South Africa has undergone a remarkable political transformation since the birth of democracy in 1994, yet it remains plagued by extremely high levels of socio-economic inequality, violent crime and social unrest. Although inequality is often regarded as a major driver of many social problems, the evidence base concerning inequality in South Africa is relatively limited, consisting primarily of national level Gini coefficients or General Entropy measures based upon household income, expenditure or consumption data. In this thesis I argue that these broad national level measures say little about people's actual day-to-day lived experiences of inequality and how these individual experiences of inequality may be shaped by the local geographical areas in which people live and go about their daily lives. I construct a series of empirical measures of exposure to socio-economic inequality which reflect the socio-spatial environments in which people live. I argue that these new measures can be used as explanatory factors in the study of other social outcomes, both at an individual level (for example, individuals' attitudes) and at an area level (for example, rates of violent crime). Exposure to inequality is measured both from the perspective of the 'poor' population and the perspective of the 'non-poor' population and the measures are constructed and presented at small area level using the Datazone statistical geography. I analyse the spatial distribution of exposure to inequality and find that exposure to inequality is typically highest in urban neighbourhoods, particularly in the major metropolitan areas. I develop a measure of intensity of exposure in order to highlight areas with both high exposure and high levels of deprivation. I also present one example of how my new measures can be used to explore associations with other outcomes, specifically looking at the relationship between people's lived experience of inequality and their attitudes towards inequality and redress.

La thèse porte sur les politiques de financement des étudiants en France et en Angleterre et les débats publics qui les entourent depuis l’après-guerre. Elle s’inscrit dans deux questionnements principaux. Dans une perspective de sociologie des politiques sociales, il s’agit tout d’abord d’opérer une comparaison entre les trois ensembles de propositions et de politiques – le student finance, l’award et le salaire étudiant – qui ont traversé les enseignements supérieurs des deux pays depuis 1945. Il s’agit ensuite, à partir du concept d’hégémonie et de l’utilisation qu’en a fait Antonio Gramsci au début du 20ème siècle, de soulever la question des modalités de construction de ces régimes dans les deux pays. Les éléments de réponse apportés à ces questionnements se fondent sur l’étude des données statistiques disponibles, des archives des syndicats étudiants, de la littérature gouvernementale et de documents diffusés par différents acteurs institutionnels du secteur. La thèse traite de quatre périodes, deux dans chacun des pays, et retrace les débats, les conflits et les politiques qui s’y sont déployés. Elle montre finalement que ces régimes de financement se différencient tout d’abord par les mesures qui leur sont associées : les prêts, les frais d’inscription et les bourses pour le student finance ; le paiement par la collectivité des frais d’inscription et de vie courante pour l’award ; et le salaire et la gratuité pour le salaire étudiant. Elle montre aussi que ces régimes se distinguent les uns des autres par leur représentation des étudiants, leur convention de valorisation du travail et de l’enseignement supérieur et leurs structures décisionnelles et financières. Elle montre également que la promotion de ces conventions et représentations dans le débat public et le déploiement de ces institutions au sein du secteur permettent à ces ensembles de se mettre en place et aux acteurs qui les portent de construire leur hégémonie. / The thesis deals with student funding policies in France and England and the debates that they raised since the post-war years. It answers two main questions. By using the approach of the social policies sociology, it compares the systems of proposals and policies – the student finance, the award and the salaire étudiant – which have shaped higher education since 1945 in both countries. By using the concept of hegemony that Antonio Gramsci thought it at the beginning of the 20th century, the thesis shows the decision-making process that lead to these proposals and policies. Our materials are composed of the available statistical data, the student union archives, the governmental reports and the documents diffused by the groups involved in the sector. The thesis deals with four periods – two in each country – and describe the debates, the conflicts and the policy which took place. It shows that those funding systems are founded on different measures: tuition fees, loans and grants for the student finance; the public funding of maintenance and fees for the award; free higher education and wage for the salaire étudiant. It also shows that they are supported by specific representations of students and the value of their work and specific types of funding and decision-making process. It shows finally that the spreading of these ideas in the public debate and the development of these institutions inside the sector make possible the shaping of their policies and of their hegemony.

Submitted by Roger Guedes (roger.guedes@fjp.mg.gov.br) on 2015-08-17T20:52:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Os Desafios das Pol??ticas Sociais na Contemporaneidade.pdf: 2924550 bytes, checksum: 7551f70a2fca0dbd7be598bfe4f1f033 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Roger Guedes (roger.guedes@fjp.mg.gov.br) on 2015-08-17T20:53:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Os Desafios das Pol??ticas Sociais na Contemporaneidade.pdf: 2924550 bytes, checksum: 7551f70a2fca0dbd7be598bfe4f1f033 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-08-17T20:53:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Os Desafios das Pol??ticas Sociais na Contemporaneidade.pdf: 2924550 bytes, checksum: 7551f70a2fca0dbd7be598bfe4f1f033 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Funda????o Jo??o Pinheiro / Em seu constante processo de transforma????o o Estado se depara com o problema das desigualdades. O trabalho analisar?? as pol??ticas sociais sob a ??gide da justi??a social, com destaque para a dicotomia entre redistribui????o e reconhecimento. Apoiando-se na literatura sobre exclus??o e na proposta de constru????o de um paradigma bidimensional ele apresenta o caso das pol??ticas sociais de Belo Horizonte. Na an??lise deste caso, a partir da pesquisa documental e emp??rica dos programas sociais do munic??pio, toma como refer??ncia a l??gica fuzzy e usa o m??todo Grade of Membership-GoM, para agrupar os diversos programas a partir de sua percep????o de injusti??a social. Ao mostrar a import??ncia da integra????o das perspectivas da redistribui????o e do reconhecimento na formula????o e na implementa????o de pol??ticas sociais adequadas ??s demandas do nosso tempo, o estudo recupera outras dimens??es e categorias importantes na estrutura????o da agenda social, como por exemplo o territ??rio, os grupos sociais, a focaliza????o, a universaliza????o e a intersetorialidade. / In his constant transformation process, the State deals with the inequality problem. This work will analyze the social politics under the protection of social justice, highlithing a dichotomy between redistribution and acknowledgement. Based on literacy about exclusion and on the proposal of a constrution of a bidimentional paradigm, it shows the events of social politics in Belo Horizonte. On the analysis of this events, through documental and empirical research on social programs of the county, it is used as a reference the fuzzy logics and it is utilized the GoM formula to group the many programs trough the perception of social injustice. By showing the importance of integration of the perspectives of redistribution and acknowledgment of formulation and implementation of adequated social politics, this study recovers other dimentions and important categories on estruturation of a social agenda, such as the territory, social groups, universalization, and intersectoriality. / Governo e Pol??tica

Many billions of dollars each year are spent in pursuit of economic and social development goals. The field of program evaluation aims to measure the efficacy of these programs and allocate funds to achieve optimal results. However, current research on program design and evaluation tends to focus on determining causality through complex statistical methods, neglecting intermediate measures of data, such as network metrics. Similarly, research in computational social science has focused on generating hypotheses and validating theory rather than economic development applications. This thesis develops a novel technique for using computational social science to design and evaluate social and economic programs. A framework for program design and evaluation using network metrics is presented, along with two case studies that illustrate the use of this technique. In the first, we consider Start-Up Chile, an economic development program whose goal is to foster networks between Chileans and international entrepreneurs, using network metrics to evaluate its ability to facilitate connection between Chilean and non- Chilean entrepreneurs. Second, an agent-based model for designing entrepreneurial incubators is developed, with novel conclusions for more efficient design of economic development programs.

[pt] A presente dissertação tem por objetivo analisar os processos de continuidade e descontinuidade dos programas sociais voltados para o segmento social da juventude, em âmbito de política social pública. Este estudo centraliza sua análise no processo de reformulação ocorrida do Programa Agente Jovem de Desenvolvimento Social e Humano (AJDSH) para o Programa Integrado de Juventude (PROJOVEM-Adolescente). O texto apresenta reflexões sobre a compreensão de política social pública, direcionando sua discussão mais especificamente para a política social pública de assistência social, na perspectiva de direito e no contexto do neoliberalismo, com a finalidade de situar a conjuntura histórica de elaboração, implementação e execução dos programas sociais. Procura discutir o atual quadro em que se encontra a juventude em situação de vulnerabilidade social e os diferentes problemas sociais enfrentados por ela, nesse quadro de grandes desigualdades sociais, que caracteriza o país. Nos últimos anos esta questão vem sendo considerada de grande importância na agenda política nacional e na sociedade em geral. Os dados deste estudo apontam que as mudanças ocorridas parecem estar diretamente relacionadas a processos políticos. Demonstram também, que o programa Agente Jovem possui algumas características de relevância e efetividade que o levam a alguma continuidade. Destaca-se que este programa não foi simplesmente abandonado, como já ocorreu com outros programas na administração pública brasileira, conforme os exemplos discutidos nesta dissertação. Embora tenha perdido sua identidade inicial e algumas ações apontadas como importantes terem sido descontinuadas, serviu de base para o atual programa ProJovem Adolescente. Os dispositivos legais impressos recentemente, como a própria Constituição Federal de 1988, o Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente (1990), Estatuto da Juventude (Projeto de Lei 4529/2004), a Política Nacional da Juventude (2005), além de constituírem num avanço para as políticas sociais públicas voltadas para juventude, as quais são concebidas enquanto direito, podem também contribuir, por meio da construção de espaços públicos para a continuidade das ações efetivas. / [en] This dissertation aims to analyze the processes of continuity and discontinuity of social programs for the social segment of youth in the context of public social policy. This study focuses its analysis on the reformulation process occurred in the change of the Young Agent of Social Development and Human Program to the Integrated Program of Youth. The text presents reflections on the understanding of public social policy, directing the discussion closer to the politics of public social welfare from the perspective of rights and in the background of neoliberalism, in order to situate the historical context of development, implementation and execution of social programs. Discusses the current framework in which the youth is in a situation of social vulnerability and the various social problems faced by her, in this context of great inequality that characterizes the country. In recent years this issue has been considered of great importance in the national political agenda and in society in general. Data from this study indicate that changes appear to be directly related to political processes. They also show that the Young Agent Program has some characteristics of relevance and effectiveness that leads to some continuity. It is emphasized that this program was not simply abandoned as has happened with other programs in the public brazilian administration, as the examples discussed in this dissertation. Although it lost its original identity and some actions identified as important have been discontinued, was the basis for the current program ProJovem Adolescents. The legal forms recently, as the constitution of 1988, the Statute of Children and Adolescents (1990), the Statute of Youth (Law 4529/2004), the National Youth Policy (2005), as well as being a breakthrough for the political social public policies for youth, which are designed as a right, may also contribute, through the construction of public spaces for the continuity of effective action.

Submitted by Maria Creuza Silva (mariakreuza@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-09-04T12:55:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese. Davide Rasella. 2013.pdf: 510592 bytes, checksum: 1ec004322bf959209fcf08dbf6300f38 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Creuza Silva(mariakreuza@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-09-04T12:58:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese. Davide Rasella. 2013.pdf: 510592 bytes, checksum: 1ec004322bf959209fcf08dbf6300f38 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-04T12:58:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese. Davide Rasella. 2013.pdf: 510592 bytes, checksum: 1ec004322bf959209fcf08dbf6300f38 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / O Brasil é uma das maiores economias do mundo, mas é também um país que apresenta grandes desigualdades socioeconômicas e uma parte considerável da população ainda em situação de pobreza. Como estratégia de combate à pobreza foi implementado, nos últimos anos, o maior programa de transferência de renda do mundo: o Programa Bolsa Família, que conseguiu contemplar uma grande parte das famílias pobres do Brasil. No mesmo período, a Estratégia Saúde da Família, a maior política de atenção primaria do país, apresentou uma importante ampliação de cobertura, alcançando em poucos anos mais que a metade da população brasileira. O objetivo desta tese foi avaliar o impacto do Programa Bolsa Família e seu efeito conjunto com a Estratégia Saúde da Família na redução da mortalidade no Brasil. A tese foi desenvolvida sob a forma de três artigos, tendo o primeiro como objetivo elaborar um modelo teórico do impacto dos programas de transferência de renda condicional, juntamente com programas de atenção primária, sobre a saúde e a sobrevivência na infância. O segundo artigo analisou o efeito da desigualdade de renda, da Estratégia Saúde da Família e do Programa Bolsa Família sobre a expectativa de vida nos estados Brasileiros dos últimos anos, e o terceiro avaliou o impacto conjunto do Programa Bolsa Família com a Estratégia Saúde da Família sobre a mortalidade geral e por causas ligadas a pobreza em menores de cinco anos nos municípios brasileiros. Os resultados destas avaliações demonstraram uma grande efetividade do Programa Bolsa Família na redução da mortalidade na infância. Este efeito foi maior para as causas de mortalidade ligadas à pobreza, como a desnutrição e a diarréia. A Estratégia Saúde da Família mostrou um impacto de magnitude similar, mas teve efeito também em causas dependentes do tratamento médico, como as infecções respiratórias das vias aéreas inferiores. Os resultados fornecem evidências de que uma abordagem multissetorial que combine um sólido programa de transferência de renda com uma atenção primária efetiva pode reduzir consideravelmente a mortalidade na infância, sobre tudo por causas relacionadas à pobreza, num país com grandes desigualdades como o Brasil. / Salvador

With the world's fourth-largest Muslim population, Bangladesh is an important case study in the exploration of what it means to be a 'secular' country with Islam as a state religion. One important mechanism through which to analyse the relationship between religion and the state is through the country's laws, and family laws are especially significant in that they represent the state's determination of which long-standing social and religious practices find their way into legislation as a representation of societal values. As with many other countries with significant Muslim populations, personal status legislation has remained relatively static in the years following independence, despite attempts at change. Inspired by studies of negotiations between state and civil society actors in bringing about changes in law, this study analyses the evolution of family laws for Muslims in Bangladesh, revealing a range of voices using such laws in their negotiations between competing notions of 'Islam' and 'secularism' and their role in governance. Using parliamentary and Supreme Court records, newspaper archives, expert interviews, and secondary literature, I show that there has been little change in personal status legislation beyond procedural simplification, and that the judiciary and policymakers have had a tendency to support freedom of religious practice except in family laws. This study explores why this is the case, and focuses on the discourse around the National Women Development Policy and its clause on property and inheritance as the greatest point of contention in enhancing women's rights in family laws.

This thesis examines two topics related to the prevalence of unequal developmental outcomes among children of different socioeconomic backgrounds in Peru. The first topic focuses on the origins of these inequalities by measuring the relative importance of school and early childhood influences for the emergence of cognitive development gaps between urban and rural children. I use rich longitudinal information on cognitive achievement, household and school characteristics, and a novel decomposition strategy. Results reveal that observable school influences occurring between ages 6 and 8, account for a significant share (around 35% and no less than 28%) of the difference in cognitive skill. The share attributable to differences in the early childhood environment is important but no larger than 50%. I also discuss how the proposed decomposition strategy compares to other linear decomposition methods and why it is less prone to biases than those employed so far in the literature. The second topic is related to the effects and mechanisms behind early childhood development interventions that seek to improve the home environment through a change in parental behaviour. I use data on parenting practices and caregiver beliefs regarding the importance of parent-child interactions collected from the control and treatment groups of families randomized for the evaluation of a home-visiting programme recently launched at scale in rural Peru. I find that this intervention produced a positive effect on the quality of the home environment (d = 0.5; p < 0.01) and shifted caregiver behaviour increasing their participation in educational play activities with the child (d = 0.3; p < 0.01). I also explore the constraints that limit caregivers' behavioural change. I find that treatment effects are not significant among the poorest caregivers and that they exhibit a positive wealth gradient. Further, I find evidence suggesting that caregiver beliefs condition their responses to treatment.

O estudo que estamos apresentado tem por objetivo analisar como as mudanças no mundo do trabalho interferem e influenciam não só as formas de gestão da produção e das condições de trabalho como também as formas de gestão da vida do trabalhador. No contexto de desordem mundial no qual se encontra a sociedade contemporânea, torna-se imprescindível a difusão de uma cultura que esteja em consonância com a nova reorganização do trabalho e com a atual fase do capitalismo. Para compreendermos a magnitude desse processo e como ele se reflete na sociedade brasileira - com todas as suas particularidade - partimos de uma reflexão teórica gramsciana, que busca através da articulação entre as dimensões que estão no cerne da vida social - o trabalho e a cultura - captar as complexidade da realidade que nos assola. A luz das nossas análises teóricas buscamos identificar como as transformações do trabalho e a política neoliberal se materializam no interior da Companhia Estadual de Águas e Esgotos CEDAE, e quais as principais conseqüências vivenciadas pelos trabalhadores no âmbito do trabalho, que se refletem na esfera familiar, e contribuem para formação de um novo tipo de cidadão-trabalhador. Pudemos verificar que as mudanças no mundo do trabalho associadas a uma política neoliberal conformam a base da constituição de uma cultura - que está se constituindo a principal fonte de consolidação de uma hegemonia destruidora das possibilidades de democracia, de cidadania, de participação política e de construção de uma nova sociabilidade. / The study that we are presenting objects to analysis how the changes in the labor world interfer and influence not only in the production administration and in the work conditions as also in the worker life management. In the context of global disorder where the contemporary society is, the spread of a culture that is harmonious with the new labor re-organization and with the actual stage of the capitalism becomes indispensable. To us to comprehend the magnitude of this process and how it reflects in the brazilian society - with all his particularities - we start with a gramsci's theoretical reflection, that searchs, through the articulation between the dimensions of the social Iife, work and culture, to capture our reality complexity.Through the light of our theoretical analysis we try to identify how the labor changes and the neoliberal politic became material in the Companhia Estadual de Águas e Esgotos (CEDAE) - State Company of Water and Drainage - and what are the principal consequences Iived by the workers in the labor sphere that reflects in their familiar space, and contribute to the formation of a new kind of citizen-worker. We could observe that labor world changes associated with a neoliberal politic is the base of the constitution of a culture, that is becoming the main source of the formation of a hegemony that will end up annihilating the possibilities of democracy, of citizenship, of political participation and of construction of a new sociability.

As desigualdades e demais complexidades produzidas pelo sistema capitalista e a retração do Estado na área social vêm produzindo, e reafirmando, problemas e situações frente aos quais conhecimentos e ações focalizados, fragmentados e setoriais são incapazes de explicar e de enfrentar. Partindo deste entendimento, no presente estudo foi realizada uma investigação acerca das proposições e do debate recente sobre a intersetorialidade e a política social no cenário brasileiro, buscando caracterizar o estado da arte das produções acadêmico-científicas elaboradas no período de 1986 a 2013. Consiste, então, em um estudo baseado em revisão bibliográfica, de cunho qualitativo, cujo recorte se volta para as produções identificadas junto às bases bibliográficas do banco de resumos da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) e da Scientific Eletronic Library Online (SCIELO). Procurou-se identificar os estudos produzidos sobre a intersetorialidade e as políticas sociais, assim como o tratamento teórico-metodológico dado a este tema a partir do exame das produções bibliográficas identificadas e selecionadas. Buscou-se apreender as concepções e dimensões de análise sobre intersetorialidade e política social e a possível heterogeneidade de abordagens, além de elaborar os principais consensos e dissensos teóricos em torno do tema. Por fim, procedeu-se a demarcação dos principais desafios teóricos e práticos postos à implementação da intersetorialidade no campo da política social. Os resultados apontam a presença de uma diversidade de entendimento em relação ao termo intersetorialidade que, por vezes, tem sido relacionada apenas à dimensão técnica, funcional e gerencial no âmbito da gestão e intervenção social, estando esse debate isento, em grande parte, da análise crítica dos processos contraditórios que perpassam as políticas sociais. A pesquisa demonstrou também o avanço do debate crítico sobre a intersetorialidade e políticas sociais, principalmente nos últimos anos, relacionando as dimensões técnica, ético-política, econômica, cultural e social relacionadas ao debate e proposições acerca da intersetorialidade e as políticas sociais. / Inequalities and other complexities produced by the capitalist system and the retraction of the state in the social area are producing, and reaffirming, problems and situations against which knowledge and actions focused, fragmented and sector are unable to explain and tackle. Based on this understanding, the present study was to conduct an investigation about the propositions and debate recent on intersectionality and social policy in the Brazilian scene, trying to characterize the state of the art productions academic- scientific elaborated in the period 1986-2012. Consists, then, in a study based on literature review, a qualitative, whose cutting it back to the productions identified along with bibliographic databases bank summaries of the Coordination of Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) and the Scientific Electronic Library Online (SCIELO). We sought to identify studies produced on intersectionality and social policies, as well as treatment theoretical and methodological given to this subject from the examination of literature production identified and selected. We attempted to grasp the concepts and analytical dimensions of intersectionality and social policy and the possible heterogeneity of approaches, and develop the main consensus and disagreements theorists around the theme. Finally, we proceeded to the demarcation of the major theoretical and practical challenges put to the implementation of intersectoral cooperation in the field of social policy. The results indicate the presence of a diversity of understanding regarding the term intersectionality that sometimes has been related only to the technical dimension, functional and management in the management and social intervention, with this debate free, in large part, the analysis critique of the contradictory processes that underlie social policies. The research also showed the advancement of critical debate on intersectionality and social policies, especially in recent years, relating the technical, ethical and political, economic, cultural and social-related discussion and propositions about intersectionality and social policies.