The purpose of this study is to problematize the technological transition from traditional retail to mobile commerce, its following challenges, and its impact on organizations. Further, to highlight what companies need in order to consider the implemention of this technological transition. Finally, this study aims to tackle synergies that are exposed in this study that defines factors which drive the technological transition from traditional retail to m-commerce.

Energy plays a significant role in a country’s development. Usage of an improved stove that produces biochar could help to reduce the pressure of deforestation, amend soil productivity, and provide cleaner technology for cooking. In Kwale, a county located on the south coast of Kenya, firewood is still used as the primary cooking fuel followed by charcoal. This research aims to investigate the improvements for a Top-litUpDraft (TLUD) biochar-producing gasifier stove, which the users aspired through co-designing. Transformative mixed methods were used as the research design to empower the users’ involvement in the biochar and smallholder farmers in Kenya – improved use efficiency of farm-level organic resources in relation to energy, crops and soil project. Triangulation was used to process the collected data through structured user observations, a focus group discussion, and a semi-structured interview. Between two stakeholders, TLUDgasifier stove users and the manufacturer, there was a difference of opinion for the main priority. Ease of use was the main concern for the users while the manufacturer put forward energy efficiency. Further, the users desired for an increase in the stove’s dimension as its capacity to produce biochar would increase.

This text analyses the relation between new technology development standards and education. Its investigation process is based on the study that deals with the social transformation and its implication in education, considering economical, political and educational aspects of the problem, as well as its dimensions and relations. The educational complex is basically agreed in ontological sense as a moment related to the human social reproduction process, composing the set of positions coming from labour and created by man to the continuation of the social being. The text also deals with the capitalistic development dynamics, capital crisis and its consequences, productive structure and the neoliberalism politics, trying to show how education is situated in this sort of sociability and how it responds to the new technology level with the imposition of new demands to the individual formation. From this perspective, changes in the laws of education coming from Brazil s acceptance to the neoliberalism ideas are discussed. It also searches in the analyses of the new Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Nacional facts that associate education to the changes in the labour world and the new technologies present in it. / Este texto analisa a relação entre novos padrões de desenvolvimento tecnológico e educação. Seu processo de investigação é pautado no estudo de obras que tratam das transformações societárias e suas implicações na educação, considerando aspectos econômicos, políticos e educacionais do problema, suas dimensões e relações. O complexo da educação é basicamente entendido em sentido ontológico como momento intimamente relacionado ao processo de reprodução sócio-humana, compondo o conjunto de posições derivadas do trabalho e produzidas pelo homem para a continuidade do ser social. O texto também aborda a dinâmica do desenvolvimento capitalista, a crise do capital e suas conseqüências, a reestruturação produtiva e a política de ajuste neoliberal, procurando mostrar como a educação se situa neste tipo de sociabilidade e de que forma ela vem respondendo ao novo patamar tecnológico com imposição de novas exigências à formação dos indivíduos. Nessa perspectiva, são discutidas alterações na legislação educacional provenientes da adesão do Brasil ao ideário neoliberal. Busca ainda na análise da nova Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Nacional elementos que associam a educação às transformações no mundo do trabalho e das novas tecnologias aí presentes.

Abstract The purpose of the thesis has been to investigate the relation between human capital and economic growth in developing countries around the world. The main research question is how the human capital impact on the economic growth in developing countries during the period of 2010 -2015.The world is mainly divided into two major groups, which are Developed & Developing countries, as well as poor & rich countries. In this thesis mainly concern only developing and poor countries and their role of the economic growth. The key factors of economic growth are GDP/capita, per capita income, birth rate, death rate, population growth rate, life expectancy at birth, working age population, education, literacy rate and investment in technology. The world is populated day by day such has never been before. In the past history it look back to 123 years to increased from one billion to two billion from 1804 to 1927.Then, next billion took 33 years. The following two billions took 14 years and 13 years, respectively (Ray, Development Economics).             The data has been taken from the Developing countries around the world which is taken a cross sectional data set and data has been analysed with multiple liner regressions model with ordinary least squares (OLS). For this purpose which applied the difference tools & theory which are human capital and technology development, economic growth, norms, externalities and human social capital.   The previous studies is examined the most important factors of economic development that is economic growth and human capital investment. Similarly, the theoretical discussion is described the Solow model, human capital theory, technological progress, demographic transition and social capital. For examine the data is divided into two groups which are dependent and independent variables. Economic growth GDP/capita, GDP/capita growth rate are dependent variable and Ln. GDP initial, life expectancy at birth, population growth rate, education, working age population and investment in technology are independent variables.   This analysis shows the majority of the variables in the study have positive significant relation to the GDP/capita growth. This result furthermore support the developing countries provides insight on the world economic development status towards the independents variables.

The graduation thesis focuses on science and technology parks as the form of tendencies for the integration of the science and technology development in Europe. The objective of the thesis is to describe the development of science and technology parks in selected European countries and to verify the existence of dependencies between the integration of the science and technology development and the competitiveness of countries. The author defines the fundamental parameters and strategic goals of parks and compares parks in selected European countries on that basis. The author confirms positive dependences between the integration of the science and technology development and the competitiveness of countries and deduces prerequisites for the effective function of science and technology parks in the economy. The author suggests prospective good practices for the identified prerequisites.

My final thesis "How informatics, science and technology affect our society" deals with an often ignored topic of the impact technology on our society. The thesis analyzes all possible positive and negative aspects of technological progress. The threats are described as social dependence on the machines and as well as the gradual moving out people from jobs. The existing system of capitalism below this technology cannot resist pressure and the pressure is a threat of his crash. The question remains to what kind of system should our civilization has to survive. Here come to the word famous futurologists, economists, sociologists, psychologists and architects. These groups of people are trying to sketch a rough draft feature of the future system. The threat of collapse of civilization can be averted. Unfortunately, each of them has their own vision and mostly of them work individually on their projects of new world. My task was to unify visions and to create a realistic vision of the whole society. The second part of my work describes the vision of these famous people and tries to find their mutual consistency. All of the visions have some deficiencies, or they are not well thought out in all aspects, so my other goal was to try to eliminate these defects or minimize them. The task for this thesis is to unite the ideas of contemporary visionaries and convince conservatives that it is not only possible to create a new social system, but rather also necessary.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 22-25, 2001 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / The CENTS Program is a Central Test and Evaluation Investment Program (CTEIP) effort conducted by the 46th Test Wing at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida. This project uses advanced internetworking technology to collect data unobtrusively from multiple Line Replaceable Units (LRU's) within an aircraft without the expense of running new wiring. The data is transported to a master network controller using the existing aircraft powerlines at a raw data rate of over 10 Mbits/s. Sensors are integrated into the shells of the LRU's data bus connectors to minimize the number of aircraft modifications required for a test. CENTS began in January 2000 as an OSD CTEIP Sponsored Test Technology Development and Demonstration (TTD&D) project and is currently in Phase 2 of the effort. Phase 1 saw the successful demonstration of the use of MIL-STD-704 power busses to establish a virtual network for data transport. This paper reviews the current status and past achievements of the CENTS TTD&D program as well as describing some immediate potential pay- offs for the Test and Evaluation community in the near-term.

在面臨知識經濟的潮流下，隨著全球化、知識化的衝擊以及快速發展，有效的取得前瞻技術已成為企業建立與維持競爭優勢的重要手段，科學與技術的創新能力亦成為國家強化產業領導地位、厚植總體競爭力的主要方式。 　　經濟部科技專案計畫每年均投入相當經費，委託研究機構及產業界從事產業技術之研發，期能強化國內產業之競爭優勢，並有效提升產業研發能力及開創新興科技產業，最終目的在推動我國成為高附加價值製造中心；但由於經濟部技術處人員嚴重不足，因此乃採取委外方式辦理，以降低人力負荷，並活用民間資源。 　　本研究目的主要針對科技專案委外之實際面，就推動委外的歷史演變、政策法規、決策模式，做廣泛而深入與探討，並透過委託人、代理人及審查專家，做質性訪談，探究委外關係策略及過程，期望對於科技專案計畫委外之作業機制，提出精進之建議。 　　經過上述的研究程序，本研究發現以下結論：1.組織面：(1)技術處委外歷史背景為由下而上，促成辦理。(2)委外以資金換取無形成本，而有形成本並未降低。(3)以代理人執行作業，卻由委託人擔負責任，權責不相當。(4) 從事研發工作之代理人大多為政府扶植財團法人。2.管制面：(1)行政控管著重進行過程甚過於執行結果。(2)研發控管方式著重預定標準及實際績效。(3)每年簽約作業繁複瑣碎，致使信任降低。3.心理面：(1)公務事不再是終身職。(2)沿用以往模式，陷入行動慣性，成功假象！ 相關的建議如下：1.技術處應建立責任歸屬模式。2.技術處應簡化作業流程、資訊上線。3.技術處應預期並重視合約終止的處理方式。4.執行單位應強化中階主管的穩定性，對於專家對談監督機制，輔以一約多年之合約。 關鍵字：科技專案計畫、委外、政府採購法、管理 / Nowadays many governments seek factors influencing the economic growth of a country to continue developing and to be more competitive in a rapidly changing and globalizing world. In this era of knowledge-based economy, knowledge is often assumed to be the fundamental resource. It is a crucial factor for the economic growth of a country. How to produce and create more knowledge is deemed to be one of the most crucial tasks of a government. One way of producing knowledge is investing in research and development (R&D) to develop new technologies. Recently, many studies suggest that a new technology that raises higher total productivity is one of the factors to the economic growth of a country. So for countries and private enterprises it is especially important to have access to leading, advanced and key component technologies. Each year the Ministry of Economic Affairs (MOEA) of Taiwan invests a lot in public research and development. They started the “scientific technology development project”, to develop new technologies, especially industrial technologies. MOEA expects these huge investments to strengthen the innovative capabilities of Taiwanese industries and to upgrade Taiwanese industries. Due to heavy workloads and insufficient human resources in the Department of Industrial Technology (DOIT) , DOIT needs to outsource these scientific technology development projects to research institutes and corporations. DOIT expects to take advantages of the efficiency and flexible organizational structure of the private sector. Hence, recently the issue towards “government outsource” catches more and more attentions than ever. The main purposes of this research paper are as followed. Through qualitative interviews with civil servants, governmental officers, outsourcers, agents and specialists and context analysis, this research paper would like to have an overview on the historical background, the current situation of DOIT’s outsource and its management, to describe the difficulties and problems for the outsourcer (DOIT) and the agents (research institutes and corporations). This research paper would also illustrate policies, legal part, such as public procurement act and decision-making strategies of outsourcing of DOIT. At the end, this paper will give suggestions for DOIT’s outsource. First of all, from organizational aspect, the important findings are as followed. 1.Originally, the demand of outsource exists earlier than the supply. More precisely, the agents reinforce the government to have a way working on scientific technology development projects properly. 2.DOIT subsidizes the research institutes to carry out these projects in order to exchange intangible assets of the research institutes, such as human capital and so on. Nevertheless, the real cost is not less. 3.The agents carry out these projects, but outsourcer needs to take the responsibility of the consequences. 4.Most agents are research institutes, which are fully subsidized by the government. Secondly, from the governing and managing aspect, the findings are as below. 1.Administrative governance puts more emphasis on the executive process of these projects than the results per se of the projects. 2.About the management of research and development results, DOIT focuses on the comparison between anticipating and real effects. 3.Each year the outsourcing contracts between DOIT and those agents have to be either re-new or re-made. It makes the relationship between two parties less reliable. Thirdly, from the psychological aspect, the subsidies from government for the agents are less and less. And repeating the same way will be the tarp of inertia for outsourcers and agents and it will make it difficult to have breakthrough or new ides. Finally, in this research paper give some suggestions to the findings for the governmental outsourcing management for scientific technology development project. 1.DOIT needs to clearly state who should take responsibility. 2.DOIT should simplify the procedure by making better use of information communication technologies. 3.DOIT should emphasize more on finding a better way in coping with the termination of an outsourcing contract. 4.The original governing and managing module should be revised. New module, “peer review” and multi-year contract, should be taken into consideration. Keywords: Scientific technology development project, Outsourcing, Public procurement act, Management

全球日益嚴重的環境問題多為科技進步所帶來的副作用，科技發展確實為人們帶來許多好處，但同時也破壞了人們所居住的環境。當某些科技被發現對人類和自然環境為有害時，通常原採用此科技的企業會在消費大眾的輿論、政府法規或國際公約的規範壓力之下，停止使用此污染的科技和停止生產相關的產品。另一方面，企業、學術或研究單位也會積極研發相關的替代科技和產品。但污染技術的發展是否就如我們所想像的，會終結於政府法令或國際公約的規範、管制之下？本研究試圖以CFC（氟氯碳化物）破壞臭氧層的例子透過相關專利的分析來觀察此技術和替代技術的發展歷程。 就CFC技術的發展過程，加以相關文獻回顧，提出三項研究問題： 一、當CFC初步被發現會對臭氧層造成破壞，但尚無實際科學證據時，其相關的應用技術是否不再發展？同時，是否會有相關的替代技術開始發展？ 二、當政府頒布法令以禁止CFC的製造和使用時，其相關應用技術是否不再發展？同時，其相關的替代技術是否會增加？ 三、當1987年「蒙特婁議定書」國際公約規範形成，並開始管制CFC之生產和使用後，其相關應用技術是否不再發展？同時，其相關的替代技術是否會大增？ 根據本研究專利分析之驗證，獲得以下結論： 1.當污染的因果關係被發現時，若原科技具污染性的科學證據仍不足、大量原設備仍有很長的使用壽命、替代品的價格相對較為昂貴，則企業為維持既有市場利益，污染技術繼續被使用、相關應用技術仍繼續發展，而替代技術發展開始起步，但開發的情形並不積極。 2.當政府頒布法規來管制污染科技的製造和使用，但若管制範圍僅限於單一國家區域內，企業仍可在其他非管制的國家區域進行製造和使用原污染科技，則污染科技會繼續發展，且替代技術開發的壓力不大，以致成效不彰。 3.當國際間有公約規範形成，並開始管制污染科技的生產和消費時，因為國際公約為世界全面性的管制，且管制的時程具有階段性，則污染技術之發展隨即轉為衰退，且為「逐漸」的減少、衰退。迫使企業必須逐漸停止使用污染技術及其應用之開發，轉而積極投入研發新的替代技術，使替代技術有蓬勃的發展，因此國際公約為影響污染技術和替代技術發展非常重要的因素。 4.在專利審查制度對污染技術發展的影響方面，於政府頒布禁令、國際公約簽署開始管制污染技術的生產和使用之後，仍有使用污染技術專利出現的情形。此係企業為了保有技術的完整性、盡量擴大其專利範圍，於專利範圍中列出該技術所有可使用的化學物質，其中含有已被管制之污染物質。然而專利審查制度中，實用性只考慮該技術是否「能夠」被實施，並未考慮到是否「被允許」實施。因此，雖然新技術的實施並不「必然」要使用舊技術，但新技術專利範圍中含有可使用舊技術的情形，仍可能增加舊技術的需求，因為其價格較低，在開發中或落後國家繼續被使用而造成環境的危害。而專利具有擴散技術知識的功能，因此專利的實用性應考量應用的原料是否環保，為減少污染物質被使用的機會，應除去其中之污染物質。

Significant interest is witnessed in the context of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) mediated interventions for development and empowerment of people living in Rural India since the turn of the century. An objective evaluation of impact of such initiatives is important for enrichment of these initiatives as well as potential scaling up and replication. Despite a large number of such initiatives and their subsequent scrutiny in the literature, there is a dearth of comprehensive studies to establish the potential and scope of ICT mediated interventions on empowerment and the role of participation. The present study focuses on bridging this gap. The study is undertaken in three phases- (1) Longitudinal observation, (2) Intensive analysis of ongoing ICT mediated interventions to study stages of empowerment and their measurement and (3) Analytical modelling of the processes and outcomes of empowerment. In the first phase, a longitudinal observation using Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) approach was undertaken in Sirsa, Haryana over two years to explore the relevance of ICT mediation through various communication devices. In the second phase, mobile phone based interventions, involving dissemination of information, were intensively studied. Nine PRA studies were undertaken at eight locations from three states representing diverse agriculture and allied contexts. A Knowledge Gap Analysis (KGA) was undertaken in which a participant was assessed at three different stages – (a) awareness, (b) knowledge and (c) internalization. A specimen based approach based on PRA techniques was adopted, to assess their retention and internalization. A ‘Knowledge Gap Indicator (KGI)’ approach was used to assess and compare retention between people who were part of the intervention with those who did not have exposure to it. In the third phase, the process of empowerment was conceptually modeled as ‘The Participation based ICT Mediated Empowerment Cycle (PICTEC)’. The conceptual model – PICTEC was empirically tested using data obtained from seven locations from three states based on a survey using structured audio-enabled questionnaire. The structural model of PICTEC based on the factors that influence the empowerment cycle was studied using Generalized Partial Least Square (PLS) techniques. The research points to the utility of understanding empowerment through the three distinct approaches adopted in the three phases. The other main contributions include design and development of a methodology to assess empowerment at various stages using Knowledge Gap Analysis (KGA), measurement of empowerment using Knowledge Gap Indicators (KGI) and data collection approaches in the spirit of PRA techniques based on specimen based approach and audio enabled questionnaires which are amenable to rigorous analysis. The results indicate evidence for positive impact of technology mediation in achieving the overall objectives of empowerment in the rural India context. The enabling role of participation is also observed. The results show that the stages of manifestation of empowerment and the internal processes can be studied simultaneously which has positive implications for designing effective interventions. The outcome of the present study are expected to contribute to existing literature on the subject and have relevance for policy makers, managers, designers and administrators of ICT based interventions targeting empowerment.