Syftet med studien är att utifrån personlighetsdrag och olika typer av prosocialt beteende identifiera samband mellan vilka som arbetar ideellt och motiven bakom engagemanget. Bakgrunden till intresset grundar sig i en önskan att få en djupare förståelse för indivders ideella engagemang.  Inom den teoretiska referensramen redogörs för ideellt arbete som begrepp samt konceptet i helhet. Här diskuteras de olika punkterna om vad volontärarbete är, vem som volontärarbetar, var volontärarbete finns samt varför människor volontärarbetar. Därefter beskrivs de olika personlighetsdragen samt typer av prosocialt beteende som kommer användas i denna studie. Metoden som valdes var en kvantitativ ansats i form av en enkätstudie och urvalet utgjordes av en kombination av ett bekvämlighetsurval och ett snöbollsurval.  I undersökningen deltog 108 respondenter där frågor om deras ideella arbete besvarades. Tillsammans med detta besvarades ett personlighetstest, Ten Item Personality Inventory, som utvärderade nivåerna av fem personlighetsdrag samt ett test för att mäta nivåer av sex typer av prosocialt beteende, Prosocial Tendency Measure. För att analysera materialet redovisas resultaten i frekvens- och korstabeller.  Resultatet av studien visade att altruism är det främsta motivet till varför individer engagerar sig ideellt. Dock kan detta anses skilja sig mellan olika individer baserat på vad de har för huvudsaklig sysselsättning samt vilket område de engagerar sig inom. Människor som har höga nivåer av personlighetsdragen öppenhet samt tillmötesgående anses mer benägna att engagera sig ideellt. Detta kan till stor del bero på att dessa personlighetsdrag främjar höga altruistiska och ödesdigra prosociala tendenser, vilket medför en önskan att hjälpa andra i olika situationer.

This diploma thesis deals with the partial analysis of two teaching materials which are used while teaching German as a foreign language. These materials are Themen aktuell 1 and Direkt neu 1, which are frequently utilized at secondary schools for the teaching of German at the language level A1-A2. The analysis of these teaching materials concentrates on the presentation of the grammar curriculum. The theoretical part of this diploma thesis deals with the teaching methods, current trends and also with the role of the teaching material in teaching. In the practical part of this diploma thesis the analysis of the presentation and the practice of the selected grammatical phenomena and also the classification of the exercises, which are found in the teaching materials, is carried out. The practical part also presents the results of the test, which was carried out on the basis of selected grammatical phenomena at Akademické gymnázium, school of the capital city Prague and Biskupské gymnázium J. N. Neumanna in České Budějovice. At Akademické gymnázium German is taught according to the teaching material called Themen aktuell 1, while at Biskupské gymnázium it is taught according to Direkt neu 1. The grammatical phenomena were selected on the basis of the fact, what subject matter the learners were taught,...

This thesis is aiming at investigating how macro social media influencers are affecting the consumer’s behavior of an individual within the cosmetic industry, with the outlined question: How do macro social media influencers affect consumers' behavior in the cosmetics industry? This thesis considers notions within community, social media influencers and consumers’ behavior field. An abductive qualitative research approach has been selected for this research, where data was gathered through individual semi-structured interviews, semi-structured focus groups, and semi-structured observations. Moreover, collected data from the individual and focus groups was analyzed based on the thematic coding approach, as well as in accordance with the presented analytical framework. The thesis concludes that macro social media influencers affect consumers’ behavior through their content and formed communities, to consume more and repeatedly, desire to reach a certain experience through consumption or behave in a certain manner individually or collectively.

This study is based on the fact that different groups have different historical frames of references, that are based on a group's unique historical cultural structure, within which the individual operates. Research shows, among other things, that people who are perceived to have had a positive significance for their own nation are sometimes highlighted for political reasons. Research also shows that students perceive their textbooks as the only historical truth, which contributes to internalization of a certain history culture. The purpose of the study is to compare different textbooks from Sweden and Norway and in the light of the countries' different experiences compare how the Second World War is presented. The method used is comparison of relative tendency based on two main themes. The theory in the study is based on Jörn Rüsen's description of history culture as divided into three dimensions, which has not been done in a similar way before. History culture has rather been a support concept for, for example, gender. The results show that there are aspects that are portrayed unanimously positive, such as Winston Churchill, while Sweden is described to varying degrees as submissive and weak, which is a contrast to Norway, that is described as fighting and steadfast. Finland is described both positively and negatively in the source material. Furthermore, the results show that analysis of textbooks based on the concept of history culture is feasible even if it has certain problems, and that an approach using history culture can be applied to remedy some problems that previous research has described in relation to history culture in schools. / Denna studie tar sin utgångspunkt i faktumet att olika grupper har olika historisk referensram, vilket grundar sig i en för gruppen unik historiekulturell struktur, inom vilken individen verkar. Forskning visar bland annat att personer som uppfattas ha haft en positiv betydelse för den egna nationen ibland lyfts fram av politiska orsaker. Forskning visar också att elever uppfattar sina läroböcker som den enda historiska sanningen, vilket leder till att de internaliserar en viss historiekultur. Syftet med studien är att jämföra olika läroböcker från Sverige och Norge och mot bakgrund av ländernas olika erfarenheter jämföra hur andra världskriget framställs. Metoden som använts är komparation av relativ tendens utifrån två huvudsakliga teman. Teorin i studien utgår från Jörn Rüsens beskrivning av historiekultur som delad i tre dimensioner vilket inte gjorts på liknade sätt tidigare, historiekultur har snarare varit stödbegrepp till exempelvis genus. Resultatet visar att det finns företeelser som lyfts från enhälligt positivt som exempelvis Winston Churchill, medan Sverige i olika grad beskrivs som undfallande och svagt vilket är en kontrast mot Norge som beskrivs som kämpande och ståndaktigt. Finland beskrivs både positivt och negativt i källmaterialet. Resultatet visar också på att en analys av läroböcker utifrån en teori om historiekultur är görbar även om den har vissa problem. Det visar också att en historiekulturell ansats kan tillämpas för att råda bot på problem som tidigare forskning beskrivit i förhållande till historiekulturen i skolan.

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本論文共一冊約十萬字，內分五章十三節，茲摘要如下： 第一章 緒論 第一節 研究目的與動機 本論文旨在瞭解美國企管碩士教育課程設計之發展趨勢與需求者對課之期望情況，以 為中華民國企管碩士教育之未來發展方向提出建議。 第二節 研究架構 以最近數年中美所發表之有關企管碩士計劃之期刊、論文歸納出七個主要論題：分析 比較中、美企管研究所在上述論題所做之努力之差異。 以問卷調查之方式來確定國內需求者對上述論題之重視程度。 第二章 研究方法 第一節 內容分析法 應用於文獻探討以瞭解企管碩士教育之發展趨勢；應用於各所之課程目錄分析中，以 瞭解中、美各所之發展重點。 第二節 因素分析法 應用於問卷資料分析上，以瞭解各類需求者對各個論題之重視程度。 第三章 中美企管研究所課程設計之比較 本章共分五節：一、中美基本必修課之相似程度與涵蓋範圍之比較。二、選修課程之 涵蓋廣度與專精深度之比較；三、中美企管所採行專門化或廣泛性企管碩士計劃之比 率比較；四、中美學生平均年齡與工作經驗比較；五、師資、畢業要求修件之比較。 第四章 課程需求情況之研究 本章共分兩節：一、美國的需求情況，根據最近幾年已發表之文獻探討之；二、台灣 地區之需求情況；以７１年畢業之企管碩士為對象，瞭解其對課程安排之看法。 第五章 結論與建議 對前述研究做簡單結論，並對中華民國企管碩士教育未來發展方向提出建議。

一個組織行政人員穩定性關係著組織效能的良窳，因此教師兼行政人員的穩定性以及離職情形對學校效能有著重大的影響，再加上工作壓力及工作滿意與離職與否息息相關，因此本研究旨在探究目前桃園縣國民中學教師兼行政人員行政職務平均任期以及教師兼行政人員工作壓力、工作滿意和離職傾向的關係。最後作出結論和建議供教育行政機關、學校行政主管、教師兼行政人員及未來相關研究之參考。 本研究調查表資料以桃園縣89學年度（含）以前成立之國民中學進行普查，共計發出46份調查表，回收40份，回收率為87％，有效的調查表計33份，可用率為83％。問卷調查也以上述46所桃園縣國民中學之教師兼行政人員為資料分析對象，從桃園縣13鄉鎮市抽出33所國民中學之全部教師兼行政人員，抽取樣本共有463人，問卷回收433份，回收率為94％，有效問卷計410份，可用率為95％。在資料分析上，問卷調查資料主要用描述統計、t考驗、單因子變異數分析、典型相關分析、皮爾遜積差相關分析、多元及逐步迴歸分析、因素分析等方法。 本研究獲致以下結論： 一、桃園縣國民中學學校規模越大，教師兼行政人員平均任期越長，教師 兼行政人員離職率越低。 二、桃園縣國民中學學校歷史短，主任及組長的平均任期較長；學校歷史 短，組長平均任期較長。學校歷史長，主任及組長的離職率較高；學 校歷史長，組長離職率較高。 三、桃園縣國民中學教師兼行政人員工作壓力感受屬於中等程度，以工作 負荷壓力最高；工作滿意感受屬於中等程度，以主管領導滿意最高； 離職傾向屬於中等程度。 四、桃園縣國民中學教師兼行政人員在整體工作壓力感受上，30歲以下顯 著大於41歲-50歲、任教5年以下顯著大於任教16-25年、未婚顯著大 於已婚、訓導（學務）處組長顯著大於教務（教導）處主任、行政年 資5年以下顯著大於行政年資6-15年、設校50年以上顯著大於設校10- 20年、20-30年、30-40年及40-50年、研究所碩士以上顯著小於師 大、師院或大學教育系畢業及一般大學院校畢業。 五、桃園縣國民中學教師兼行政人員在整體工作滿意感受上，51歲以上顯 著大於31歲-40歲、任教26年以上顯著大於任教5年以下及6-15年、學 校規模73班以上顯著大於13-36班、設校20-30年顯著高於設校10年以 下、30-40年、40-50年及50年以上。 六、桃園縣國民中學教師兼行政人員的離職傾向，30歲以下顯著大於41 歲-50歲及51歲以上、任教5年以下顯著大於任教16-25年及26年以 上、未婚顯著大於已婚、教務（教導）處組長及訓導（學務）處組長 顯著大於輔導室主任、行政年資5年以下顯著大於行政年資6-15年、 學校規模13-36班及37-72班顯著大於73班以上。 七、桃園縣國民中學教師兼行政人員整體工作壓力與離職傾向關係呈顯著 正相關。 八、桃園縣國民中學教師兼行政人員整體工作滿意與離職傾向關係呈顯著 負相關。 九、桃園縣國民中學教師兼行政人員整體工作滿意與整體工作壓力關係呈 負相關。 十、桃園縣國民中學教師兼行政人員工作壓力的角色衝突層面對離職傾向 最具預測力。 根據研究結論，本研究的建議如下： 一、辦理教師兼行政人員職前研習及輔導制度，適時給予鼓勵、獎勵及關 懷。 二、爭取經費改善學校環境設備。 三、同性質業務合併，減少不必要的公文。 四、適量地交辦工作，減少不必要的行政程序和規定。 五、鼓勵教師兼行政人員進修學位。 六、學習壓力調適，建立良好人際關係。 關鍵字：教師兼行政人員、工作壓力、工作滿意、離職傾向 / Administrative personnel have a critical impact to the overall success of the organization; therefore, the stability and turnover situation of those teachers who also perform administrative functions (referred as administrative teachers) is very important to the school itself. In addition, the work pressure and job satisfaction have close relationship to the turnover rate, so the goal of this dissertation is to study the correlations among those length of service, work pressure, job satisfaction and turnover frequency of these teachers. Also a set of conclusions and suggestions were proposed for future study reference for education administrations, school’s management board and those administrative teachers. The survey of this dissertation was distributed to those junior high schools established prior than YR2000; total of 46 copies were sent out and received 40 back (87% of return rate) with 33 sets of completions (83%).The survey population was based on those administrative teachers among those 46 schools; sampling size was 463 teachers with 433 returns (94%) and 410 effective results (95%).For the data analytical tools: descriptive statistics,T-test,one-way-ANOVA,canonical correlation,Pearson product-mo- ment correlation,multiple regression analysis,stepwise multiple regression analysis , factor analysis were utilized. The conclusions are as follows: I. The larger the size of Taoyuan junior high schools, the length of service (LOS) is longer for those administrative teachers, and the turnover rate is lower. II. With Taoyuan junior high schools’ history being not long, the LOS of Directors and Supervisors was longer. For older schools, the LOS of Supervisors is longer, but with higher turnover rate of Directors and Supervsiors. III. The pressure level of those administrative teachers is Medium and the work load pressure tends to be the highest. The job satisfaction is Medium, and the leadership satisfaction is the highest, while the turnover tendency tends to be Medium. IV. For the overall work pressure level of those administrative teachers: 30 yrs old > 41-50 yrs old; LOS under 5 yrs > 16-25 yrs; single > married; student affairs supervisor > academic affairs Director; administrative LOS under 5 yrs > 6-15 yrs; school history longer than 50 yrs > 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-50 yrs; master degree and above < university (college) degree V. For overall job satisfaction (for administrative teachers): age of 51 and above > 31-40; LOS greater than 26 yrs > 5/under and 6-15 yrs; school size 73 classes and more > 13-36 classes; school’s history with 20 to 30 yrs > 10 yrs and below, 30-40 yrs, 40-50 yrs, and 50 yrs above. VI. For overall turnover tendency: 30 yrs and below > 41-50 yrs old and above; LOS under 5 yrs > 16-25 and 26 yrs and above; single > married; academic affairs supervisors and student affairs supervisor > counseling director; administrative LOS under 5 yrs > 6-15 yrs; school size with 13-36 classes and 37-72 classes > 73 classes. VII. Overall work pressure and turnover tendency have a positive correlation. VIII. Overall job satisfaction and turnover tendency have a negative correlation. IX. Overall job satisfaction and overall work pressure have a negative correlation. X. The job role conflict situation could be used as an indictor of future turnover tendency. Based on the conclusions of the study, the suggestions of this dissertation are as follows: I. Set up training and counseling system for administrative teachers; provide sufficient encouragement, rewards and care. II. Apply for more funds to improve the overall school environment and facilities. III. Combine similar businesses to reduce unnecessary paperwork. IV. Set up appropriate job-assigning process to reduce administrative procedures. V. Encourage continuous learning (ex. pursuing for higher degree) VI. Learn to adjust pressure and to build up good communication skills. KEY WORDS: administrative teachers, work pressure, job satisfaction, turnover tendency

The theoretical part of this thesis addresses key concepts related to the individual tendency to take risks - it introduces how this trait is embedded in the concept of personality, establishes essential theoretical issues related to risk and risk-tendency, as well as related important terms, research and authors in the field in question. The key issues, too, are methods of risk behaviour detection with emphasis on current trends in psychodiagnostics, thus in the following part the fields of computerized psychodiagnostics and of objective personality tests are discussed. The paper's empirical section is focused on the utilization of Vienna Test System (VTS) in this area. Objective personality tests used for detection of risk-tendency were analysed and validised using the SPARO method and data gained during interviews. Empirically produced results suggest that the validity of the methods used is equivocal. One of the main conclusions of this thesis, therefore, is that VTS methods' potential to determine risk behaviour seems to be rather limited and its further research should be conducted in the future. Keywords: risk, risk-tendency, personality, objective personality tests, computerized testing, Vienna Test System

[pt] A presente tese tem como tema uma investigação sobre a participação da agressividade e da cultura nos processos de subjetivação e do tornar-se pessoa. Em um primeiro momento buscou-se estabelecer a distinção entre agressividade e violência no contexto da cultura, da teoria psicanalítica e na obra D.W. Winnicott. Em seguida efetuou-se um estudo sobre a teoria winnicottiana da agressividade que procurou compreender a sua evolução situando-a em relação à três contextos teóricos distintos: o inicial, o da teoria do desenvolvimento emocional e o dos objetos e fenômenos transicionais. Por fim, a partir do trabalho realizado pela ONG - Casa da Árvore, e dos conceitos de provisão ambiental, falha ambiental e tendência anti-social, elaborou-se uma reflexão sobre as manifestações agressivas e destrutivas, no âmbito de um dispositivo terapêutico que promove o atendimento coletivo de crianças de 6 a 12 anos, na comunidade do Morro do Chapéu Mangueira, na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Defende-se a tese de que a promoção de uma política de atenção à infância resulta em um trabalho efetivo de prevenção em saúde mental, principalmente, no tocante à prevenção da violência, da delinqüência, dos distúrbios de conduta de caráter compulsivo e das doenças psicóticas. / [en] The present thesis has as subject an inquiry on the participation of the aggressiveness and the culture in the processes of becoming a person. At a first moment was established the distinction between aggressiveness and violence in the context of the culture, the psychoanalysis theory and also considering the work of D.W. Winnicott. After that a study was done on the Winnicott´s theory of the aggressiveness that tries to understand its evolution pointing it out in relation to the three theoretical contexts: the initial context, the context of the emotional development theory and the context of the transicional objects and phenomena. Finally, from the experience of the non-governmental organization - Casa da Árvore - , and from the concepts of environmental provision and fails and of antisocial tendency, a reflection was elaborated on the manifestations of aggressiveness development disturbs, in the scope of a therapeutic device that promotes the collective assistance to children from 6 to 12 years old, in the community of the Morro do Chapéu Mangueira, in the city of Rio de Janeiro. We support that the promotion of politics of attention to childhood results in an extraordinary mental health prevention, mainly in regards to the prevention of the anti-social behavior and of the psychotic illnesses.

As súmulas e orientações jurisprudenciais no âmbito do Tribunal Superior do Trabalho foi o tema escolhido para o presente trabalho e objetiva evidenciar o procedimento de criação e edição e validade destes institutos do ordenamento pátrio, diante do sistema jurídico adotado e das tendências atuais em torná-los como de cumprimento obrigatório. Para o enfrentamento das múltiplas questões que permeiam este assunto, e com o suporte metodológico da técnica de pesquisa bibliográfica, realizou-se estudo da natureza jurídica da atividade jurisdicional, dos sistemas adotados e das tendências constatadas. Também faz parte desse esforço uma análise dos argumentos favoráveis e contrários ao sistema pautado em súmulas tendencialmente vinculantes. Como forma de contribuir para o desenvolvimento de uma teoria geral acerca da validade dos verbetes expedidos pelo Tribunal Superior do Trabalho, buscou-se, no sistema jurídico do common law, técnicas e pressupostos que possam ser aproveitados no civil law. O estudo desenvolvido possibilitou verificar a inevitabilidade de vinculação dos precedentes e, ao mesmo tempo, permitiu buscar dentro do próprio ordenamento jurídico vigente as bases para controle e validação desta vinculação, além de, com base no direito comparado, propor técnica de análise de validade de conteúdo dos precedentes com tendências vinculantes. / The summaries (abridgements precedents overviews) and jurisprudential (case law) guidelines within the Superior Labor Court was the theme for this study and aims to highlight the procedure of creation and editing of these institutes and validity of the vernacular ordering before the legal system adopted and current trends in make them questions that permeate this issue, and with the methodological support of technical literature search, a study was conducted on the legal nature of judicial activity, the systems adopted and observed tendencies. Also as part of this effort, there is an analysis of the arguments for and against the system in tendentiously binding summaries. In order to contribute (as a way of contribution) to the development of a theory about the validity of the entries sent by the Superior Labor Court we sought in the legal systems of the common-law, assumptions and techniques that can be used in civil-law. The study made it possible to verify the inevitability of binding of precedents and at the same time allowed seek within the own present legal ordering, bases for control and validation of this attachment, and based on comparative law, to propose a technique of analysis of contents validity of precedents with binding tendencies.