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La condition, la forme et la justification théorique des exceptions sont aujourd’hui au coeur du débat sur l’avenir du droit d’auteur. L’objectif primaire de ces normes particulières est de garantir la cohérence du droit d’auteur. Et pourtant les chercheurs s’accordent sur la nécessité de leur reconceptualisation.Cette thèse a pour but de découvrir la signification, les origines et les conséquences de la crise qu’engendre le ressentiment à l’égard des exceptions aux droits de l’auteur dans leur forme actuelle. Tenant compte d’une certaine fragilité axiologique de la matière, elle essaie d’appréhender les phénomènes étudiés selon une posture épistémologique neutre. À cet égard, la théorie des paradigmes scientifiques lui offre un cadre d’analyse scindé en deux. La reconstruction de l’état normal et voulu des principes élaborés par la tradition française du droit d’auteur en matière des exceptions permet de repérer les signes de leur dépassement par la réalité juridique mouvante.De cette analyse résulte d’abord le modèle d’une exception cohérente, internalisé par le droit d’auteur objectif qui a complètement résolu le conflit entre la création et la consommation des oeuvres de l’esprit. Cette image est ensuite confrontée à des forces destructrices ayant leur origine dans des normes extérieures au droit d’auteur objectif. Celles-ci se substituent aux exceptions prévues par le droit d’auteur et remettent en question l’idée de son autarcie.L’idylle du droit d’auteur autosuffisant n’est toutefois pas une utopie. Entre l’état normal et la maladie des exceptions se noue un lien dialectique. Vus ensemble, ces deux éléments s’éclairent réciproquement, de sorte que la crise qui les résume devient un processus réversible. / The condition,shape and theoretical justification of copyright exceptions are at the heart of the debate on the future of copyright. The main objective of these particular rules is to ensure the consistency of copyright law. Yet, researchers agree on the need of their reconceptualization.This doctoral thesis aims to explore the meaning, origins and consequences of the crisis that brings resentment toward copyright exceptions in their present form. Taking into account a certain axiological fragility of the subject, it tries to apprehend it in the respect of a neutral epistemological posture. Therein, the theory of scientific paradigms offers a framework split in two. The reconstruction of the normal and wanted state of the principles developed by the French tradition of copyright in the field of exceptions allows to identify the signs of their violation by the changing legal reality.This analysis reveals, on the one hand, the model of a consistent exception, internalized by the copyright law which completely resolved the conflict between creation and consumption of works of the mind. On the other hand, this image is faced with the destructive forces that originate in the norms that are external to copyright law. These replace the copyright exceptions and, therefore, question the idea of its autarchy.The idyll of the self-sufficient copyright law is, however, not a utopia. A dialectical link can be traced between the normal state of exceptions and their illness.Seen together, these two elements illuminate each other, so that the crisis that summarize them becomes a reversible process.

Medios de comunicación masiva y globalización neoliberal están íntimamente ligados. Por eso, es urgente desarrollar una reflexión sobre cómo los ciudadanos pueden exigir a los grandes medios de comunicación más ética, verdad, respeto a una deontología que permita a los periodistas actuar en función de su conciencia, una descripción en torno a ¿Cómo se ubica un medio o un proyecto comunicativo en este ámbito? ¿Cómo sabremos a qué objetivo obedece? Desarrollamos el estudio de La Jornada, una opción que se traduce en ahondar en el origen del diario, objetivos y fines del rotativo, propiedad de este medio, estructura del periódico y formas de gestión, características del mismo, condiciones laborales de sus trabajadores, líneas de financiación, rutinas de trabajo, protagonistas de la información y relación con los movimientos sociales, distribución, venta y tirada, características del sitio web y tipo de lectores, hábitos de lectura y consumo del medio e impactos. / Mass media and neoliberal globalization are closely linked. It is thus urgent to reflect on the means available to the citizens to demand greater ethics and truth from the Mass media, through a code of deontology enabling journalists to act according to their conscience and also through a description based on the following questions:How does a media, or a communication project, situate itself in that context? How will we know which objectives it pursues? We built up that study around La Jornada, focusing on the origin, means and objectives of the newspaper, its ownership, structure, management and characteristics. We also studied its employees’ working conditions, its credit lines, working routines and relation with social movements as well as its distribution, sales and circulation figures, not to forget its website traffic, readers’ profile, reading habits, and its impact.

The dissertation analyzes obstacles and potential in democracies, specifically Canada, Sweden, and United States, to effectively address empirically documented harms of pornography. Legislative and judicial challenges under different democratic and legal frameworks are compared. Adopting a problem-driven theoretical approach, the reality of pornography’s harms is analyzed. Evidence shows its production exploits existing inequalities among persons typically drawn from other forms of prostitution who suffer multiple disadvantages, such as extreme poverty, childhood sexual abuse, and race and gender discrimination, making survival alternatives remote. Consumption is also divided by sex. A majority of young adult men consumes pornography frequently; women rarely do, usually not unless initiated by others. After consumption, studies show many normal men become substantially more sexually aggressive and increasingly trivialize and support violence against women. Vulnerable populations—including battered, raped, or prostituted women—are most harmed as a result. The impact of attempts to address pornography’s harms on democratic rights and freedoms, specifically gender equality and speech, is explored through the case studies. Democracies are found to provide more favorable conditions for legal challenges to pornography’s harms when recognizing substantive (not formal) equality in law, and when promoting representation of perspectives and interests of groups particularly injured by pornography. State-implemented approaches such as criminal obscenity laws are found less effective. More victim-centered and survivor-initiated civil rights approaches would be more responsive and remedial—a finding with implications for other politico-legal problems, such as global warming, that disproportionately affect disadvantaged populations traditionally largely excluded from decision-making.

Identification of a person suspected of a heinous crime before being charged risks prejudicing a fair trial. Present laws place this type of publicity outside the reach of sub judice contempt. This thesis argues there should be a change in the law of sub judice contempt making it an offence for the media to publish the fact that a person is under investigation until the person has been charged.

Univ., Diss.--Würzburg, 2001. / Literaturverz. S. 363 - 380.

This master thesis is focused on the topic of protection of personality rights with respect to media. The thesis presents national, European and international sources of law related to the protection of personality rights. The fundamental basis of the thesis is the Civil Code. However, the regulation of the personality rights protection is not limited to the Civil Code. Instead, it is entangled in numerous other law disciplines, e.g. the Criminal Law and the institute of defamation or the Media Law and the regulation of the right of reply. Out of the broad topic of the protection of personality rights, only a narrow section, i.e. the protection of the personality laws with respect to media, is taken into account. Besides an analysis of personality rights, an extended nomenclature description and a discussion of rightful and wrongful derogations of personality rights, a notable attention is also given to the problematics of public figures and to the comparison of the personality rights protection provided by the Civil Code to the individuals and to the legal entities. The protection of personality rights of public figures often collides with fundamental rights. Specifically, the conflict lies between the right of personality protection and the freedom of speech. In the thesis, the treatment of this...

This study investigates the interaction between freedom and limitation as applied to political expression and hate speech. The need for the limitation of hate speech, with its inherent risk of escalation into other serious crimes such as genocide, is established. The view of the South African courts is identified as pro-limitation but generally respectful of the right to freedom of expression. A lacuna in current constitutional law, common law and legislative remedies is evident and the various ways in which limitation can be effected are explored; the researcher finds for criminalisation as an effective measure to address this lacuna in hate speech regulation. The importance of complying with the international call for the criminalisation of hate speech is analysed. Insight is gained regarding what would be an effective model for criminalisation. Here lessons are taken from foreign comparatives that have successfully criminalised hate speech in the context of their cultural identity, history and social needs. Ultimately, a framework for effective hate speech criminalisation in South Africa is formulated. / Constitutional, International and Indigenous Law / LL.M

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:27:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ClaudomiroBOJ.pdf: 1129988 bytes, checksum: 8f385c74c4cf27fb8609416e9bdcb6e6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-11-20 / This dissertation focus, as main objective, to address the issue of fundamental rights and political freedoms of the individuals, guaranteed by the Constitution of 1988, with emphasis of study in the constitutional guarantee of freedom of speech, as well as in national related constitutional law institutions and its derivatives, and the connection with the historical and political affirmation of fundamental human rights and its importance for the construction, maintenance and consolidation of constitutional democracy in the Federative Republic of Brazil. This paper mainly deals with aspects of juspostive nature, focused mainly within its doctrinal aspect, making, for such, references both to the patrian doctrine and the foreign one, without forgetting the necessary jurisprudencial focus and analysis of the positive patrian planning with references to comparative law, in order to describe and analyze the emergence, evolution and dissemination of the institute, both in the major countries of the Western World and along the Brazilian constitutional history. / A presente disserta??o tem como objetivo principal, abordar a tem?tica dos direitos fundamentais e das liberdades pol?ticas da pessoa humana garantidos pela Constitui??o Federal de 1988, com ?nfase do estudo na garantia constitucional da liberdade de express?o, bem como nos institutos de direito constitucional correlatos e derivados do mesmo e a liga??o destes com a afirma??o hist?rica e pol?tica dos direitos humanos fundamentais e da sua import?ncia para a constru??o, manuten??o e consolida??o da democracia constitucional dentro da Rep?blica Federativa do Brasil. Este trabalho aborda principalmente os aspectos de natureza juspositiva, com foco principalmente no seu ?mbito doutrin?rio, fazendo para tanto remiss?es tanto ? doutrina p?tria quanto a estrangeira, sem deixar de lado o necess?rio enfoque jurisprudencial e a an?lise do ordenamento positivo p?trio com refer?ncias ao direito comparado, com o objetivo de descrever e analisar o surgimento, a evolu??o e a difus?o do instituto, tanto nos principais pa?ses do Mundo Ocidental, como ao longo da hist?ria constitucional brasileira.

This paper concerns the freedom of speech in our democracy and the principles underlying the restrictions. The study is aimed at using a descriptive theory to provide a useful basis for analyzing a justification of the role behind freedom of speech and its limitations. The analysis is made on the basis of the Swedish parliament debate in the form of motions and the non-governmental organization Swedish Helsinki Committee's report. The study has a focus on the law of hate speech and will be done with an idea centred analysis. On the basis of democratic theory, the central role of freedom of speech was clarified on the basis of a clear need for a reliable communication. An absence of this process could disrupt the democratic order. The theoretical function of restrictions is to maintain that reliable communication process where, for example, special circumstances, threats of violence and certain types of information were seen as examples of situations where the process could be in danger. The empirical result was largely in line with the theoretical conclusions. The ability to argue and keep open debates was seen as important building blocks in a democratic society and therefore implies the benefits of a reliable communication process. Justification for the restrictions was made with regard to harmful information, threatening circumstances and xenophobic organizations, who were examples of counter-productive expressions to the democratic order. However, the study showed that parliamentary motions and the Swedish Helsinki Committee often focused their justifications on different fundamental views which partly could be explained by the concepts of positive and negative freedom and the perception of minority rights. The findings indicated that the issue of restrictions on freedom of speech is extremely complex because of the varied opinions in the drafting of the law of hate speech. The dilemma of freedom of expression can therefore be seen as relevant up to this day.