L’objectif de cette thèse est de proposer une réponse à la question: Est-ce que les politiques de renforcement des droits de propriété intellectuelle telles que les TRIPS peuvent être bénéfiques aux pays en développement et leurs perspectives de rattrapage économique.?Pour répondre à cette question, on s’intéresse à la dynamique technologique sous-jacente au processus de rattrapage économique. Le premier chapitre propose une revisite empirique et analytique du modele de “catching-up and falling behind” de Verspagen (1991) qui se focalise sur l’étude du rôle des dynamiques d’innovation et d’imitation dans le processus de rattrapage économique. On trouve que même si la dynamique d’innovation est importante pour le rattrapage, la dynamique d’imitation se révèle nécessaire pour s’assurer que les pays en développement puissent développer leurs capacités qui leur permettront de prospérer. L’efficacité de la dynamique d’imitation est conditionnée par les caractéristiques du pays qui détermine sa capacité d’apprentissage (“Learning Capability”).Le deuxième chapitre se concentre sur la compréhension du fonctionnement des transferts de technologie entre les pays développés et les pays en développement. On s’intéresse aux mécanismes derrières les deux canaux de transferts principaux, le commerce international et les IDE, qui sont les canaux les plus étudiés dans la littérature. On déduit de ce chapitre la richesse et la complexité de ces mécanismes.Dans le troisième chapitre, on développe un modèle à base d’agents (ABM) pour représenter ces interactions Nord-Sud et leur complexité, avec une approche évolutionniste. Le modèle de base permet en particulier l’étude du mécanisme de transfert par la mobilité (locale) des travailleurs, un canal très peu étudié dans la littérature. Ceci nous permet d’étudier l’impact que les IDE peuvent avoir sur le développement et le rattrapage. On trouve que si les IDE des pays développés vers les pays en développement peuvent, sous certaines conditions, encourager les transferts de technologie et permettre ainsi le rattrapage, il y a tout de même des effets négatifs potentiels sur les industries locales, en particulier dans les pays les plus en retard.Le dernier chapitre propose une extension du modèle qui introduit les brevets et nous permet ainsi de répondre à la question principale. On observe que si les brevets permettent d’inciter les firmes du Nord à diffuser leur technologie et facilité le rattrapage, ces firmes demanderaient un e parfaite application des lois sur la propriété intellectuelle, ce qui serait trop sévère sur les firmes locales car cela bloquerait les imitations et surtout entraverait les efforts d’innovation de ces firmes, tout en procurant un bénéfice limité pour les firmes du Nord. / The objective of this thesis is to propose an answer to the question: Can intellectual property rights policies such as TRIPS be beneficial for developing countries and their catching-up process?To answer this question, we first look at the technological dynamics behind the catching-up process. The first chapter thus provides an empirical and analytical update on the catching-up and falling behind model by Verspagen (1991), which focuses on studying the role of the innovation and imitation dynamics in the catching up process. Mainly, we find that while the innovation dynamic is important for the catching-up process, the imitation dynamic is necessary to ensure that countries build solid capabilities that will enable them to prosper. The efficiency of the imitation dynamics is dependent on policy factors that make up the learning capability of firms and ensure firms succeed assimilating knowledge.The second chapter focuses on understanding the way those technological transfers from developed to developing countries can occur, we focus on studying the mechanisms behind two main channels, that is international trade and FDIs, which represent the main form of North-South interactions studied in the literature. From this chapter we conclude that there is a rich diversity of complex mechanisms.In the third chapter, we thus build an agent-based model (ABM) to represent those North-South interactions and their complexities, with an evolutionary economics approach. The model allows us to study a particular mechanism: transfers through the local labour mobility, a channel seldom discussed in the literature. This allows us to study the impact FDI may have on development and catching-up outcomes. We find that while FDI from developed countries can, under the right conditions, encourage technological transfers and thus catching up, there are potential negative effects on local industries, in particular in countries largely behind.The final chapter proposes an extension of the model that introduces patents, in order to answer the main question. We find that while patents help motivate northern firms to disclose their technology and thus facilitate development, those firms would require a perfect level of enforcement that will be too harsh on local firms, block imitations and also severely hinder the southern firms’ innovative efforts, while generating limited gains for northern firms.

A evolução da produtividade do trabalho, particularmente no setor industrial, é um tema que vem sendo bastante discutido na literatura econômica brasileira recente e, nos anos 90, transformando-se em questão de grande interesse, dadas as modificações pelas quais passou a economia brasileira. Alguns estudos, como o de Sabóia e Carvalho (1997), trouxeram uma ampla resenha dos debates e controvérsias sobre o assunto; Bonelli e Fonseca (1998) aprofundaram a questão dos ganhos de produtividade e eficiência na economia brasileira; enquanto o estudo de Rossi Jr. E Ferreira (1999) analisou a evolução da produtividade industrial e sua relação com a abertura comercial nos anos 90. No Brasil, o foco do debate residia na discussão de saber se realmente houve aumento da produtividade da indústria brasileira ou se as taxas de crescimento estavam elevadas em virtude da superestimação dos índices do IBGE. E se houve aumento, quais a causas desse aumento. Nossa investigação objetivou entender o comportamento da produtividade do trabalho na indústria de transformação nordestina, identificar os principais fatores determinantes da sua evolução e a verificação empírica com vistas a checar se as fontes dos incrementos da produtividade do trabalho da indústria brasileira, identificadas pela literatura, também se aplica à indústria de transformação nordestina, enfatizando o papel do capital humano e do progresso tecnológico, além de analisar a contribuição desses fatores isso para o incremento observado. A metodologia consistiu na análise dos dados da PIA-IBGE sobre o comportamento da produtividade do trabalho, bem como a análise dos resultados de uma regressão com dados em painel, utilizando-se o modelo de efeitos aleatórios. Na análise dos resultados o poder explicação da variabilidade da produtividade foi de 70%, demonstrando que a variação entre indivíduos (between) superou a variação da mesma variável ao longo do tempo (within). O capital humano é a variável que melhor explica a variabilidade da produtividade do trabalho, seguida da variável que representou a abertura da economia ao mercado externo (exportações) e a produção. A proxy escolhida para representar o progresso tecnológico obteve resultado não significativo, ainda que a literatura neoclássica assegure a existência de uma relação de causalidade com o crescimento da produtividade do trabalho. Também ficou demostrada a existência de uma associação negativa e significante entre o tamanho da planta em número médio de pessoas ocupadas com a produtividade do trabalho. / A evolução da produtividade do trabalho, particularmente no setor industrial, é um tema que vem sendo bastante discutido na literatura econômica brasileira recente e, nos anos 90, transformando-se em questão de grande interesse, dadas as modificações pelas quais passou a economia brasileira. Alguns estudos, como o de Sabóia e Carvalho (1997), trouxeram uma ampla resenha dos debates e controvérsias sobre o assunto; Bonelli e Fonseca (1998) aprofundaram a questão dos ganhos de produtividade e eficiência na economia brasileira; enquanto o estudo de Rossi Jr. E Ferreira (1999) analisou a evolução da produtividade industrial e sua relação com a abertura comercial nos anos 90. No Brasil, o foco do debate residia na discussão de saber se realmente houve aumento da produtividade da indústria brasileira ou se as taxas de crescimento estavam elevadas em virtude da superestimação dos índices do IBGE. E se houve aumento, quais a causas desse aumento. Nossa investigação objetivou entender o comportamento da produtividade do trabalho na indústria de transformação nordestina, identificar os principais fatores determinantes da sua evolução e a verificação empírica com vistas a checar se as fontes dos incrementos da produtividade do trabalho da indústria brasileira, identificadas pela literatura, também se aplica à indústria de transformação nordestina, enfatizando o papel do capital humano e do progresso tecnológico, além de analisar a contribuição desses fatores isso para o incremento observado. A metodologia consistiu na análise dos dados da PIA-IBGE sobre o comportamento da produtividade do trabalho, bem como a análise dos resultados de uma regressão com dados em painel, utilizando-se o modelo de efeitos aleatórios. Na análise dos resultados o poder explicação da variabilidade da produtividade foi de 70%, demonstrando que a variação entre indivíduos (between) superou a variação da mesma variável ao longo do tempo (within). O capital humano é a variável que melhor explica a variabilidade da produtividade do trabalho, seguida da variável que representou a abertura da economia ao mercado externo (exportações) e a produção. A proxy escolhida para representar o progresso tecnológico obteve resultado não significativo, ainda que a literatura neoclássica assegure a existência de uma relação de causalidade com o crescimento da produtividade do trabalho. Também ficou demostrada a existência de uma associação negativa e significante entre o tamanho da planta em número médio de pessoas ocupadas com a produtividade do trabalho.

This study examines three important conceptions of social and human progress, evaluates them critically, and proposes an alternative conception of a rather different type. The first three conceptions are respectively found in, or at least based on, Condorcet’s theory of the historical progress of the sciences and the arts; Adam Smith’s conception of the progressive increase of national wealth; and Karl Marx’s ideal of the communist society. Despite their fundamental differences, these three theories have several common elements. Each one proposes a social project aimed at achieving an ideal society; each ultimately seeks the improvement of the human condition; each focuses however on social rather than human progress, so that its conception of the latter (and of humanness) must be constructed from a set of associated ideas about human nature, life, needs, worth, potential, or fulfilment, and about relations among these.

Submitted by girlei veloso marinho marinho (gvmarinho1000@hotmail.com) on 2012-01-12T21:59:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RELATÓRIO COMPLETO DEFESA.pdf: 764614 bytes, checksum: 129de5bb31aa8be6865e936cec363340 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ÁURA CORRÊA DA FONSECA CORRÊA DA FONSECA (aurea.fonseca@fgv.br) on 2012-01-13T17:13:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 RELATÓRIO COMPLETO DEFESA.pdf: 764614 bytes, checksum: 129de5bb31aa8be6865e936cec363340 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2012-01-17T12:54:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 RELATÓRIO COMPLETO DEFESA.pdf: 764614 bytes, checksum: 129de5bb31aa8be6865e936cec363340 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-01-17T12:56:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RELATÓRIO COMPLETO DEFESA.pdf: 764614 bytes, checksum: 129de5bb31aa8be6865e936cec363340 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-05 / The aim of this exploratory and applied study is justify the necessity of a program implantation known as chain of custody in the Criminal Laboratory Institute of Scientific and Technique Police of Rondônia’s State, in order to follow the changes that happened due to technological progress. Those changes cause the necessity of improve the quality of evidence in judicial process. The result obtained with the interviews show the lack of observation of professionals from organizations responsible to guarantee the authenticity and fitness of evidence in judicial. And what process due to the lack of a culture to a faithful compliance of chain of custody. Thereby, in this program can not miss a culture development related with chain of custody compliance because that is the element that has the power to transform and form consciences to the importance of a chain of custody to create an evidence with quality as well as show how to act in face of technological changes. / O objetivo deste estudo exploratório e aplicado é justificar a necessidade de implantação de um programa de cadeia de custódia no Instituto Laboratorial Criminal da Polícia Técnica e Científica do Estado de Rondônia a fim de se adequar às mudanças ocorridas no mundo contemporâneo estimuladas pelo avanço tecnológico. O resultado obtido com as entrevistas mostra a não percepção, por parte dos profissionais das organizações responsáveis pela autenticidade e idoneidade da prova pericial, das mudanças provocarem a necessidade de uma busca pela qualidade da prova pericial. E que ocorre em razão da falta de uma cultura para o fiel cumprimento da cadeia de custódia. Destarte, neste programa não pode faltar o desenvolvimento de uma cultura voltada para o cumprimento da cadeia de custódia, por esse ser o elemento que tem o poder de transformar e de formar consciências para a percepção da importância da cadeia de custódia na elaboração da prova pericial com qualidade, bem como mostrar como podemos agir diante desta inovação estimulada pelas mudanças do mundo contemporâneo.

The subject of my thesis is to implement the gross carrying construction of the new bakery Karlovy pekarny in Židlochovice. In this paper dealt with the technical report, the situation of buildings, building equipment, budget, schedule, technological procedure of construction (bored piles and assembled skeleton), mechanical design and assembly KZP.

This study aims to explore how today's digitalization looks in art specific educational research, bylooking at how teaching and teachers act towards digital techniques and tools to developstudents’ knowledge and abilities in arts education. The overview is constructed by a systematicsearch on two different databases. The presentation of the articles is done through three thematicdivisions: (i)The effects of teachers' view on digitalisations’ role in arts education, (ii)Teachers design of digitalarts educationand (iii)Students learning in relation to design of digital arts education. After thethematization of the eight articles a discussion is made in relation to the chosen problem area andtwo related questions “What kind of impact does teachers' attitudes on technology have onteaching?” and “How can different ways of working with technology change how students evolvetheir skills and competence?” have been asked. The results show that there are two main viewson digitalisation’s role in education, the ones that are against it and are for the traditional ways ofthe art subject and the teachers who are for the use of digital tools and can see the knowledgethat students develop

The present study is an attempt to analyze the impact of changing policy regime during the liberalization era on the behaviour of 81 sample firms in Indian electronics industry in terms of factor productivities. We categorise a period of 12 years (1993-2004) as the two phases of liberalisation: - Period/ Phase 1: 1993-1998 and Period/ Phase 2: 1999-2004. The 81 sample firms are segregated into four primary sub-sectors of electronics industry based on their use pattern: communication equipments, computer hardware, consumer electronics and other electronics. The objective is to trace the growth of output in the four sub-sectors in Indian electronics industry over two phases of liberalisation and to determine the relative contributions of Input Growth (IG) and Total Factor Productivity Growth (TFPG) to Output Growth (OG). Further, the study focuses on determining the relative contributions of Technological Progress (TP) and Technical Efficiency Change (TEC) to TFPG and establishes the influence of firm specific managerial decision making and management efficiency variables on TEC and TP. The methodology follows a three-step approach in order to achieve the above objectives. The first step is to determine a potential stochastic production function using stochastic frontier production function model and measure firm-wise technical inefficiency levels. The second step is to measure the growth of TFP over two phases and to derive the components TEC and TP. The third step measures the influence of management decision variables on TEC and TP using a frontier approach model on a panel data. The contribution of labour to output was found to be higher than the contribution of capital in all four sub-sectors. However, capital contribution improved in phase 2 relative to phase 1 for computer hardware and other electronics sub-sectors. Computer hardware was the only sub-sector that experienced an improvement in returns to scale from constant returns to scale in phase 1 to increasing returns to scale in phase 2 of liberalisation. The Technological Progress (TP) and Technical Efficiency Change (TEC) that contributed to TFPG exhibited a contrasting relationship for all the four sub-sectors in the electronics industry: TEC declined when there was high TP while it improved when there was a decline in TP. This could be because Indian electronics firms generally focus on either technology imports/ develop indigenous technology to achieve TP or to assimilate the imported/ indigenous technology for better use. The lag in assimilation of imported/ developed technology could be a reason for the negative relation between TEC and TP. The communication equipment sub-sector had a balanced growth in terms of TEC and TP among the four sub-sectors. The computer hardware and the other electronics sub-sectors were worse performers in terms of TEC in period 2 relative to period 1 and so had been the electronics industry as a whole. The computer hardware sub-sector had the highest average OG in period 2 relative to period 1 among all the sub-sectors due to relatively high contribution of IG. Other electronics sub-sector had the highest average TP that compensated for the negative average TEC. On an average, percentage contribution of TP to TFPG was high for the electronics industry and its sub-sectors in period 2 relative to period 1. This is an indication that the sub-sectors of Indian electronics industry have strived and achieved steady technological progress in the period of economic liberalisation to cope with the intensifying competition internally as well as externally. The sample firms in the electronics industry were in favour of towards external acquisition of sophisticated technology, which explains the relatively high contribution of TP to the TFPG of the industry. However, this was not followed up with adequate in-house R&D in order to develop indigenous technology or to absorb imported technology as a result of which TEC for the sub-sectors and the whole industry suffered. Growth in Operating Margin (OMG) and Growth in Returns on Capital Employed (ROCEG) generate additional revenue that could be ploughed back into the firm for improvement of its existing indigenous technology or absorption of imported technology thereby leading to improvement in TE and TP. The positive influence of OMG as well as ROCEG on TEC and TP for all the sub-sectors is an indication of efficient management in these sub-sectors in utilizing assets and profits to generate earnings. However, the trend of operating margin and returns on capital employed had been declining for all the sub-sectors. Inventory management proved to be costly for TP as financial resources diverted to maintain inventory had an undesirable effect on their indigenious technology. Most of the sample firms in the electronics industry were found to have incurred R&D expenditure to derive tax incentives. As a result the resources got diverted away from other creative operational or skill improvement efforts to unproductive and wasteful R&D activities. Thus, R&D did not have the desirable influence on the components of TFPG. The present study showed that unplanned and ad hoc technology imports or even raw material imports was not conducive to the growth of both the components of TFPG. Older firms need to develop their technology or adequately import better and more sophisticated technology. This would enable older (more experienced) electronic firms to overcome the negative influence of age, reflected in our analysis. This is, however, applicable to only those segments of the electronics industry where firms preferred to serve lower end of the market as well as lower end of the technological spectrum (eg. Computer hardware and other electronics sub-sectors). Electronics industry like any other capital goods industry offers scope for vertical integration. Management of the firms in electronics industry should emphasize on vertical integration, expansion of scale of operations and should initiate R&D investments to build up R&D base, among others to improve TEC and TP. This would also help to check the decline in operating margin and returns from invested capital among the firms. Thus, improved managerial effectiveness and decision making do help in the form of generating thereby surpluses facilitating to achieve higher TP and even TEC. Regional and State governments should provide adequate policy support and appropriate industrial infrastructure to electronic firms which would in turn improve their managerial effectiveness and TFPG.

Identifiés comme acteurs politiques, économiques, sociaux ou encore culturels ayant un rôle et une responsabilité fondamentale dans un monde caractérisé par une mondialisation technologique galopante, les médias semblent évidemment soumis au droit de la concurrence. Pourtant, cette évidence n’en constitue pas une lorsque l’on analyse profondément la question. Les médias sont-ils vraiment soumis au droit de la concurrence ? Parallèlement est-il possible de dire qu’on se dirige résolument vers un droit de la concurrence propre aux médias ? Les relations entre les médias et le droit de la concurrence ont connus plusieurs épisodes en Mauritanie. Tout d’abord, l’épisode initiale au fil duquel le rapport entre les médias et le droit de la concurrence fut fade et monotone puisque l’Etat monopolisait tous les médias. Ensuite, au cours du deuxième épisode, il y a eu une ouverture partielle et partiale des médias à la concurrence et ainsi au droit de la concurrence. Enfin, le troisième et dernier épisode est celui inauguré par l’abolition totale du monopole. Dés lors, ce travail consiste à montrer et démontrer la soumission des médias au droit de la concurrence. / Identified as a political, social, cultural or economical actor, having an esential role in the world characterized by soaring globalisation, which is in a staggering peak, media seems to be naturally submitted to the competition law. However, when the question is analysed in a precised and refined way, this obviousness is not right anymore. Are the media really submited to the competition law ? At the same time is it possible to talk about the competition law specific to medias ? Relations between media and the competition law have been faced of several incidents in Mauritania. First of all, during the first incident, the relation between two institutions, it means media and the competition law were bland and dull because of State’s monopolization of all media’s means. Then, there was a partial opening of media to competition. Eventually, the recording of media by the competition law happened during the last incident. This work consists in demonstration of media’s submission to the competition law even though the mediatic product keeps being specific.

Building Technology project deals with the processing of the necessary documents and documentation for implementation shell of the building of the Academy of Sciences in Prague Dejvice. At the beginning of the technical report on the building technology project, which provides basic information about the construction. Content is the solution of the building construction site by the financial, structural and technological and time. Construction technology solution is based on monolithic work.

This master’s thesis deals with construction of the gross building of new building of learning complex FEKT VUT in Brno. It contains the design of earthworks, underground setting piles, monolithic structures and isolation of the building for further construction. Construction and technological project includes technical report, time and financial plan of construction, study of the implementation of major technological stages of site preparation, budget of facilities, technological regulation to solved stages, inspection and test plan of monolithic structures, health and safety plan and energy label of objects.