Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:21:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nadja de Alencar Cesar Zubcov.pdf: 810343 bytes, checksum: 404319ad05fb70438bc47ced9721ec6a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-09-27 / The present paper presents a view of the development of commercialized products, the mode of production, the trade development, from the exchanges to effective international transactions; the interference of the State in legal businesses which involve the transfer of technology in the globalized era; and the importance of the removal of the borders. So as to make a complete analysis of the transfer of technology possible, we must necessarily understand the instrument which enables it the contract -, its evolution, its concepts and its requirements. Later, the issue concerning property is discussed, firstly in its classical concept, so that it is possible to compare it to the industrial property, its similarities and discrepancies. Lastly, it is necessary to understand the immaterial object of the contract of technology transfer, what it is and the main ways in which its transfers may occur. The National Institute of Industrial Property, which is responsible for the registration of such contracts, has not been forgotten / O presente trabalho apresenta uma visão do desenvolvimento dos produtos comercializados; o modo de produção; o desenvolvimento do comércio, desde as trocas até as efetivas transações internacionais; a interferência do Estado nos negócios jurídicos que envolvem a transferência de tecnologia na era globalizada; e a importância da eliminação das fronteiras. Para que seja possível uma análise completa da transferência de tecnologia, necessariamente deve-se entender o seu instrumento viabilizador o contrato , sua evolução, seu conceito e seus requisitos. Adiante se discute a questão relativa à propriedade, primeiramente em sua concepção clássica, para que seja possível compará-la com a propriedade industrial, suas semelhanças e discrepâncias. Por fim, há que se compreender o objeto imaterial do contrato de transferência de tecnologia, o que é e as principais maneiras como pode ocorrer sua transferência. Não se olvidou o Instituto Nacional de Propriedade Industrial, responsável pelo registro desses contratos

Cette thèse étudie les déterminants des transferts internationaux de technologie ainsi que leurs impacts sur la productivité en Chine. A travers une analyse de la littérature sur les transferts internationaux de technologie et de la théorie de la croissance endogène, nous identifions deux principaux canaux de transferts internationaux de technologie vers la Chine : l’investissement direct étranger (IDE) et l’importation de technologie. Nous proposons ensuite une étude empirique de l’impact des transferts internationaux de technologies et des efforts de R&D des entreprises sur la productivité des régions chinoises. Pour cela nous nous basons sur la fonction de production Cobb-Douglas traditionnelle. Dans ce cadre, nous procédons à des régressions sur données de panel équilibré contenant des informations sur les transferts internationaux de technologie vers 28 provinces chinoises entre 2001 et 2008. Tout d’abord, nous utilisons les régressions sur données de panel avec effets aléatoires sur la productivité des régions chinoises. Elles montrent que le coefficient des IDE est positif mais non significatif. Afin de résoudre les potentiels problèmes d'endogénéité dans la fonction de production, nous utilisons les variables instrumentales (IV). Avec cette méthodologie, nous constatons que l'IDE a un impact négatif sur la productivité des régions chinoises, qui est cohérent avec la littérature traitant les problèmes d'endogénéité des IDE (Aitken et Harrison, 1999; Hu et Jefferson, 2002; Konings, 2001; Xu et Sheng, 2011). L’impact négatif des IDE sur la productivité peut être expliqué comme le résultat de la concurrence entre firmes étrangères et domestiques ou l’existence d’un «fossé technologique». Les résultats montrent également que l’importation de technologies a un rôle positif considérable sur la productivité des régions chinoises. Les résultats empiriques confirment également que les efforts de R&D interne chinois ont une influence positive et très significative sur la productivité des régions en Chine. Nos résultats suggèrent donc que la Chine doit favoriser non seulement le développement du transfert de technologie international mais aussi ses propres efforts de R&D. Après cette étude quantitative, nous réalisons une analyse plus qualitative des déterminants des transferts internationaux de technologie en Chine. Dans la littérature sur les transferts internationaux de technologie, cinq facteurs apparaissent comme des déterminants importants de ces transferts : les politiques gouvernementales, l’environnement de marché, les droits de propriété, les écarts technologiques et la capacité d’absorption. Cependant, peu de travaux étudient comment ces facteurs clés influent sur les transferts internationaux de technologie vers la Chine. Nous prenons l’exemple de l’industrie automobile chinoise afin d’analyser cette question en profondeur. Nos résultats empiriques montrent que les politiques gouvernementales sur l’IDE, le commerce et la propriété intellectuelle jouent un rôle particulièrement important sur les transferts internationaux de technologie en Chine. De plus, la structure de marché, notamment le degré élevé de la concurrence sur le marché, a favorisé les transferts internationaux de technologie vers la Chine. Les droits de propriété affectent également ces flux technologiques. Les entreprises d’Etat qui ont établi une Joint Venture (JV) acquièrent principalement les technologies via l’IDE, tandis que les entreprises d’Etat sans JV et les entreprises locales indépendantes se concentrent sur l’apprentissage grâce à l’importation de technologie et la coopération. L’écart technologique affecte l’efficacité du transfert de technologie international en Chine. La capacité d’absorption est importante pour le bénéficiaire afin d’acquérir les technologies transférées. / This Ph.D dissertation studies the productivity impact and the determinants of international technology transfer in China. Through a review of the theoretical and empirical literature on international technology transfer and endogenous growth theory, we analyze two main channels of international technology transfer in China, namely FDI and technology import. We investigate the productivity impacts of international technology transfer and own R&D efforts. Relying on international technology transfer literature coupled with endogenous growth theory, balanced panel data on international technology transfer about 28 Chinese regions from 2001 to 2008 are used for testing the productivity impact. The traditional Cobb-Douglas production function is used. Firstly, Pooled EGLS (Cross-section random effects) regressions are used to estimate random-effects panel data models for regional productivity. The coefficient of FDI is insignificant and positive. Then in order to solve the endogeneity problems in production function, we use instrumental variables (IV) estimation. In instrumental variable estimate, we find that FDI has significantly negative impact on Chinese regional productivity, which is consistent with recently literature (Aitken and Harrison, 1999; Hu and Jefferson, 2002; Konings, 2001; Xu and Sheng, 2011) which pays attention to the endogeneity of inputs. ‘Competition effects’ and ‘technology gap’ explanation can explain the negative impact of FDI on Chinese regional productivity in short run. Our empirical results show that technology import has significantly positive impact on Chinese regional productivity. The empirical results also confirm that own R&D efforts has significantly positive effect on Chinese regional productivity. Our results suggest that Chinese governments should favor the development of both international technology transfer and own R&D efforts.Then we analyze the determinant of international technology transfer in China. In existing literature, government policy, market environment, ownership relationship, technology gap and absorptive capacity are considered as the key factors influencing international technology transfer. Few works investigate how these key factors affect international technology transfer in China. In order to analyze this questions deeply, we do a case study on Chinese automotive industry. We choose to analyze this sector as it occur more international technology transfer and it is extremely important in Chinese economy. Our empirical results show that some government policies have active impact on international technology transfer in China, such as, local content requirement, the decrease of trade barriers, tax incentives and IP protection. However, some policies have no significant even negative impact on international technology transfer in China, such as, restrictions on entry and foreign equity limits. Market environment, especially market competition, to large extant promote international technology transfer in China. Ownership relationship affect international technology transfer, JV (Joint Venture) members of SOEs (State-owned enterprises) mainly acquire production technologies through FDI and technology import, while Non-JV members of SOEs and independent local company focus on learning design technologies through technology import and international cooperation. Large technology gap makes Chinese domestic companies have more opportunities to learning foreign technologies, but it also means that domestic companies have no enough ability to absorb the advanced technologies from multinationals. Absorptive capacity is important for the recipient acquiring the transferred technologies.

A dissertação tem como objetivo estudar a participação minoritária de Instituições Científicas, Tecnológicas e de Inovação (ICTs) públicas no capital social de empresas como forma de remuneração pela transferência de tecnologia e pelo licenciamento para outorga de direito de uso ou de exploração de criação, nos termos do artigo 5º, §6º da Lei de Inovação (Lei nº 10.973/2004). Políticas públicas de incentivo à inovação têm cada vez mais importância para o desenvolvimento dos países, tanto desenvolvidos como em desenvolvimento. A intervenção direta do Estado na economia como impulsionador da inovação é indiscutivelmente relevante, tanto do ponto de vista histórico quanto na atualidade. A promoção da cooperação e interação entre os diferentes entes participantes do sistema nacional de inovação, sejam públicos ou privados, é um dos meios de estímulo à inovação que podem contribuir para o desenvolvimento econômico e tecnológico do país, com vistas ao interesse social. A participação societária que é objeto da presente pesquisa é uma das formas de incentivo à interação entre as ICTs e o setor produtivo previstas na Lei de Inovação, e claro mecanismo de intervenção do Estado na economia. Para que o instrumento de participação possa ser aplicado, é necessário analisar em profundidade a natureza jurídica e características das ICTs públicas brasileiras, os requisitos jurídicos para que a participação minoritária seja implementada, bem como as consequências jurídicas e socioeconômicas para ambas as partes. / The dissertation has the purpose to study the minority interest of public research institutions in companies as a form of remuneration for the transferring and licencing of technology, according to the article 5th, §6th of the Brazilian Innovation Law (Lei nº 10.973/2004). Public policies to stimulate innovation are increasingly more important worldwide, both in developed and developing countries. The State intervention in the economy as a driver of innovation in inarguably relevant, either from the historical point of view or nowadays. The promotion of cooperation and interaction between the different entities participating in the national innovation system, both public and private, is one of the means of stimulating innovation that can contribute to the country\'s economic and technological development, as well as the public interest. The equity interest, which is the object of the present research, is one of the forms of incentivising the interaction between research institutions and the productive sector, foreseen in the Brazilian Innovation Law, and a clear mechanism of State intervention in the economy. For that minority interest to be applied, it is necessary to analyse in depth the legal nature and characteristics of Brazilian public research institutions, the legal requirements for minority interest to be implemented, as well as the legal and socioeconomic consequences for both parties.

O processo de transferência tecnologia-produto é considerado uma competência essência dentro das empresas desenvolvedoras de produtos inovadores e consiste em um relacionamento envolvendo uma empresa desenvolvedora da tecnologia denominada de fornecedora e outra denominada de usuária, que conduz esforços de desenvolvimento d produtos utilizando-se dessa tecnologia. A literatura aponta como o principal problema dessa transferência, a incerteza tecnológica, que dificulta a utilização efetiva da tecnologia e sua incorporação em novos produtos pela empresa usuária, comprometendo a eficácia desse processo e do desenvolvimento de produtos. Diante desse cenário o objetivo da pesquisa consiste em propor um modelo para o processo de transferência tecnologia-produto a partir do recorte analítico de redes colaborativas. Sabe-se que as redes podem contribuir com a geração manutenção e ampliação das inovações nessas empresas, diminuindo a incerteza tecnológica melhorando a habilidade das empresas em desenvolver novos produtos. Para atingir o objetivo da pesquisa foi utilizada a metodologia de modelagem organizacional Enterprise Knowledge Development (EKD) como base para a construção do modelo, sendo esta modelagem realizada por meio de estudos de casos em empresas de alta tecnologia. Diante dos resultados empíricos juntamente com a literatura foi proposto o modelo que visa auxilia as empresas a utilizar os conceitos de redes colaborativas de forma sistemática e factível dentro do setor estudado, já que pesquisas prévias não trazem essa contribuição prática. Esse modelo pode orientar as empresas a estruturar ou reestruturar o processo de transferência tecnologia-produto para que seja colaborativo e não simplesmente uma relação de mercado. / The product technology transfer process is considered a key competence in firms that develop innovative products. This process consists of organizations who develop technology known as suppliers and recipient organization who conduct the product development effort. The literature points the technological uncertainty as the main problem of the transfer, hindering the effective use of technology and its incorporation into new products by the user firm, compromising the effectiveness of this process and product development. Based on this scenario, the purpose of the research is to proposea model for the product technology transfer process from the analytical approach of collaborative networks. The collaborative networks contribute to the generation, maintenance, and extension of innovation, reducing uncertainty and improving the technological ability of firms todevelop new products. In order to achieve the research objective, the organizational modeling methodology called Enterprise Knowledge Development (EKD) was used as the basis for developing the model. This modeling was performed by means of case studies in high-technology firms. Based on the empirical results and literature, the model was proposed in order to help firms in the sector studied, using the concepts of collaborative networks in a systematic way, since previous research did not present this practical contribution. Besides, this model can guide firms to structure or restructure the product technology transfer process in a collaborative way and not simply a market relationship.

O processo de transferência tecnologia-produto é considerado uma competência essência dentro das empresas desenvolvedoras de produtos inovadores e consiste em um relacionamento envolvendo uma empresa desenvolvedora da tecnologia denominada de fornecedora e outra denominada de usuária, que conduz esforços de desenvolvimento d produtos utilizando-se dessa tecnologia. A literatura aponta como o principal problema dessa transferência, a incerteza tecnológica, que dificulta a utilização efetiva da tecnologia e sua incorporação em novos produtos pela empresa usuária, comprometendo a eficácia desse processo e do desenvolvimento de produtos. Diante desse cenário o objetivo da pesquisa consiste em propor um modelo para o processo de transferência tecnologia-produto a partir do recorte analítico de redes colaborativas. Sabe-se que as redes podem contribuir com a geração manutenção e ampliação das inovações nessas empresas, diminuindo a incerteza tecnológica melhorando a habilidade das empresas em desenvolver novos produtos. Para atingir o objetivo da pesquisa foi utilizada a metodologia de modelagem organizacional Enterprise Knowledge Development (EKD) como base para a construção do modelo, sendo esta modelagem realizada por meio de estudos de casos em empresas de alta tecnologia. Diante dos resultados empíricos juntamente com a literatura foi proposto o modelo que visa auxilia as empresas a utilizar os conceitos de redes colaborativas de forma sistemática e factível dentro do setor estudado, já que pesquisas prévias não trazem essa contribuição prática. Esse modelo pode orientar as empresas a estruturar ou reestruturar o processo de transferência tecnologia-produto para que seja colaborativo e não simplesmente uma relação de mercado. / The product technology transfer process is considered a key competence in firms that develop innovative products. This process consists of organizations who develop technology known as suppliers and recipient organization who conduct the product development effort. The literature points the technological uncertainty as the main problem of the transfer, hindering the effective use of technology and its incorporation into new products by the user firm, compromising the effectiveness of this process and product development. Based on this scenario, the purpose of the research is to proposea model for the product technology transfer process from the analytical approach of collaborative networks. The collaborative networks contribute to the generation, maintenance, and extension of innovation, reducing uncertainty and improving the technological ability of firms todevelop new products. In order to achieve the research objective, the organizational modeling methodology called Enterprise Knowledge Development (EKD) was used as the basis for developing the model. This modeling was performed by means of case studies in high-technology firms. Based on the empirical results and literature, the model was proposed in order to help firms in the sector studied, using the concepts of collaborative networks in a systematic way, since previous research did not present this practical contribution. Besides, this model can guide firms to structure or restructure the product technology transfer process in a collaborative way and not simply a market relationship.

In recent years there has been a growing literature that advocates various forms of participatory development. This is illustrated by the promotion of approaches/tools such as participatory rural appraisal (PRA), participatory technology development (PTD), and participatory process projects 1 These "new" approaches are fast taking on the form of a new generalised orthodoxy for solving development problems. It would seem from the perspective of some of the promoters of this orthodoxy that the problem of development is no longer one of not having the right approaches and methods, but one of getting recalcitrant policy makers, bureaucrats, academics to appreciate and adopt these new methods and techniques. My concerns with this new advocacy are that: i It does not relate to experience; ii It does not address issues of power structure and control over information and other resources in multiple and complex arenas of science and technology (S&T); iii By placing major emphasis on management approaches and tools, the new orthodoxy is cutting itself off from a critical reflective understanding of the deeper determinants of technical and social change. Unfortunately, I suspect that if this new orthodoxy does not develop a more critical reflective view of itself then, like previous dominant orthodoxies, it will soon have to develop a range of "escape hatches" to explain why these participatory approaches are not giving the results that their advocates promise. / AVOCADO series; v 06/95

Investment in Research and Development (R&D) is necessary for innovation, allowing an organization to maintain a competitive edge. The U.S. Federal Government invests billions of dollars, primarily in basic research technologies to help fill the pipeline for other organizations to take the technology into commercialization. However, it is not about just investing in innovation, it is about converting that research into application. A cursory review of the research proposal evaluation criteria suggests that there is little to no emphasis placed on the transfer of research results. This effort is motivated by a need to move research into application. One segment that is facing technology challenges is the energy sector. Historically, the electric grid has been stable and predictable; therefore, there were no immediate drivers to innovate. However, an aging infrastructure, integration of renewable energy, and aggressive energy efficiency targets are motivating the need for research and to put promising results into application. Many technologies exist or are in development but the rate at which they are being adopted is slow. The goal of this research is to develop a decision model that can be used to identify the technology transfer potential of a research proposal. An organization can use the model to select the proposals whose research outcomes are more likely to move into application. The model begins to close the chasm between research and application -- otherwise known as the "valley of death." A comprehensive literature review was conducted to understand when the idea of technology application or transfer should begin. Next, the attributes that are necessary for successful technology transfer were identified. The emphasis of successful technology transfer occurs when there is a productive relationship between the researchers and the technology recipient. A hierarchical decision model, along with desirability curves, was used to understand the complexities of the researcher and recipient relationship, specific to technology transfer. In this research, the evaluation criteria of several research organizations were assessed to understand the extent to which the success attributes that were identified in literature were considered when reviewing research proposals. While some of the organizations included a few of the success attributes, none of the organizations considered all of the attributes. In addition, none of the organizations quantified the value of the success attributes. The effectiveness of the model relies extensively on expert judgments to complete the model validation and quantification. Subject matter experts ranging from senior executives with extensive experience in technology transfer to principal research investigators from national labs, universities, utilities, and non-profit research organizations were used to ensure a comprehensive and cross-functional validation and quantification of the decision model. The quantified model was validated using a case study involving demand response (DR) technology proposals in the Pacific Northwest. The DR technologies were selected based on their potential to solve some of the region's most prevalent issues. In addition, several sensitivity scenarios were developed to test the model's response to extreme case scenarios, impact of perturbations in expert responses, and if it can be applied to other than demand response technologies. In other words, is the model technology agnostic? In addition, the flexibility of the model to be used as a tool for communicating which success attributes in a research proposal are deficient and need strengthening and how improvements would increase the overall technology transfer score were assessed. The low scoring success attributes in the case study proposals (e.g. project meetings, etc.) were clearly identified as the areas to be improved for increasing the technology transfer score. As a communication tool, the model could help a research organization identify areas they could bolster to improve their overall technology transfer score. Similarly, the technology recipient could use the results to identify areas that need to be reinforced, as the research is ongoing. The research objective is to develop a decision model resulting in a technology transfer score that can be used to assess the technology transfer potential of a research proposal. The technology transfer score can be used by an organization in the development of a research portfolio. An organization's growth, in a highly competitive global market, hinges on superior R&D performance and the ability to apply the results. The energy sector is no different. While there is sufficient research being done to address the issues facing the utility industry, the rate at which technologies are adopted is lagging. The technology transfer score has the potential to increase the success of crossing the chasm to successful application by helping an organization make informed and deliberate decisions about their research portfolio.

This research intends to advance knowledge in the technology management field, most importantly in the study of organizations that develop technologies in-house and wish to enhance their technology transfer performance while maintaining adherence between R&D activities and overall business strategies. The objective was to build a multi-criteria decision-making model capable of producing a technology transfer score, which can be used by practitioners in order to assess and later improve their organizations' technology transfer capabilities -- ultimately aiming to improve technology development as a whole. The model was applied to a major power utility organization in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. The introduction brings initial and basic information on the topic, along with the problem statement -- this chapter is aimed at situating the reader on the boundaries of the topic while highlighting its importance within the technology management field of study. The second chapter is the literature review. It brings general and specific information on technology transfer, as well as its complexities, gaps, relationship with other fields and the characteristics of this topic within the energy realm. It also tries to shed a light on how the alignment between R&D and business strategy is perceived by the literature, discussing some of the methods used and its shortcomings. Additionally, the literature review brings an analysis that builds the argument in favor of a continuous technology transfer process, and tries to show how it would be helpful in aligning R&D and business strategy. The third chapter presents the methodological approach -- hierarchical decision modeling (HDM) aided by action research -- which constitutes a methodological novelty piloted and validated throughout the development of the study. The fourth chapter details the model development process step-by-step, and the fifth chapter details the model application process with the analysis of the aforementioned organization. Additionally, results are interpreted and analyzed, and insights for the specific case and for technology managers in general are discussed. Lastly, the contributions of the study towards the advancement of the body of knowledge are discussed, as well as the study limitations and future research opportunities.

自從1858年第一個連鎖體系出現以來，連鎖加盟制度已經成為經營型態的重要潮流。除了在美國大行其道之外，在台灣也是如雨後春筍般地蓬勃發展。以台灣的發展而言，到民國84年為止，台灣共有167個連鎖體系，在超過一萬兩千個營業據點中，便利商店便有將近三千個營業據點，可見其重要性。 　　便利商店的興起也帶給台灣經營生態不小的衝擊。國外經營知識的引入，使得人們可以享有清潔乾淨的購物環境、商品結構的齊全、24小時營業，滿足了人們便利性的需求。此外，便利商店的興起帶動相關產業的興起，如物流業者、資訊服務業等等，這都有賴於國外經營知識的引入帶來經營體質上的提昇。因此本研究的研究目的在於探討經營知識特性對於國外連鎖體系經營知識移轉方式、本土連鎖體系經營知識來源、以及國內連鎖總部與各分店間經營知識移轉方式的影響，本研究也將探討國際連鎖體系對於經營知識的調整原因與方式。 　　本研究採個案研究方法，一方面利用個案訪問，包括7-ELEVEN、福客多、OK便利商店、統一麵包加盟店以及萊爾富便利商店；另一方面也對次級資料做整理，以便對於業界之實務作法有一瞭解。 　　本研究之結論如下： 　　一、對國際性連鎖體系而言，經營知識移轉方式和經營知識特性有關。與外部機構關係弱的經營知識都是由國外母公司提供文件或派遣顧問來移轉。與外部機構關係強的經營知識會需要國內連鎖總部藉由觀摩並自行發展的努力。 　　二、對本土連鎖體系而言，經營知識的來源和經營知識的特性無關，但連鎖總部的經驗和能力會影響經營知識的來源。 　　三、在國內連鎖總部與各分店間經營知識的移轉方面，後場的經營知識多是利用文件來移轉，前場的經營知識則是文件與人員移轉並重。研究中也發現，示範店對於連鎖總部創新的推行、經營知識的手冊化有正面的助益，不但有助於總部經營知識的累積，也可以簡化移轉的程序。 　　四、研究中發現經營知識會因為當地的環境差異而需要調整，且經營知識調整的原因會影響調整的方式。經營知識本質的調整主要是文化的因素造成，程序上的調整則主要是因為非文化性因素造成。

由於百貨業競爭激烈，若要避免價格競爭，唯有選擇合適的目標市場及定位、提供滿足消費者需求之服務，才能有效地發展其經營特色。隨著目前賣場朝專門化及大型化兩種趨勢的發展，使得經營技術複雜性及風險皆增加。為了要達到經營技術方面的進步，國內業者由民國七十四年後相繼自國外引進經營技術來提昇公司內部的技術水準的方式，對整體百貨業的生態帶來衝擊，亦使得各百貨公司對經營技術的重視與日俱增。 　　基於以上的背景，本研究的主要動機，即在就「百貨公司經營技術移轉」之課題，在國內進行觀察與分析，以增進在該產業技術移轉過程與行為的瞭解，並在業者移轉技術之後，評估技術移轉後的績效，以提供相關經驗予其它服務業或零售業技術移轉的參考。 　　本研究希望能就百貨公司在經營技術引進的課題上加以探討，並期能達到下列目的： 　　1. 探討百貨公司引進國外經營技術之前，所考慮的策略因素。 　　2. 探討百貨公司至國外引進經營技術時，所引進的內容、採行的過程、方法及相關的步驟等。 　　3. 探討技術移轉在實際運作上所遭遇的衝突與困難，並觀察百貨公司在移轉過程中及移轉後的調整與適應。 　　4. 探討技術移轉的技術績效之評估。 　　另外，並期望能由所蒐集之資料加以分析，以嘗試歸納百貨公司所合適之技術移轉模式的選擇方式。 　　本研究將對個案公司技術移轉之過程所做的整體性探討，及命題之推論，歸納為以下之結論： 　　1. 技術接受者在引進國外經營技術之前主要考量的策略因素為加強業種及商品規劃能力、提高服務品質、提高坪效及營業額、改進管理制度、建築設計及賣場規劃技術。而新進入者較重視快速進入以達到多角化目的之策略考量。 　　2. 技術提供者所引進之技術內容主要為經營理念、管理制度、目標市場選擇與定位、動線及賣場規劃設計、業種及商品規劃、服務品質管理、存貨與採購作業等等。 　　3. 在經營技術知識之傳遞方面，主要傳遞模式為以直接參與管理為主者，多輔以國外之實地參觀或實習來傳遞。而傳遞模式非以直接參與管理之個案，主要以顧問之諮詢或給意見及國外實地參觀或實習來達成。 　　4. 技術移轉在實際運作所遭遇之衝突與困難包含市場面及組織面。市場面指本土市場之經營特性及消費者特性，其調整適應方式為加強服務品質及市場定位，並順應消費者偏好及特性。組織面為語言文化及組織文化之衝突，調整適應方式為加強溝通、尊重並聘請翻譯或鼓勵學習對方語言及文化。 　　5. 技術移轉之績效表現與合作模式之選擇有關；而合作模式則主要由技術差距及技術提供者經營涉入程度來決定。 　　6. 技術移轉方式及進行過程中，技術移轉績效與派駐人員及直接參與協助程度（包括駐派人數、人員條件及時間長短）呈正相關。 　　7. 技術移轉績效與技術移轉內容之完整性（即是否包括一般管理、行銷定位、前後場管理及資源系統等等）呈正相關。 　　8. 技術移轉後組織內之技術品質的維持與技術移轉之長期績效有關；對技術移轉後技術品質之維持，可由技術提供者人員的長期派駐、文件的保留及公司內部制度化等方式來達成。