlent l’émergence d’alternatives plus éco-responsables et innovantes comparées au béton traditionnel. Ainsi, nous trouvons des recettes de béton plus écologiques (i.e. substitution du ciment Portland avec des produits dérivés d’autres industries, etc.) ou des techniques de mise en forme plus optimisées afin de réduire les pertes en offrant un langage esthétique surprenant (i.e. impression 3D, etc.). Ces technologies donnent naissance à de nouvelles applications du béton dans différents domaines inattendus en dehors de l’architecture et de l’ingénierie (i.e. design de produits, art, cinématographie, etc.). La recherche met en lumière changement de paradigme quant à la perception de qualité du béton qui semble être entrainé par la migration des idéologies sociétales vers un modèle qui trouve de la valeur et de la beauté dans les imperfections. Ainsi, des acteurs semblent de plus en plus apprécier le béton avec ses imperfections naturelles, et ont tendance à plus vouloir préserver les artéfacts vieillissants. / The research investigates the quality perceptions of concrete artifacts from an industrial design standpoint. In order to document and examine how the material is being used and perceived nowadays, the study looks into the evolution of concrete technologies including its recipes, manufacturing techniques, and uses, as well as its appraisals. A literature review helped us understand the problem field and organize the data amassed in order to find answers to our research questions. We were thus able to identify the critical milestones that triggered change throughout concrete’s historical evolution, as well as gather different testimonies of its perceptions within various contexts. Qualitative research methods were used to interpret our findings. We validated the data based on selected cases as well as non-participatory empirical observations of urban concrete artifacts from a first-person view. This method is influenced by the author’s lived experiences, cultural background, and disciplinary gaze. Therefore, it was necessary to complement the author’s interpretation by triangulating the data retrieved with information gathered from historical, scientific, technical, and mediatic literature. The results were organized and analyzed using various analytical tools and methods. Timeline mappings were used to isolate and illustrate critical milestones triggering change and important developments (e.g. the discovery of Portland Cement, etc.). Categorizations helped us clarify and compare the data gathered to provide a more specific overview of concrete recipes and uses (e.g. primitive – modern concretes, structural – non-structural recipes, etc.). Semantic mappings allowed us to interpret the complied testimonies on how concrete artifacts are perceived in addition to helping us isolate semantic qualities within a bipolar semantic space (e.g. concrete is ugly – beautiful, concrete is cold – warm, etc.). Lastly, a product and material experiences framework (Desmet & Hekkert, 2007) was used to interpret concrete artifacts’ appraisals as found within the testimonies retrieved, in addition to the first-person empirical observations. The research revealed that concrete’s quality perception is facing a dualism which draws attention to its ecological footprint as well as its surface’s premature deterioration with time. Although many seem to appreciate the material’s versatility, accessibility, and structural performance, the dualism can be partially attributed to the evolving collective consciousness which makes actors more aware of concrete’s environmental impacts across its lifecycle. The study thus showed that, despite modern society’s production and consumption habits which focus on the superficial perfection of the material world, ideologies are seen to be evolving and are increasingly interested in more sustainable practices and lifestyles. This can help motivate designers to seek inspiration from emotionally-durable and resilient principles, thus allowing them to better address urban challenges. The latest trends revealed new concrete mixes (e.g. substitution of Portland Cement with by-products of other industries, etc.) and manufacturing techniques (e.g. 3D-printing, etc.) which can offer eco-friendly and innovative alternatives to traditional concrete productions. These emerging solutions are seen to pave the way for unexpected applications in various fields (e.g., product design, art, cinematography, etc.), thus attracting other disciplines beyond engineering and architecture. The changing paradigm in the perception of concrete artifacts shows that value and beauty are not always associated with superficial perfection. In fact, more and more actors are found to reject premature obsolescence by embracing materials’ natural and imperfect behavior as they age with time.

No description available.

Av jord är vi komna, av jord ska vi åter bli. Mellan dessa båda stadier av vår existens strävar jag efter att skapa design som går bortom normer för formgivning av rum och interiör.  I mitt examensarbete i kandidatprogrammet Inred- ningsarkitektur och möbeldesign Konstfack 2024 gestaltar och föreslår jag en bänk, som placerats i en av basarlängorna vid arkitekten Gunnar Asplunds stads- bibliotek vid Observatorielunden. Social hållbarhet, biofiliska och neurovetenskapiska perspektiv, mellan- mänskliga möten och att utforska gränser mellan inne/ ute är centralt i projektet.  Vi har vårt ursprung i naturen och lever i symbios med den men våra moderna livsstilar har i mångt och mycket kopplat bort oss från naturen, i synnerhet i tätbebyggda områden. Det är därför mitt projekt utgår ifrån begreppet biofili; insikten om att vi mår bäst när vi känner oss sammanlänkade med naturen.  Då en central del av projektet har varit att undersöka gränsen mellan inne/ute så har konceptet jordning varit en utgångspunkt i just formsökandet för att undersöka gränsen mellan inne/ute. Jordning innebär att direkt- kontakt med jordens elektronfält har en vetenskapligt bevisad antioxidantisk och antiinflammatorisk effekt på kroppen.  Jag har studerat specifika exempel och referenser från arkitekt Gunnar Asplunds arbete som även om det inte var uttalat harmoniserade med principer inom neu- rodesign och biofilisk design. Platsen jag placerar mitt förslag på är en del av hans ritningar för lokaler och parkmiljöer runt Stockholmstadsbibliotek på Sveavägen byggt 1928.  I designförslaget ”Stötta” har jag materialiserat mina idéer och studier i en bänk som genom sin form, funk- tion och placering kan öppna upp samtal om stödjande design och bidra till att skapa förutsättningar för en hållbar framtid i våra inomhusmiljöer. Genom att in- tegrera mina idéer och studier till bänkens utformning strävar jag efter att vara en del i att ge besökarna på platsen nödvändiga förutsättningar för välbefinnande. Mitt förslag inkluderar att lokalen övergår från att vara en snabbmatsrestaurang till att bli en integrerad del av bibliotekets faciliteter och därmed bli ett offentligt rum tillgängligt för allmänheten. / Ashes to ashes and dust to dust. Between these two stages of our existence, I strive to create designs that go beyond the norms of spatial and interior design. In my thesis for the Bachelor's program in Interior Architecture and Furniture Design at Konstfack 2024, I conceptualize and propose a bench, placed in one of the arcades at architect Gunnar Asplund's city library at Observatorielunden. Social sustainability, biophilic and neuroscientific perspectives, interpersonal interactions, and exploring the boundaries between indoors and outdoors are central to the project. We originate from nature and live in symbiosis with it, but our modern lifestyles have largely disconnected us from nature, especially in densely built areas. Therefore, my project is based on the concept of biophilia; the realization that we feel best when we feel connected to nature. Since a central part of the project has been to explore the boundary between indoors and outdoors, the concept of grounding has been a starting point in the design process to explore this boundary. Grounding means that direct contact with the Earth's electric field has a scientifically proven antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect on the body. I have studied specific examples and references from architect Gunnar Asplund's work which, although not explicitly stated, harmonized with principles within neurodesign and biophilic design. The place I situate my proposal is part of his drawings for the premises and park environments around the Stockholm City Library on Sveavägen, built in 1928. In the design proposal "Stötta" (Support), I have materialized my ideas and studies in a bench that, through its form, function, and placement, can open up conversations about supportive design and contribute to creating conditions for a sustainable future in our indoor environments. By integrating my ideas and studies into the bench's design, I strive to be part of providing visitors at the location with the necessary conditions for well-being. My proposal includes transforming the premises from a fast-food restaurant into an integrated part of the library's facilities, thereby becoming a public space accessible to everyone.