Esta dissertação tem como objetivo investigar o processo de formação de professores iniciantes de francês como língua estrangeira (FLE) sob o enfoque do ensino como trabalho. De forma mais específica, pretendemos analisar o papel das entrevistas de aloconfrontação (MOLLO, FALZON, 2004) nesse processo, identificando os questionamentos dos professores quando se veem diante de dilemas do trabalho de ensino vividos por outros professores e a forma como essas entrevistas podem contribuir para a construção de noções sobre o trabalho do professor de FLE. Para a compreensão desse processo sob o ponto de vista dos próprios professores, realizamos nosso estudo no contexto de um curso de francês em extensão universitária. Fizemos uso da aloconfrontação (MOLLO, FALZON, 2004), um método de intervenção formativa baseado na noção de confrontação entre o sujeito e sua atividade realizada por outros, em que, primeiramente, realizamos reuniões de discussão sobre o trabalho a fim de identificar os questionamentos dos professores desse contexto e, em um segundo momento, convidamos quatro professores a assistirem a vídeos de aulas de outros professores e comentarem-nos, possibilitando, assim, que eles verbalizassem seus questionamentos. O corpus desta pesquisa consiste nos textos das reuniões e das entrevistas e foi analisado segundo os pressupostos teórico-metodológicos do Interacionismo Sociodiscursivo (BRONCKART, 1999, 2004; BULEA, 2010). Adotamos como referência pesquisas produzidas no Brasil que consideram o ensino como um trabalho (LOUSADA, 2006, 2011; MACHADO, 2004, 2007) contamos, também, com aportes teóricos da Clínica da Atividade (CLOT, 1999, 2001a, 2008) e da Ergonomia da Atividade (FAITA, 2004, 2011; AMIGUES, 2002, 2004; SAUJAT, 2004). Os resultados de nossas análises permitiram-nos identificar alguns questionamentos dos professores iniciantes de FLE que participaram de nossa pesquisa e observar o posicionamento deles diante de suas dificuldades. Além disso, pudemos observar a construção de noções sobre o trabalho do professor de FLE propiciadas pelas verbalizações e generalizações da experiência vivida dos participantes. Entre outras contribuições, destacamos que a pesquisa confirmou o papel das aloconfrontações como um instrumento (VYGOTSKI, 1934/1997) que contribui para a reflexão sobre outras maneiras de realizar o trabalho do professsor de FLE , portanto para sua formação. / This dissertation goal is to study the process of development of beginning teachers of French as a foreign language (FLE) under the focus of teaching as work. In a more specific way, we aim at analyzing the role of allo-confrontation interviews (MOLLO, FALZON, 2004) in this process. To do so, we tried to identify teachers queries when they face teaching dilemmas lived by other teachers and to study how these interviews can contribute to the construction of notions about the FLE teachers work. In order to understand this process from the point of view of the teachers, we conducted our study in the context of a French open course at the University. We used allo-confrontation (MOLLO, FALZON, 2004), a method of formative intervention based on the concept of confrontation between the subject and its activity performed by others. First, we made some discussion meetings about the work in order to identify teachers queries in this context and, in a second moment, we invited four teachers to watch and to comment recorded classes from other teachers, making it possible for them to verbalize about their own queries. Our research corpus consists of texts from these meetings and interviews which were analyzed according to the theoretical and methodological assumptions of Socio-Discursive Interactionism (BRONCKART, 1999, 2004; BULEA, 2010). Our study is also based on studies produced in Brazil which consider teaching as work (LOUSADA, 2006, 2011; MACHADO, 2004, 2007), as well as in many theoretical contributions from Clinic of Activity (CLOT, 1999, 2001a, 2008) and Ergonomics of Activity (FAITA, 2004, 2011; AMIGUES, 2002, 2004; SAUJAT, 2004). The results of our analyzes led us to two conclusions: we could observe some queries from the beginning teachers of FLE who participated of our research and their opinion on their own difficulties. Besides that, we could observe that the fact participants verbalized and generalized their lived experience allowed the construction of notions of the teacher of FLEs work. Among other contributions, we highlight that our research confirmed the role of the allo-confrontation as an instrument (VYGOTSKI, 1934/1997) that contributes to think about ways of doing teachers of FLE work and to their development.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:47:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernanda_Amaral_Souza_Dissertacao.pdf: 1152128 bytes, checksum: 5081ba99068ce69383d356d6259008a3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-05-26 / The research analyses how the Alfa and Beto Reading and Writing Pedagogical Intervention Program (Programa de Intervenção Pedagógica de Alfabetização Alfa e Beto), a private funded initiative, was institutionalized in two public schools in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS, Brazil), in the 2007-2010 administration; and how teachers perceive their work in order to understand what effects it may have over autonomy and control. The Program was established with the justification for the government to improve the quality of Public Education. That is due to Elementary and Middle School nine years of schooling, having teachers to teach six-year-old children to read and write within two years, according to Federal Laws 11.114/05 and 11.274/06. The dissertation presents a brief panorama of the educational policies and State reform, created during Fernando Henrique Cardozo s administration as a possible solution for the critical situation of the State. What was intended was the decentralization of education in order to have civil society responsible for educational policies (devolution), accruing to State the control, coordination and financing of policies. Giving education a people s responsibility nuance, a quasi-market administration logic is created. A large-scale evaluation process becomes the landmark of educational policies, establishing, thus, efficiency and efficacy criteria for an improvement in management conduct standards. These, in turn, affected classroom practice as well as teachers identity. The introduction of non-reflexive training techniques based on competence should also be accounted for in the process of teacher training. The research adopts a qualitative approach assumption which involves the analysis of official documents and semistructured interviews with teachers, supervisors and principals of the schools that participate in the Alfa and Beto Reading and Writing Program. The collected data was analyzed using Bernstein and Ball as theoretical framework and using content analysis theoretical criteria that allows comprehending policies not just as macro and structured policies written in legal deeds as state policies to be applied, but also as action policies, which are re-contextualized and constructed, according to different contexts, by the subjects and actors involved in school practices. The findings demonstrate how teachers feel insecure, robotized, anxious, and controlled when submitted to programs lacking clarity on how to deal with teaching students, on how books exert control and deprive teachers of their autonomy. It also indicates the authoritarian way through which state public schools had to adopt Alfa & Beto programs and how teachers were accounted for the success or failure of the reading and writing process. / O presente estudo analisa como o Programa de Intervenção Pedagógica de Alfabetização Alfa e Beto, de iniciativa privada, instituiu-se em duas Escolas Públicas Estaduais do Rio Grande do Sul, Gestão 2007-2010; e como os docentes percebem seu trabalho neste programa de intervenção, visando entender que efeitos podem ter sobre a autonomia e o controle do trabalho docente. O Programa foi contratado com a justificativa de o governo melhorar a qualidade da Educação Pública. Melhorias estas que se referem à obrigatoriedade do Ensino Fundamental ser de nove anos, da alfabetização ter início com crianças de seis anos e ter de ser concluído em dois anos, conforme as leis federal 11.114/05 e 11.274/06. A dissertação apresenta um breve panorama das políticas educacionais e da Reforma do Estado, ambas criadas no governo Fernando Henrique Cardozo como solução para a crise do Estado. A intenção dessas políticas era incentivar a descentralização da educação para que a sociedade civil executasse as políticas educacionais, cabendo ao Estado o controle, a coordenação e o financiamento dessas políticas. Com a transferência das políticas públicas para setores da sociedade, cria-se na gestão pública a lógica de quasemercado. A avaliação em larga escala torna-se o grande marco nas políticas educacionais estabelecendo critérios de eficiência e eficácia na busca por uma melhor performance nos padrões de gestão gerencialista. Como conseqüência, as práticas da sala de aula foram afetadas, bem como a identidade do professor, apoiando-se e ramificando-se pela introdução de formas de treinamento não intelectualizado na preparação docente, baseadas na competência, foram introduzidas. A pesquisa adota pressupostos da abordagem qualitativa, tendo como dados documentos e entrevistas semi-estruturadas com professores, supervisores e diretores de escolas que desenvolvem o Programa de Alfabetização Alfa e Beto. Os dados coletados foram analisados com base na análise de conteúdo, a partir das abordagens teóricas de Bernstein e Ball. Esta técnica permite compreender as políticas não somente como políticas macro, estruturadas, escritas em textos legais e como políticas de estado a serem desenvolvidas, mas também como políticas em ação, que se recontextualizam e são construídas e reconstruídas em diferentes contextos, pelos sujeitos e atores envolvidos nas práticas escolares. A pesquisa demonstra como os professores se sentem inseguros, robotizados, ansiosos e controlados quando submetidos à aplicação de programas sem um conhecimento suficiente para trabalhar com os alunos; a maneira como os livros didáticos controlam e tiram a autonomia dos professores; e também mostra a maneira como os programas foram adotados nas escolas públicas, responsabilizando os professores pelo sucesso ou não da alfabetização

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:47:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Regiana Blank Wille_Tese.pdf: 1296272 bytes, checksum: 73f1e7a4c55980a02d8b854c46abbd55 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-11 / This research had the objective of investigating how the professional identity of a music educator is built in the public schools in Pelotas/RS. The results found in this research contribute to clarify the various dimensions of the professional performance of a music educator in elementary schools in the southern region of the state, taking into account life experiences lived in a social and cultural context that constantly changes. A qualitative approach was used in this research as well as semi-structured interviews to collect the data analyzed. The empirical field was the public schools run by the city of Pelotas and ten active music teachers and music educator took part in this study. The theoretical basis for the analysis were Dubar s (2005) view about professional identities, Nóvoa (1995, 1999) and Marcelo (2009) and some others that consider identities as something dynamic and complex. These authors could compose along with the objectives of this research a dialog with the teachers talks. The teachers could talk about who they are, what they think they are, and what they would like to be. Firstly, it is presented the trajectories of the ten teachers and some connections with professional, social and personal identities are done, highlighting their education, training and work experience. Further, the teachers professional identity is defined, as well as their performance in elementary schools, practice and relationships. It is important to highlight that Teachers professional identities are built throughout the time and involve different kinds of knowledge, different emotional aspects and other dimension that go beyond the school as family and society. It evidences the influence and role of collective and institutional dimensions as constituent elements of professional identities. Among the results found it is important to emphasize that the construction of teachers professional identities is permeated by various processes of teachers transformation, either through everyday experiences, decisions they make or not, their practices, or their professional and personal life continuities and discontinuities. Each person uses what he/she has learned, different knowledge in different ways, and this is originated from facts, decisions and situations faced that happened in different space of life. The professional identities are built from the social meaning of the profession, and thus, the professional identity is one of the identities of these authors (teachers), a part of the plurality of life. The dynamic feature of the construction of teachers identity group teachers, make them alike, but multiple in terms of diversity, where each musical educator compose themselves different from the others. / Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo investigar de que forma se constitui a identidade profissional do educador musical nas escolas municipais de Pelotas/RS. Sua realização justifica-se na medida em que seus resultados contribuem para clarear as diversas dimensões da atuação profissional do educador musical na escola básica da região sul do estado, considerando as vivências e reflexões vividas num contexto social e cultural constantemente alterado. Para a sua realização, foi utilizada uma abordagem qualitativa e a coleta de dados feita através de entrevistas semiestruturadas. O campo empírico foram escolas públicas municipais de Pelotas, onde foi dada voz a dez professores atuantes de música. As bases teóricas para a análise foram a visão de Dubar (2005) sobre as identidades profissionais, bem como de autores como Nóvoa (1995, 1999) e Marcelo (2009), entre outros, que consideram as identidades enquanto móveis e complexas. Esses autores puderam compor, juntamente com os objetivos do trabalho, um diálogo lado a lado com as falas dos professores, os quais, através das suas narrativas, puderam contar sobre o que são, o que pensam ser ou ainda gostariam de ser. Primeiramente, são trazidas as trajetórias dos professores, entremeando-as com as identidades profissionais, sociais e pessoais, destacando a formação e inserção profissional dos docentes. Mais adiante, é especificada a identidade profissional docente, as atuações dos professores na escola básica, suas práticas, concepções e relacionamentos. Destaca-se, então, que as identidades profissionais docentes são construídas ao longo do tempo e permeadas pelos diferentes saberes dos professores, pelos aspectos emocionais e por outras dimensões além da escola, como a família e a sociedade. São evidenciados, ainda, a influência e o papel das dimensões coletivas e institucionais como elementos constituintes das identidades profissionais. Entre estes resultados, é importante destacar que a construção das identidades profissionais docentes é permeada de vários processos pelos quais os professores vêm-se transformando, seja através das experiências cotidianas, das decisões que tomam ou não, das práticas realizadas, das continuidades ou descontinuidades da vida profissional e pessoal. Cada um utiliza o que aprendeu, seus conhecimentos e saberes de formas diferentes. Isso ocorre a partir dos acontecimentos, das decisões e situações enfrentadas e todos estes sempre cruzados com os vários espaços da vida. Essas construções da identidade profissional não pressupõem apenas um acúmulo de experiências, como se tudo fosse sobreposto, mas são adaptações necessárias, tanto das vivências quanto dos próprios espaços onde estas ocorrem. As identidades profissionais são construídas a partir da significação social da profissão. Assim, a identidade profissional é uma das identidades destes atores, atravessada por pluralidades que perpassam a vida. O caráter dinâmico que envolve essa construção da identidade profissional docente agrega-os e torna-os semelhantes, mas múltiplos de diversidades, onde cada educador musical se compõe diferente do outro.

Abstract The research discusses the meaning of telling in the narrative environment of teachers' peer group. Teachers’ work is increasingly challenging; however, they have no outlet for the burdens of their work in the hectic everyday working environment at the school. The research discusses opportunities afforded by group discussions as a possible solution for this problem. For the research, a peer group comprising 11 teachers was established and convened 16 times over 1.5 years. The research is a new opening in the debate on peer groups, since previous studies have paid only little attention to the narrative environment provided by them, unlike the current research. This, in spite of the fact that cost-effective peer groups are organised in fields other than teaching as well. The focus of interest is on how the challenges of teachers’ work are told in the group, what kinds of functions this has, and what kinds of opportunities for support and change are created by telling experiences. The research takes a narrative approach. The analysis of the material videotaped at the group meetings uses narrative reading methods and dialogical sequence analysis. Based on the research, the narrative environment of the group was found to be a place where people could talk about things that were not discussed at the school. Teacher's work was seen as involving human relationships. The research consolidated the view that teachers' relations with colleagues and the parents of the pupils may turn out to be the significant challenges of the work and materially affected the ability of teachers to cope at work. By telling their experiences, the teachers processed conflicts, influencing, and their limits at work, as well as sought release from negative feelings. It was also used for thinking of solutions, looking forward and seeking an appropriate distance in relationships at work. According to the research, telling experiences in a group seemed to contribute to a positive change. However, it will not always be constructive or ensure regeneration at work. The research provides new perspectives in pre-service and in-service teacher education. Relating one's own life story and discussing human relationships linked with teacher's work should be made a more visible part of growing to be teacher. Studying one's own experiences will help teachers in encounters with different parents, colleagues and children in their work. / Tiivistelmä Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan kertomisen merkitystä opettajien vertaisryhmän kerronnallisessa ympäristössä. Opettajat tekevät työtään lisääntyvien haasteiden keskellä. Koulun kiireisessä arjessa heillä ei kuitenkaan ole mahdollisuuksia purkaa työnsä kuormitusta. Yhtenä ratkaisuna tähän ongelmaan tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan ryhmässä kertomisen avaamia mahdollisuuksia opettajien tukemiseen. Tätä varten perustettiin 11 opettajasta koostuva vertaisryhmä, joka kokoontui 16 kertaa puolentoista vuoden aikana. Tutkimus on uusi avaus vertaisryhmiä koskevaan keskusteluun, sillä aiemmassa tutkimuksessa on kiinnitetty vain vähän huomiota vertaisryhmässä rakentuvaan kerronnalliseen ympäristöön, kuten tässä työssä tehdään. Kuitenkin kustannustehokkaita vertaisryhmiä järjestetään opetusalan lisäksi myös muilla aloilla. Kiinnostuksen kohteena on, millaisista opettajan työn haasteista ryhmässä kerrotaan, millaisia funktioita ryhmässä kertomisella on ja millaisia mahdollisuuksia kertominen avaa tuelle ja muutokselle. Tutkimuksen lähestymistapa on kerronnallinen. Ryhmän istunnoista koostuvan videoaineiston analyysissa sovelletaan kerronnallisia lukutapoja ja dialogista sekvenssianalyysia. Tutkimuksen perusteella ryhmän kerronnallinen ympäristö osoittautui paikaksi puhua siitä, mistä koulussa vaiettiin. Opettajan työ näyttäytyi ihmissuhdetyönä. Tutkimus vahvisti kuvaa siitä, että opettajien suhteet kollegoihin ja oppilaiden vanhempiin voivat muotoutua merkittäviksi työn haasteiksi ja vaikuttaa olennaisesti opettajien jaksamiseen. Kertomalla opettajat käsittelivät ristiriitatilanteita, vaikutusmahdollisuuksiaan, rajojaan työssä ja purkivat pahaa oloaan. Kertomisen kautta myös mietittiin ratkaisuja, suuntauduttiin tulevaan ja etsittiin sopivaa etäisyyttä työn ihmissuhteissa. Tutkimuksen mukaan ryhmässä kertominen näytti myötävaikuttavan muutokseen. Ryhmässä kertomisesta ei kuitenkaan välttämättä aina tule rakentavaa, eikä se takaa työssä uusiutumista. Tutkimus avaa näkökulmia opettajien perus- ja täydennyskoulutukseen. Oman elämäntarinan kertominen ja opettajan työhön liittyvien ihmissuhteiden tarkastelu tulisi tehdä näkyvämmäksi osaksi opettajaksi kasvamista. Oman kokemushistorian tutkiminen auttaa opettajia kohtaamaan työssään erilaisia vanhempia, kollegoita ja lapsia.

Avec la loi de février 2005, des enseignants de plus en plus nombreux sont amenés à inclure, dans leur classe ordinaire, un élève en situation de handicap. Cette modification de leur situation de travail n'est pas sans conséquences sur leur activité, elle se présente comme une difficulté à surmonter avec une prescription qui apparaît comme déficitaire. En sciences de l'éducation, la question de l'inclusion est plutôt traitée du point de vue de l'élève. Notre recherche aborde quant à elle cette problématique du point de vue du travail enseignant. Empruntant nos concepts théoriques à l'ergonomie et à la clinique de l'activité, nous avons mis en place une recherche -intervention. Nous avons mené des types d'entretiens auprès de deux enseignantes du primaire scolarisant un élève en situation de handicap qui permettent une co-analyse de leur activité. La situation de travail extra-ordinaire résultant de la présence d'un élève en situation de handicap a crée un effet de loupe sur le travail de ces enseignantes. L'analyse du dialogue, au travers de cette loupe, rend possible une meilleure compréhension de l'activité réelle des enseignants. Nous montrons qu'elles surmontent les obstacles qui se présentent à elles en puisant dans le genre professionnel, dans des gestes de métier ordinaires qu'elles mobilisent pour faire preuve d'efficacité. A partir de ces résultats, nous proposons de réinterroger la prescription faite aux enseignants et questionnons alors la formation des professeurs et le syndicalisme enseignant. / With the 2005 february law, more and more teachers are lead to include in their ordinary classroom disabled pupils. This institutional modification of the teacher's work conditions constitutes a difficulty to overcome whereas there is a defiticit as far as prescriptions are concerned. While many reasearches in educational sciences study inclusion from the point of view of the pupils, we focused on the teacher's activity seen as a work. Refering to the field and concepts of ergonomy, we set up a an intervention-research. Through interviews we have lead with two teachers who include disabled children, we have been able to co-analyse their activity. We have shown that this extra-ordinary situation creates a magnifying glass effect that enable the reasearcher to better understand the teacher's activity. The analysis of the interviews show that, in order to be efficient, the teachers overcome obstacles they face using ordinary professional gestures. Lying on those results, we propose to question: the institutional prescriptions adressed to the teachers, their Professional formation and syndicalism.

Orientador: José Gilberto de Souza / Resumo: Essa pesquisa tem o objetivo de investigar o trabalho docente no Centro Paula Souza elucidando as principais consequências das políticas educacionais de cunho neoliberal para com essa atividade. Há no Brasil programas federais, estaduais e municipais que seguem a cartilha do Banco Mundial no que diz respeito as ações educacionais nas principais redes públicas. Do ponto de vista do espaço geográfico a rede técnica de ensino do estado de São Paulo passou pela maior ampliação em suas unidades, no período que compreende os anos de 2002 a 2017 se espalhando pelo território paulista e necessitando de mais docentes. A rede técnica de ensino paulista tem uma trajetória vasta na formação, preparando seu aluno para o exercício da cidadania e da atividade laboral. Assim, interpretar esse processo recente na rede de ensino técnica do Centro Paula Souza se coloca na agenda das políticas públicas educacionais e da Geografia Econômica atual. A pesquisa dará foco às consequências das ações e políticas de cunho neoliberal na rede de ensino técnica do estado de São Paulo, sua ampliação no território paulista e qual é o perfil dos docentes que atuam na rede. Além disso, também busca averiguar como essas políticas educacionais neoliberais entram no cotidiano das unidades de ensino, sobretudo na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo e suas consequências ao trabalho docente por meio da categoria de mediação. / Abstract: This research aims to investigate the teaching work at the Paula Souza Center elucidating the main consequences of neoliberal educational policies for this activity. There are federal, state and municipal programs in Brazil follow the World Bank booklet that does respect educational actions in major public net. Geographic space point of view the technical net of the teaching of the state of São Paulo went through the largest expansion in its units, in the period from 2002 to 2017 spreads throughout the territory Paulista and needing more professors. The São Paulo technical education net has a vast trajectory in education, preparing their students for the exercise of citizenship and labor activity. Thus, interpreting this recent process in the technical education at Paula Souza Center is placed on the agenda of educational public policies and the current economic geography. This research focused on the consequences of actions and neoliberal policies in the technical education net of the state of São Paulo, its expansion in São Paulo territory and what is the profile of the teachers who work in the network. Beyond In addition, it also seeks out how these neoliberal educational policies in the daily life of the teaching units, especially in the São Paulo Metropolitan Region and its consequences on teaching activity through the category of mediation. / Doutor

Den här studien handlar om flerspråkighet iförskolan med fokus på förskollärarnas arbetssätt för barns språkutveckling. Antalet flerspråkiga barn ökar i förskoleverksamhet då de har olika bakgrund och använder olika språk (Skolinspektionen 2017, s. 5), vilket ställer krav på att förskollärare ska planeraundervisningen på ett inkluderande sätt som kan tillgodose barns olika behov. Syftet medstudien är att undersöka hur förskollärarna arbetar i förskolan med flerspråkiga barns språkutveckling. Studien utgår från ett sociokulturellt perspektiv med fokus på centrala begrepp som mediering, scaffolding och den proximala utvecklingszonen. Förskollärarensstöttning och interaktion med barnen står i fokus där lärandet sker i samspel med andra. Studien utgår från en kvalitativ metod i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer. Femförskollärare väljs ut på olika förskolor i samma kommun. Genom intervjuer medförskollärarna försöker jag få svar på hur förskollärarna beskriver att de arbetar för att flerspråkiga barns språk ska utvecklas och vilka möjligheter respektive utmaningar beskriver förskollärarna att de har i sitt språkutvecklande arbete med flerspråkiga barn. Resultatet visar att förskollärarna är medvetna om deras roll för språkutveckling och använder olika strategier för att stötta flerspråkiga barn. Samarbetet med vårdnadshavare sker dagligen och förskollärarna försöker ta del av barns intresse, språk och kultur. Flerspråkig personal fattas i förskolan och förskollärarna lyfter fram vikten av att få flerspråkstödjare i verksamheten. Förskollärarna har möjligheter för kompetensutveckling men det är svårt att anpassa undervisningen för det enskilda barnet. Modersmålet lyftsäven som viktigt för barns lärande. Mer resurser behövs i förskolans verksamhet för att ökakvaliteten på undervisningen. / This study is about multilingualism in preschool with a focus on preschool teachers' working methods for children's language development. The number of multilingual children increases in preschool activities as they have different background and uses different languages (Skolinspektionen 2017, p. 5), which requires that preschool teachers must plan teaching in an inclusive way that can accommodate children's needs different needs. The aim of the study is to investigate how the preschool teachers work in the preschool with multilinguals children's language development. The study is based on a socio-cultural perspective with a focus on central concepts such as mediation, scaffolding and the proximal development zone. The preschool teacher's support and interaction with the children are in focus where learning takes place in interaction with others. The study is based on a qualitative method in the form of semi-structured interviews. Five preschool teachers are selected at different preschools in the same municipality. Through interviews with the preschool teachers I try to get answers to how the preschool teachers describe that they work to multilingual children’s language must be developed and which opportunities and challenges are described the preschool teachers that they have in their language development work with multilingual children. The result shows that the preschool teachers are aware of their role in language development and use different strategies to support multilingual children. Cooperation with guardians takes place daily and the preschool teachers try to take part in children’s interest, language and culture. Multilingual There is a shortage of staff in the preschool and the preschool teachers highlight the importance of getting more language assistants in the business. Preschool teachers have opportunities for skill development, but it is difficult to adapt the teaching for the individual child. The mother tongue is also highlighted as important for children learning. More resources are needed in the preschool’s operations to increase the quality of the teaching.

Syftet med denna studie var att bidra med kunskap om förskollärares erfarenheter av och arbete med introduktion för barn i förskolans verksamheter. Fyra förskollärare intervjuades på samma förskola men som arbetade på olika avdelningar. Semistrukturerade intervjuer användes som metod. Resultatet visar att genom att inspireras av samtliga introduktionsmodeller kan det gynna barnets välbefinnande. Även att anpassa introduktionen efter barnets individuella behov för barnets trygghet och anknytnings skull. Ett resultat som framkom var att trygghet är det mest väsentliga under introduktionen. Även vårdnadshavarens trygghet visade sig vara väsentligt för att skapa en god samverkan mellan hem och förskola. En god samverkan skapar förutsättningar för barnets välbefinnande och trygghetsskapande. En viktig slutsats i denna studie blev att anpassa introduktionen efter barnets och vårdnadshavarens individuella behov för att på så sätt skapa trygghet och anknytningsrelationer för barnet. / The purpose of this study was to contribute with knowledge about preschool teachers' experiences of and work with introduction for children in preschool activities. Four preschool teachers were interviewed at the same preschool but who worked in different departments. Semi-structured interviews were used as method. The result shows that by being inspired by all the introduction models, it can benefit the child's well-being. Also adapting the introduction to the child's individual needs for the sake of the child's safety and attachment. One result that emerged was that safety is the most essential thing during the introduction. The safety of the parent also proved to be essential to create a good collaboration between home and preschool. A good collaboration creates conditions for the child's well-being and creating safety. An important conclusion in this study was to adapt the introduction to the individual needs of the child and parent in order to create safety and attachment relationships for the child.

The academy school programme, OFSTED’s use of school performance data, and performance management and performance related pay reforms are dramatically transforming the work and employment landscape in teaching. Yet there is limited knowledge of teachers’ experiences of work in relation to this context. The purpose of this thesis is to explore the impact of these education reforms on school teachers’ working lives through a labour process perspective. A critical realist ethnography of an inner-city secondary academy school was conducted over four months. This comprised a six-week shadowing phase, document collection and 26 semi-structured interviews with Teachers, Managers, HR and Trade Union Representatives. Findings reveal that the removal of a contextual value added measure from school performance metrics leads to an increase in teachers’ workloads and an extension of their working hours. This is compounded by an unofficial erosion of teachers’ directed working time that infiltrates through the academy trust. Pressures on workload also stem from management-led initiatives generated by appraisals in leadership programmes. Furthermore, teachers’ work becomes standardised and re-organised through the heterarchical multi-academy trust model in an effort to improve the school’s OFSTED rating. Performance related pay reforms act as a parallel instigator to the standardisation of work, polarising the creative and mundane aspects of teaching across the workforce, whilst oppositional orientations to work form as the majority of teachers align with a shared sense of commitment to work. This thesis amalgamates labour process theory with the hollowing out thesis, making key theoretical, conceptual, empirical and methodological contributions, alongside practical recommendations. / Faculty of Management, Law and Social Sciences at the University of Bradford Scholarship

Blockmodellen är en matematisk modell som ger visuellt stöd vid textuppgifter. Den har fått stor spridning i Singapore. Modellen har visat sig skapa goda resultat för elevers matematikkunskaper. Syftet med studien är att ta reda på vilka utmaningar och möjligheter som lärare kan stöta på när de arbetar med blockmodellen, men även hur detta arbete utformas. Detta gjordes genom semistrukturerade intervjuer, där svenska lärare i grundskolan intervjuades om deras erfarenheter. Totalt deltog tio lärare, där alla undervisade om blockmodellen i matematik på mellanstadiet. Analysverktygen som användes var en tematisk analys. Med hjälp av CPA-teorin och scaffolding skapades en infallsvinkel på studien. CPA-teorin utgår från att symboler skapar representationer inom exempelvis problemlösning.  Resultatet visade att pedagogerna i den svenska skolan inte ser några större utmaningar med blockmodellen samt att det är ett bra verktyg för alla elever, speciellt för elever med lässvårigheter. Lärarna upplevde att det är en gynnsam metod för elever att lära sig tidigt i grundskolan, för att underlätta elevernas vidare matematikutveckling. Resultatet visade också att lärarna anser att man bör arbeta kollegialt med blockmodellen, både att eleverna arbetar tillsammans, att läraren stöttar eleverna och att lärarna själva arbetar kollegialt med kunniga kollegor. / The Bar Model is a mathematical method that gives visual support. It is spread across Singapore. The model has been shown to produce positive results in student’s mathematical skills. The purpose of this study is to explore the challenges and opportunities that teachers may encounter when working with The Bar Model, but also as how this work is designed. This was done through semi-structured interviews, where Swedish elementary school teachers were interviewed about their experiences. A total of ten teachers participated, all of whom teached according to The Bar Model in mathematics in middle school mathematics. The analytical tool used included a thematic analysis. An analytical approach was created using the CPA-theory and scaffolding. The CPA theory assumes that symbols create representations within, for example, problem solving. The results showed that the teachers in the Swedish school system didn’t perceive any major challenges with The Bar Model, and that it is an effective tool for all students, especially those with reading difficulties. The teachers found it to be a beneficial method for students to learn early in elementary school, to simplify their further mathematical development. The results also indicated that teachers believe collaborative work is important with The Bar Model, both in terms of students working together and teachers supporting students, as well as teachers collaborating with skilled colleagues.