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A crise financeira internacional no mercado de carbono: um estudo sobre os canais de transmissãoCunha, Rodolfo Vidal da 24 November 2009 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2009-11-24 / Global economic growth has promoted a broad global climate change that could
jeopardize the very life as we know on the planet. Thus, it became imperative to implement
policies that would help in containing the environmental devastation and climate change.
For that created the Carbon Market in the Kyoto Protocol, which was ratified by most
nations of the world. This market has size, range and networking with various other
sectors, thanks to state policies, especially within the European Union.
The global financial crisis hatched in the biennium 2007/2008, born from the rise
in defaults of mortgages, high-risk sub-prime, the United States, was transmitted to the
main economic sectors and across borders around the planet, leaving a scenario of high
volatility and impacting economic activity. The crisis also has had consequences in the
global carbon market, externalized by the strong contraction in the prices of emission
allowances of CO2 equivalent.
The objective of this work is a mapping of the main channels of international
financial crisis of the period for the carbon market. This study also sought to analyze the
form gave way to the insertion of the European Economic Community in this market, since
it is responsible for the Carbon Market have created inter-relations with the major
economic sectors, and concentrate more than 70% of the volume negotiated. For this, we
performed a bibliographical research, offering a panoramic view and a systematization of
this phenomenon / O crescimento econômico mundial promoveu uma ampla mudança climática
global que pode comprometer a própria vida como a conhecemos no planeta. Deste modo,
tornou-se imperativo a implementação de políticas que auxiliassem na contenção da
devastação ambiental e climática. Para isso foi criado o Mercado de Carbono no Protocolo
de Quioto, que foi ratificado pela maioria das nações do mundo. Este mercado ganhou
tamanho, amplitude e interligação com diversos outros setores, graças a políticas estatais,
principalmente no âmbito da União Européia.
A crise financeira global eclodida no biênio 2007/2008, nascida a partir da
elevação da inadimplência dos créditos hipotecários de alto risco, sub-prime, nos Estados
Unidos, se espalhou para os principais segmentos econômicos e atravessou fronteiras ao
redor do planeta, deixando um cenário de alta volatilidade e impactando a atividade
econômica. Tal crise também deixou seqüelas no Mercado de Carbono global,
exteriorizadas pela forte contração nos preços das permissões de emissões de CO2
equivalente.
O objetivo deste trabalho é realizar um mapeamento dos principais canais de
transmissão da crise financeira internacional do período para o mercado de carbono. Este
trabalho também buscou analisar a forma como se deu a inserção da Comunidade
Econômica Européia neste mercado, dado que ela é a responsável pelo Mercado de
Carbono ter criado inter-relações com os principais segmentos econômicos, além de
concentrar mais de 70% do volume negociado. Para isso, foi realizada uma pesquisa
bibliográfica exploratória, oferecendo uma visão panorâmica e uma sistematização deste
fenômeno
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Anticipating pressing issues in trade and climate change policies: a critical analysis of border carbon adjustment measures with WTO lawAdedeji Adedayo Samuel January 2011 (has links)
No description available.
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Anticipating pressing issues in trade and climate change policies: a critical analysis of border carbon adjustment measures with WTO lawAdedeji Adedayo Samuel January 2011 (has links)
No description available.
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A unique energy-efficiency-investment-decision-model for energy services companies / Gerhardus Derk BoltBolt, Gerhardus Derk January 2008 (has links)
To remain competitive in an environment with limited natural resources and ever-increasing
operational costs, energy efficiency cannot be ignored. From this perspective the need for
Energy Service Companies (ESCos) has arisen to address the supply constraint of national
utilities and emission reductions faced by governments, to mitigate climate change. This has
led to the development of two energy-efficiency finance business applications in South
Africa, namely Demand-Side Management (DSM) under Eskom and the Clean Development
Mechanism (CDM) under the Kyoto Protocol.
The technologies developed by ESCos, primarily for DSM energy efficiency projects, can be
directly applied to generate Certified Emission Reduction (CERs) units, or carbon credits
under the CDM business model. ESCo executives now need to decide which option will be
more profitable; a once-off Rand/MW value from Eskom-DSM or an annual return on
investment (ROI) from selling CERs over an extended crediting period. With a volatile CER
price and bureaucratic registration procedures, it is very important that managers have all the
right information at hand before making such decisions.
A unique energy-efficiency investment decision model is developed that incorporates cost
benefit analysis, based on the ESCos chosen risk profile. All attributes to the model of both DSM and CDM are defined, discussed and quantified into a decision analysis framework that
would minimize risk and maximize profit. These attributes include life cycle analysis,
technology transfer, cash flow, future CER prices, and associated project and political risks.
The literature and background information that builds up to the development of this decision
model serves as a complete handbook with guidelines to the South African energy services
industry and investors.
This study proposes a new energy-efficiency methodology under the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that would increase the amount of
CDM energy efficiency projects in South Africa and internationally. The methodology is
designed to improve control system efficiency of any large electricity consumer instead of
being equipment-specific. This implies that developers can use the same methodology
regardless of whether the end-users are clear water pumping systems, compressed air
systems, fans etc. This will reduce the cost of registering new methodologies with the
UNFCCC and make CDM a more lucrative option to ESCos and other developers.
This new energy-efficiency methodology and finance decision model was used in a case
study to test its validity and accuracy. Two supporting technologies, REMS-CARBON and
OSIMS, were developed in conjunction with HVAC International and tested at the clear
water pumping system of Kopanang gold mine. The results from the case study demonstrated
that this model is an acceptable tool in ensuring that ESCos gain maximum benefit from
energy efficiency finance initiatives.
Due to the experience gained with the modalities, procedures and pitfalls of DSM and CDM,
further suggestions are made for new protocols to follow the Kyoto Protocol post-2012.
South Africa and specifically ESCos could be very well positioned in a global “cap-andtrade”
future carbon market. / PhD (Mechanical Engineering), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009
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A unique energy-efficiency-investment-decision-model for energy services companies / Gerhardus Derk BoltBolt, Gerhardus Derk January 2008 (has links)
To remain competitive in an environment with limited natural resources and ever-increasing
operational costs, energy efficiency cannot be ignored. From this perspective the need for
Energy Service Companies (ESCos) has arisen to address the supply constraint of national
utilities and emission reductions faced by governments, to mitigate climate change. This has
led to the development of two energy-efficiency finance business applications in South
Africa, namely Demand-Side Management (DSM) under Eskom and the Clean Development
Mechanism (CDM) under the Kyoto Protocol.
The technologies developed by ESCos, primarily for DSM energy efficiency projects, can be
directly applied to generate Certified Emission Reduction (CERs) units, or carbon credits
under the CDM business model. ESCo executives now need to decide which option will be
more profitable; a once-off Rand/MW value from Eskom-DSM or an annual return on
investment (ROI) from selling CERs over an extended crediting period. With a volatile CER
price and bureaucratic registration procedures, it is very important that managers have all the
right information at hand before making such decisions.
A unique energy-efficiency investment decision model is developed that incorporates cost
benefit analysis, based on the ESCos chosen risk profile. All attributes to the model of both DSM and CDM are defined, discussed and quantified into a decision analysis framework that
would minimize risk and maximize profit. These attributes include life cycle analysis,
technology transfer, cash flow, future CER prices, and associated project and political risks.
The literature and background information that builds up to the development of this decision
model serves as a complete handbook with guidelines to the South African energy services
industry and investors.
This study proposes a new energy-efficiency methodology under the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that would increase the amount of
CDM energy efficiency projects in South Africa and internationally. The methodology is
designed to improve control system efficiency of any large electricity consumer instead of
being equipment-specific. This implies that developers can use the same methodology
regardless of whether the end-users are clear water pumping systems, compressed air
systems, fans etc. This will reduce the cost of registering new methodologies with the
UNFCCC and make CDM a more lucrative option to ESCos and other developers.
This new energy-efficiency methodology and finance decision model was used in a case
study to test its validity and accuracy. Two supporting technologies, REMS-CARBON and
OSIMS, were developed in conjunction with HVAC International and tested at the clear
water pumping system of Kopanang gold mine. The results from the case study demonstrated
that this model is an acceptable tool in ensuring that ESCos gain maximum benefit from
energy efficiency finance initiatives.
Due to the experience gained with the modalities, procedures and pitfalls of DSM and CDM,
further suggestions are made for new protocols to follow the Kyoto Protocol post-2012.
South Africa and specifically ESCos could be very well positioned in a global “cap-andtrade”
future carbon market. / PhD (Mechanical Engineering), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009
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清潔發展機制之國際政治經濟學分析:以歐盟與中國為例 / An international political economy analysis of the clean development mechanism: A comparative study of the EU and China陳俊仰, Chen, Chun Yang Unknown Date (has links)
清潔發展機制作為京都議定書中的一種彈性機制,普遍被認為將為溫室氣體排放減量所引起的「環境保護─經濟發展」與「北─南」衝突帶來雙贏的結果。支持者認為,其為附件一締約方提供達成溫室氣體減排經濟成本較低的方法,也同時為非附件一締約方引進資金與技術。然而,本研究運用國際政治經濟學的分析,提出因為各自要素禀賦的不同,清潔發展機制實行後的利弊損益將不會公平的分配於清潔發展機制項目的投資方與東道方間,因而導致某些負面的效果:其將阻礙投資方境內減排措施的推動,與導致東道方在技術上的依賴。而透過對投資方與東道方內部排放權提供者與技術研發者間互動的分析,再輔以中國與EU-15的實證資料,可以證實本研究的假設並較為清楚地說明其背後之原因。最後,本研究將討論中國政府與EU-15各自如何以政治力介入市場機制的運作,以試圖處理這樣市場機制運作所導致的弊病。 / Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) as a Kyoto flexible mechanism was believed to provide a win-win solution to the conflicts, which result from cutting down greenhouse gas emissions, between wheather ecology & economy or North & South. The proponents believe the implementation of CDM is cost-efficient for the Annex I Parties to achieve their Kyoto commitments and can also introduce capital & technology into the non-Annex I Parties. However, by international political economic analysis, the difference in factors endowments between CDM invest parties and host parties will result in unequal distribution of gains & pays between them. This causes some negative effects: CDM will deter the implementation of domestic emissions reduction in the invest parties, and it will also make technological dependence in the host parties. Through analyzing the interactions between emission allowance providers & technology innovators in the invest & host parties and with empirical data from China & EU-15, the assumptions of this study is proved and the causation is clarified. At last, the governmental interventions, which are trying to modify the negative effects result from the operation of market mechanism, by China and EU-15 are brought into discuss perspectively.
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Understanding the Clean Development Mechanism and its dual aims : the case of China's projectsSun, Qie January 2011 (has links)
Having been running for over 10 years, the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is considered an innovative and successful mitigation initiative. CDM has the dual aims of helping industrialised countries achieve compliance with their emission limitation and reduction commitments in a cost-effective way, while simultaneously assisting developing countries in sustainable development. This thesis does a comprehensive analysis of the dual aims of CDM and is intended to assist in discussions about the post-2012 regime regarding CDM. To analyse the aim of assisting mitigation in a cost-effective way, the prices of certified emission reductions (CERs) on the international carbon market was studied and the provision of CDM was tested by comparing the amount of CERs with the mitigation commitments of the Annex I countries. It was found that CDM plays an important role in maintaining the international carbon price at a low level and that the total amount of CERs alone had already reached up to 52.70% of the entire mitigation commitments of industrialized countries by the end of 2010 and was continuing to grow before 2012. A theoretical analysis of the impacts of CDM showed that CDM has a double mitigation effect in both developing countries and industrialised countries, without double counting at present. A quantitative evaluation of the effects of China’s CDM projects on China’s total emissions showed that the contribution of CDM projects to limiting total emissions is small due to the dominance of fossil fuels, but CDM’s role in stimulating renewable energy is significant, e.g. about 11% of hydropower and 93% of wind power was generated by CDM projects in 2010. The results provide strong evidence in support of CDM’s contribution under the current Kyoto Protocol mitigation regime. To analyse the aim of promoting sustainable development in developing countries, popular methods such as checklist, Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA) and Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) were reviewed, a CBA of co-benefits of China’s CDM projects was carried out, and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method was applied in an experimental study. The results showed that every method has its own advantages and problems. In other words, neither the CBA of co-benefits nor the AHP method alone is able to assess sustainable development in a completely satisfactory way. Currently, a bottom-up approach through engaging local stakeholders in CDM design and approval, combining a mandatory monitoring and evaluation of co-benefits, could be more effective for safeguarding local sustainable development than any consolidated standards. The future of the CDM is still unclear mainly due to uncertainties about the post-2012 regime. This thesis shows that there is more than sufficient reason for CDM to continue after 2012. Industrialised countries in general should make more substantial efforts to reduce their domestic emissions rather than blaming developing countries. For developing countries, learning from the CDM projects and further applying the knowledge, technology and experiences to their domestic development agenda could be more valuable than the present CER revenues. CDM can be an important starting point for developing countries to gradually make incremental greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction and limitation efforts. / QC 20110817
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A Brief Look at Peruvian Environmental Public Management for Sustainable Development: Interview with Dr. Manuel Pulgar-Vidal Otárola / Una Breve Mirada a la Gestión Pública Ambiental Peruana Para el Desarrollo Sostenible: Entrevista al Dr. Manuel Pulgar-Vidal OtárolaCjuro Vera, Cinthia, Velásquez Franco, Cristian 10 April 2018 (has links)
Through this interview, Manuel Pulgar-Vidal refers some crucial aspects related to the management being done by the Ministry of Environment (MINAM) on Sustainable Development. As the first point, the author lists the actions that MINAM has executed under the National Energy Policy of Peru, as well as those measures in which they have been working to reduce the environmental impact in the energy sector. Next, the author explains the reasons why the National Climate Change Strategy of 2003 has been implemented in only 12%; while in relation to the possible configuration of a carbon market in Peru, EnvironmentMinister confirmed its existence, adding that as a result, it has been recently approved a legal formula that defines the legal and institutional framework mechanisms to regulate compensation for ecosystem services such as the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). Finally, Dr. Manuel Pulgar-Vidal, express its position on the package content reactivating measures that were approved earlier this year by Congress, as well as their expectations of the Twentieth Conference of the Parties to the Framework Convention United Nations Climate Change (COP 20) which our country will host. / A través de la presente entrevista, el Dr. Manuel Pulgar-Vidal se pronuncia sobre algunos aspectos cruciales vinculados a la gestión que viene realizando el Ministerio del Ambiente (MINAM) en materia de Desarrollo Sostenible. Como primer punto, el autor realiza un recuento de las acciones que hasta el momento ha ejecutado el MINAM en el marco de la Política Energética Nacional del Perú, así como aquellas medidas en las que viene trabajando para reducir el impacto ambiental en el sector energético. A continuación, el autor explica las razones por las que la implementación de la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático (ENCC) de 2003 solo se ha dado en un 12%; mientras que, en relación a la posible configuración de un mercado de bonos de carbono en el Perú, el Ministro del Ambiente confirma su existencia, precisando que como consecuencia de ello recientemente se ha arribado a una fórmula legal que permite definir el marco legal e institucional para regular los mecanismos de retribución por servicios ecosistémicos, tales como el Mecanismo de Desarrollo Limpio (MDL). Finalmente, el Dr. Manuel Pulgar-Vidal, expresa su posición frente al contenido del paquete de medidas reactivadoras que fueron aprobadas hace algunos meses por el Congreso de la República, así como sus expectativas respecto a la Vigésima Conferencia de las Partes de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático (COP 20) de la cual será sede nuestro país.
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Os créditos de carbono no âmbito do Protocolo de Quioto.Souza, Silvia Lorena Villas Boas January 2007 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2007 / Presente dissertação trata das unidades de cumprimento estabelecidas pelo Protocolo de Quioto especialmente das Reduções Certificadas de Emissão (RCEs). Primeiramente, faz uma análise do aquecimento global e do efeito estufa distinguindo as duas expressões. Em seguida, descreve o papel do Painel Intergovernamental de Mudança Climática (IPCC) em assuntos relacionados à mudança do clima e avalia a relevância da Convenção-Quadro sobre Mudança do Clima (CQNUMC) para o desenvolvimento do direito ambiental internacional. Ademais traça um panorama do Protocolo de Quioto primeiro protocolo ambiental legalmente vinculante, fruto da CQNUMC examinando suas possíveis conseqüências para o mundo e em particular para o Brasil. Elenca os créditos de carbono ou créditos de emissão e detalha as etapas para a suas obtenções destacando as condições a serem satisfeitas em cada uma delas. A hipótese que permeou a dissertação foi a de que os créditos de carbono se refletirem reduções de emissões de GEEs reais ajudarão na mitigação da mudança climática. O trabalho ainda traz à baila a polêmica acerca da natureza jurídica das RCEs consideradas por muitos economistas uma nova commodity no âmbito do Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL) único mecanismo de flexibilização que permite a participação dos países em desenvolvimento com vistas à promoção do desenvolvimento sustentável. Para conferir segurança ao mercado de carbono no Brasil está em tramitação o Projeto de Lei nº 3.552/2004 dispondo sobre a organização e regulação do mercado de carbono na Bolsa de Valores do Rio de Janeiro através da geração de Redução Certificada de Emissão. Por fim o trabalho apresenta um estudo de caso acerca do Projeto Vega Bahia que implicou a obtenção de créditos de carbono pelo Brasil. Esse projeto corresponde a reduções de emissão antropogênicas de metano (CH4) um Gás de Efeito Estufa (GEE) que não teria lugar na ausência da atividade de projeto de MDL entre janeiro e dezembro de 2004. / Salvador
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The use of tax incentive measure in conjunction with carbon taxes to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and achieve economic growth: a comparative study with lessons for South AfricaPoole, Richard January 2013 (has links)
In 1997 industrialized nations, the Third Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, met in Kyoto, Japan to sign a treaty (the “Kyoto Protocol”) in terms of which industrialized nations would be required to reduce their greenhouse gas emission by at least five percent below 1990 levels by the end of the “first commitment period” 2008-2012. South Africa is not regarded as an industrialized nation, but nonetheless acceded to the Kyoto Protocol in 2002. The literature reviewed in the present research reveals that, although idealistic, the Kyoto Protocol has been problematic. Fourteen meetings of the Conference of Parties to the Kyoto Protocol between 1997 and 2011 have achieved little more than to repeatedly defer and redefine Kyoto obligations. This research was undertaken to document the existing environmental taxation policies employed in selected international jurisdictions with a view to providing a framework for environmental tax policy formation in South Africa to assist this country in meeting its “greenhouse gas” emission targets, while at the same time promoting economic growth. A doctrinal research methodology was adopted in this study as it mainly analysed and interpreted legislation and policy documents and therefore the approach was qualitative in nature. An extensive literature survey was performed to document the various environmental policies that have been legislated in the selected jurisdictions. Comparisons were drawn with proposed tax policy measures for South Africa. The literature indicates that in the selected international jurisdictions carbon taxes achieved less-than-optimal results, largely due to political and industry-competitive agendas. With South Africa planning to introduce a carbon tax, it is submitted that the implementation of a carbon tax regime in isolation will be counter-productive, given South Africa’s economic profile. On the basis of the literature reviewed, it was concluded that South Africa should consider “recycling” carbon tax revenues within the economy to fund a broad-based tax incentive regime that will stimulate the change to non-carbon energy whilst promoting growth through sustainable development
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