Studien är en fristående del av ett ULF-projekt på Örebro Universitet där digitala verktyg undersökts tillsammans med estetiska uttryckssätt i förskolans undervisning. Den här studien har ett specialpedagogiskt fokus och tittar på undervisningens modellering utifrån en specialpedagogisk didaktik med begreppen flerstämmighet, takt och otakt. Syftet är att bidra med kunskap om hur digitala undervisningssituationer i förskolan kan möjliggöra en varierad undervisning för så väl alla som varje barn och undersökts med frågan; Hur ter sig begreppen flerstämmighet, takt och otakt i pedagogernas berättelser om hur de använder de digitala verktyg i undervisningen? Studien tar upp vad digitalisering i förskolan kan innebära både från styrdokument, nutida forskning och media, samt vad undervisningsbegreppet och specialpedagogik kan innebära i förskolan. Den teoretiska grunden utgår från en specialpedagogisk didaktik med en idé om att ”one size dosen’t fit all”, vilket öppnar upp för ett bredare arbetssätt för att inkludera alla barn redan från början. Metoden som använts är fokusgruppsdiskussioner, vilka har analyserats på ett abduktivt sätt med begreppen flerstämmighet, takt och otakt. Den tidigare forskningen kring modellering, iscensättning och design av undervisning med digitala verktyg i förskolan är snäv och resulterar i likande svar; att lärare behöver mer kunskap och utbildning. Forskning kring specialpedagogisk didaktik kring flerstämmighet, takt och otakt är även den begränsad. Studiens resultat visar på att när pedagogerna hittar en balans mellan vad som är bekant och vad som är nytt kan digitala verktyg möjliggöra en varierad undervisning för såväl alla som varje barn både på individ-, grupp-, och organisationsnivå. Resultatet visar att ett specialpedagogisk didaktiskt förhållningssätt med begreppen flerstämmighet, takt och otakt kan leda till att digitala verktyg kan möjliggöra en varierad undervisning i förskolans undervisning. Det i sin tur kan leda till att förskolans undervisning kan bli balanserad, flerstämmig och rymlig nog för alla barn.

Syftet med den här studien var att undersöka lärarstudenters upplevelser av inkludering utifrån den egna skoltiden samt att tolka beskrivningarna av upplevelserna genom ett allmändidaktiskt ramverk. Utgångspunkt har varit ett inifrånperspektiv där ett elevperspektiv på inkludering avsågs att undersökas. För att få perspektiv på elevers upplevelser valdes lärarstudenter ut till informanter. För att undersöka detta har en kvalitativ intervjustudie genomförts med hjälp av semistrukturerade intervjuer. Analysarbetet genomfördes i två steg med utgångspunkt i innehållsanalys och metaanalys. I den inledande allmänfenomenologiska innehållsanalysen skapades sex kategorier för vilka generella beskrivningar skrevs fram. I metaanalysen gjordes en analys av studiens sex kategorier med fenomenologisk utgångspunkt i taktbegreppet. Det som framkom i innehållsanalysen var att elevernas upplevelse av inkludering sammanföll med hur lärare arbetade med struktur, trygghet, ledarskap och bemötande, samt att lärare visade att de trodde på eleverna. I metaanalysen synliggjordes att pedagogisk takt, tillsammans med studiens kategorier, är av vikt för elevernas upplevelse av inkludering ur ett fysiskt, socialt och pedagogiskt perspektiv.

Boule Medical AB producerar hematologiinstrument och tillbehör för blodcellsräkning och är en del av koncernen Boule Diagnostics AB. Företaget verkar på en global marknad med kontor i Sverige, USA, Mexiko och Ryssland. Instrumentproduktionen är idag uppdelad i manuella monteringsstationer. Syftet med examensarbetet var att förbättra Boule Medical AB:s instrumentproduktion genom att föreslå hur flödet på produktionen kunde taktas. Detta för att möjliggöra en övergång till kundorderstyrd produktion och för att framöver kunna minska behovet av färdigvarulager. Arbetet innehåller en analys av nuläget, i form av en processbeskrivning, en värdeflödesanalys och spaghettidiagram över produktionens olika processer. Även en studie av relevanta delar inom LEAN-teori och intern data på Boule Medical AB användes för att stadga och presentera lösningsförslagen. Arbetet resulterade i fyra olika layoutförslag som grundar sig på ett och samma flöde, vilket är ett taktat flöde på 21 minuter som löper i ett pull-system för den senare delen av produktionen. Den totala produktionen styrs i helhet av ett push-pullflöde, där en andel delmontage produceras i batcher. / Boule Medical AB is a producer of hematology systems and accessories for blood cellcount and is a part of the concern Boule Diagnostic AB. The company operates in a global market with offices in Sweden, The US, Mexico and Russia. The instrument production is today performed in several manual assembly stations. The purpose of this essay was to recommend improvements on Boule Medical AB's instrument production by suggesting how the flow of production could be paced. This was performed to enable a transition to a customer-based production and to reduce existing excess inventory of finished products. The work contains a situation assessment, in form of a process description, a value stream map and spaghetti diagrams of different processes. A study of relevant parts of the LEAN theory and internal data at Boule Medical AB was also used to strengthen and present the solution proposals. The work resulted in four different layout proposals based on one defined flow, which is a paced flow of 21 minutes running in a pull-system for the latter part of the production process. By contrast, the whole production is controlled by a push-pull flow, where a proportion of sub-assemblies are produced in batches.

Submitted by Marcia Silva (marcia@latec.uff.br) on 2016-05-02T20:33:14Z No. of bitstreams: 2 dissert Oydil Cesar de Figueiredo.pdf: 4453669 bytes, checksum: e33d72aa1c70ea37d37ddcdc603b8c51 (MD5) dissert Oydil Cesar de Figueiredo.pdf: 4453669 bytes, checksum: e33d72aa1c70ea37d37ddcdc603b8c51 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-02T20:33:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 dissert Oydil Cesar de Figueiredo.pdf: 4453669 bytes, checksum: e33d72aa1c70ea37d37ddcdc603b8c51 (MD5) dissert Oydil Cesar de Figueiredo.pdf: 4453669 bytes, checksum: e33d72aa1c70ea37d37ddcdc603b8c51 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-30 / O presente trabalho descreve o processo de gestão de melhoria das operações produtivas de fabricação, apresentando um caso prático de aplicação do conceito de produção com foco na eliminação dos desperdícios em uma indústria automotiva. O exemplo aludido relata o processo de planejamento, execução, manutenção e controle de uma sequência de três projetos de melhoria de uma célula de montagem de uma indústria de autopeças, situada na região Sul Fluminense no Rio de Janeiro, entre os anos de 2008 e 2014. A pesquisa teve o objetivo de estudar os métodos e ferramentas Lean Manufacturing na indústria de autopeças identificando os fatores restritivos e facilitadores no processo de aplicação dessa filosofia. Com os dados coletados foi possível verificar vantagens e desvantagens da utilização de diferentes conceitos logísticos, distintas configurações de trabalho padronizado e layout. Por meio de uma revisão documental e uma pesquisa-ação, verificaram-se ganhos significativos ao adotar os conceitos propostos, elevando a produtividade da linha estudada em 92%, quando comparado com o ano inicial, demonstrando-se que as técnicas propostas efetivam-se em vantagem estratégica competitiva em relação a outras empresas concorrentes que trabalham sob a ótica da produção em massa. Como resultados adicionais, a pesquisa fornece informações sobre a sequência de uso das ferramentas oferecendo um auxílio para empresas que buscam a implantação dessa filosofia, disseminando, assim, o conhecimento sobre a filosofia Lean Manufacturing / This study describes the continuum improvement process of productive manufacturing operations, showing an applying case of the concept of production with a focus on eliminating waste in an automotive industry. The example used describes the process of planning, execution, maintenance and control of a sequence of three improvement projects in one assembly line of an automotive parts industry, located in the Rio de Janeiro, between 2008 and 2014. The research aimed to study the methods and Lean Manufacturing tools in the automotive industry by identifying the blocks and facilitators factors in this philosophy application. With the collected data were verified advantages and disadvantages of using different logistics concepts, different standardized work settings and layout. Through a documentary review and action research, have been checked significant gains by adopting the proposed concepts, increasing line productivity by 92%, when compared with the initial year, showing that the applied technical become more effective than the companies that work as pushed production. As additional results, the survey provides information on the use sequence of tools offering support to companies that are implementing this philosophy

The goal of this thesis was to test the ability of speech imitation in terms of temporal accuracy in two age groups of children. The first age group comprised 8 girls and 8 boys at the age of 10 to 11 years; the second group consisted of 8 girls and 8 boys at the age of 12 to 13 years. For the purpose of the experiment a perception-production test was created - it consisted of six, nine and twelve syllabic declarative sentences which contained two, three and four trisyllabic stress- groups. The task of the participating children was to repeat the sentences in three manners: in exactly the same words as they had heard them, and then by using the syllable /na/ and /ba/. Even though the children were able to meet the task, in some cases deviations occurred, such as deformations of the sentences in a certain way. Accuracy of imitation was investigated through average deviations from the model sentences. Based on the obtained values we identified the factors of length and composition of the task items and also the manner and order of imitation. We were also interested whether age and gender of respondents affect the accuracy of imitation. Key words speech rhythm, tempo, duration, stress-group, average deviation, imitation, children

The main objective of this thesis is to explore the relationships between the phonotactic structure of the Czech stress-group and the rhythm of speech. Three most frequent consonantal-vocalic structures of Czech two-syllable stress-groups were selected for the purposes of this thesis: CVCV, CVCCV and CVCCV. In an auditory experiment, which contained the comparison of two stress-groups or the comparison of a stress-group and a low-frequency shadow of a stress-group, the respondents established how similar the rhythm of each couple of stress-groups sounded. The results indicate that the position of a consonantal cluster within the stress-group is the strongest phonotactic factor in perception of the rhythmic similarity. The number of consonants within a consonantal cluster and the presence of a long vowel in both stress- groups were considered weaker factors for perceiving the rhythmic similarity by the respondents. Possibilities for a follow-up research were proposed for the factors that did not reach statistical significance, i.e., the difference in sonority or voicing of consonants. Keywords: speech rhythm, stress-group, phonotactics, consonantal-vocalic structure, Czech

High quality within a Lean production system begins with standardised work, which creates stable processes able to generate predictable output. If nonconformity from the standard procedures occurs, routines are needed to analyse, correct and prevent the nonconformity from occurring again. In that way, the nonconformity can be a trigger for continuous improvements toward more stable processes. In takted production lines, where the operator follows a standard sequence with tasks set to be completed within the takt time, a nonconformity leads to downtime in the operator’s sequence, and no value is added. With short takt time, the nonconformity leads immediately to line stop and the nonconformity will be detected. With long takt time it is often possible to catch up in the sequence before the nonconformity stops the whole line. Thus, as a consequence the problem will be hidden. The aim of this study is to investigate how downtime and nonconformities can be tracked and measured in a Lean production system with long takt time, as well as investigate how this data can contribute to improvements. The study has been carried out as a case study of an assembly line at Atlas Copco Rock Drills division of Underground Rock Excavation in Örebro. Within this case study semi-structured interviews were performed to investigate needs from data collection and improvement processes. Beside the case study at Atlas Copco, external case studies have been performed to gather information about other companies’ processes. Participating companies for external case studies has been RUAG Space, AstraZeneca, Väderstad-Verken and Saab Aerostructures. The result of the study generated three different processes, one for collecting data about nonconformities and related downtime and two parallel processes to use the data for improvements. The data collection process shows how the downtime can be tracked to support investigated needs. The downtime data is also complemented with information about key factors that affect the accuracy of the downtime measurements. The different type of downtimes that are gathered from the process is the deviations total recovery time, recovery time affecting production and downtime for the entire production line. Together with the time measurement the nonconformities is categorised and described with attributes and text to make a thoroughly analysis possible. Analysis tools proposed for the gathered data is pareto analysis, trends, calculation of cost of poor quality and identification of areas with overcapacity. Also, the result shows how some classic TPM-indicators can be used in the analysis. The gathered data can then be used in two developed improvement processes, one for reactive improvements and one for proactive improvements. The reactive process aims to in a systematic manner find corrective and preventive actions for detected nonconformities with high impact on the production. The nonconformities are handled one by one like the procedure for many deviation systems for product quality assurance. The proactive improvement process focuses on patterns in historical data about major nonconformity areas. Together with high level KPI:s and SMART goals to support high level goals, the nonconformity areas helps to identify which activities to carry out in order to fulfil the goals. / Inom Lean utgår stor del av kvalitetsarbetet från att standardisera arbetssätt för att sträva mot stabila processer som genererar förutsägbara resultat. Om en avvikelse från den fördefinierade standarden upptäcks måste det finnas metoder för att analysera och åtgärda avvikelsen för att förhindra att den sker igen. På så vis kan avvikelser bidra till att verksamheten kontinuerligt förbättras. I taktade produktionssystem, där operatörer utgår från en standardsekvens som ska utföras inom takttiden, leder avvikelser till stopptid i det värdeskapande arbetet. Är takttiden kort ger stopptiden snabbt konsekvensen att takten inte kan hållas vilket ger stopp för hela produktionslinan. Således visar takten direkt om avvikelse förekommit. För långa takttider finns dock ofta möjlighet att arbeta ikapp stopptid inom takten. Därmed döljs avvikelser och den kontinuerliga förbättringen uteblir. Denna studie syftar därför till att undersöka hur stopptid och avvikelser kan följas upp vid produktion med långa takttider inklusive hur insamlad data kan användas vid förbättringsarbete. Studien har bedrivits som fallstudie vid Atlas Copco Rock Drills ABs division Underground Rock Excavation i Örebro där även interna semi-strukturerade intervjuer genomförts för att samla in data om behov kring stopptidsuppföljning och förbättringsarbete. Detta har kompletterats med externa fallstudier där processjämförelser genomförts vid RUAG Space, AstraZeneca, Väderstad-Verken samt Saab Aerostructures. Resultatet från studien ledde till tre framtagna processer, en för insamling av avvikelsedata samt två parallella förbättringsprocesser. Datainsamlingsprocessen visar hur stopptid och avvikelseinformation kan samlas in för att erhålla efterfrågad data och vad som påverkar mätningens noggrannhet. Stopptid som mäts i processen är total åtgärdstid, åtgärdstid som påverkat produktion samt stopptid för linan. Genom att mäta dessa tider tillsammans med att kategorisera data och sammanlänka med attribut möjliggörs exempelvis paretoanalyser av avvikelseområden, analys av trender, beräkning av kvalitetsbristkostnad samt lokalisering av överkapacitet. Dessutom redovisas hur klassiska TPM-nyckeltal kan integreras i analysen. Insamlad avvikelsedata kan sedermera användas i två förbättringsprocesser, en reaktiv förbättringsprocess och en proaktiv förbättringsprocess. Den reaktiva förbättringsprocessen syftar till att genom ett systematiskt arbetssätt skapa förebyggande åtgärder åt enskilt allvarliga stopp. Den proaktiva förbättringsprocessen visar hur data för övergripande avvikelseområden kan bidra till det långsiktiga strategiarbetet genom integrering av företagets övergripande KPI:er och SMART målsättning. De framtagna modellerna är generella nog att användas i de flesta verksamheter med taktade flöden men speciellt framtagen från behov för produktion med långa takttider.

Purpose – The purpose with this study is to investigate how an assembly line for products with long cycle time, high product variation and operators who follow the products through the flow can be planned for a high resource utilization as well as the challenges that can arise when planning an assembly line with an increasing demand and how these can be handled. Method – To fulfill the purpose of this study a case study was conducted at Mastec Components AB in Vaggeryd. The empirical data gathered from the case study was obtained through interviews, observations and document studies. The empirical data was then analysed against theory, which means that pattern matching was used and the analyse led to the studies results. Findings – This study illustrates how an assembly line with special demands can be planned to gain high resource utilization. When the products cycle times are multiple they can be sorted into product families to simplify the planning and it also enables a tacted planning method to be used. The study also presents how the usage of time buffers can facilitate the planning of an assembly line. Moreover the study illuminates the importance of controlling tact, both from the customer and the own production. When demand increases it is important that the production line is capable to keep up, therefore some arrangements can be done to reduce waste and increase capacity. Possible alternatives can be buffers, allocating resources and parallel assembly lines. Implications – The study investigates a type of assembly line where the operators follow the products through the flow. This type of assembly line is unexplored in theory and thereby a knowledge gap has been identified which partly have been covered by this study. Further on, the study contributed to an increased understanding of the consequences that occur when operators follow the flow and when products have long varying cycle times. The study also shows the value of calculating tact and use the advantages from it to easier handle variation in demand. Limitations – The case study was performed as one case study which means that only one unit has been analysed. This was due to the lack of resources to do several case studies, both regarding time and ability to find more facilities with similar conditions. If it were possible to conduct more case studies the results could have been more general. Keywords – Tact, tact time, tacted planning, assembly line, planning, operators, buffer.

A master thesis within mechanical engineering performed by two student has been conducted at Scania in Oskarshamn. The purpose has been to investigate if Discrete Event Simulation using ExtendSim can be applied to increase Scanias assembly productivity. The projectiles was to investigate how the buffer systems could be managed by vary the amount of buffers and their transport speed. The assembly line takt times with regard of their availability was also investigated. The method of approach was to build a simulation model to gaining valid decision making information regarding these aspects. Process stop data was extracted and imported to ExtendSim where the reliability library was used to generate shutdowns. Comparing 24 sets over 100 runs to each other a median standard deviation of 0,91 % was achieved. Comparing the total amount of assembled cabs over a time period of five weeks with the real timedata a difference of 4,77 % was achieved. A difference of 1,85 % in total amount of shutdown time was also achieved for the same conditions. The biggest effect of varying buffer spaces was for system 6A. An increasement of up to 20 more assembled cabs over a time period of five weeks could then be achieved. By increasing all the buffertransports speeds by 40 % up to 20 more assembled cabs over a time period of ve weeks could be achieved. A push and pull system was also investigated where the push generated the best results. A 22 hour decreasement of total shutdown time and an increasement of 113 more assembled cabs over a time period of ve weeks could be achieved.

This diploma thesis was focused on implementation of CNC tool grinder Helitronic Power 400 into serial production on flowing assembly. In the first part, optimization methods were described, which are used in practice as a tool for increasing the productivity and profitability of the company. The practical part was focused on the inclusion of the machine into serial production and on processes connected with the implementation.