El presente trabajo de investigación muestra la aplicación de las buenas prácticas en la gestión de riesgos en un proyecto de construcción, el cual se encuentra en una mina que procesa su mineral por el método de lixiviación usando soluciones cianuradas para la recuperación del oro. El proyecto motivo de estudio, trata de la construcción de la ampliación del pad de lixiviación existente el cual se encuentra ya en su octavo año de operación. En primer lugar, se tratará sobre el caso de negocio mostrando una descripción de la empresa consultora encargada de la dirección de la construcción del proyecto en mención, así como el análisis de su entorno, tanto a nivel macro como la situación de competencia en el rubro específico mediante el análisis de las cinco fuerzas de Porter; de la misma forma se adjuntan los indicadores económicos y financieros, así como el monto de inversión para el proyecto y la Curva J. (Anexo Q y R) El marco teórico aborda los conceptos básicos de la dirección de proyectos, con una breve descripción de los grupos de procesos de la guía del PMBOK® 6ta edición, para luego abordar la gestión riesgos de proyectos de construcción apoyados en la “Construction Extension to the PMBOK® Guide”, este desarrollo muestra una visión general de la construcción para luego enforcarnos en los conceptos claves de la gestión de riesgos. El capítulo correspondiente a la aplicación práctica, de la gestión de riesgos, muestra su desarrollo desde la planificación, identificación, análisis caulitativos y cuantitativos, planificación de las respuestas, implementación de las mismas y el monitoreo de los riesgos, en todos ellos se explican las técnicas y herramientas, ademas de proporcionar los formatos a utilizar. / The current thesis shows the application of best practices in the risk management of a construction project, which is located in a mine that processes its mineral by the leaching method which uses cyanide solutions for the recovery of gold. The project under study is the construction of the expansion of the existing leach pad which is already in its eighth year of operation. Firstly, we will approach the business case by showing a description of the consulting company in charge of the construction management of the project in question, as well as the analysis of its environment, both at a macro level and the competition situation in the specific area through the analysis of Porter's five forces. The theoretical framework addresses the management of projects with a brief description of the process groups of the PMBOK® Guide 6th edition to then address the risk management of construction projects supported in the "Construction Extension to the PMBOK® Guide", this development show an overview of the construction management to then focus on the key concepts of risk management. The chapter corresponding to the practical application of risk management show its development from planning, identification, qualitative and quantitative analysis, response planning, implementation, and monitoring of risks, in all of them, explain the techniques and tools, in addition to providing the formats to be used. / Trabajo de investigación

The construction sector today accounts for a big part of the totalamount of waste in Sweden and we need to save the earth’srecourses. To save our resources when processing waste it is best tofollow the waste ladder. It’s very important for all of our sake thatwe handle the waste properly. In the summer of 2020 new lawswere applied to ensure that construction waste is being handled ina proper way. For this study the waste disposal management of aspecific company was studied to see how their current work withwaste disposal and what improvements can be made. By usingliterature study, qualitative interviews, quantitative survey, ocularinspection and document analysis a result has been formed. Theresult that can be seen in this study is that the company in questionis following the requirements for waste disposals but there areroom for improvements. The conclusion from this study is that theleadership and employees in the company is in need of betterknowledge on how to properly manage the waste from theconstruction sites. / Byggsektorn står idag för en stor del av Sveriges totalaavfallsmängd och vi behöver spara på jordens resurser. För attspara på resurserna är det viktigt att bearbeta avfallet på bästa sättutifrån avfallstrappan. Det är viktigt att avfall hanteras på rätt sättbåde för miljön och människors skull. För att bygg- ochrivningsavfall ska hanteras på bästa sätt trädde sommaren 2020nya lagar kring avfallshantering i kraft. I studien har ett företagsarbete med avfallshantering studerats med syfte att se hur manarbetar med avfallshantering samt att hitta förbättringsmöjligheterför företaget. Genom litteraturstudie, kvalitativa intervjuer,kvantitativ enkät, okulär besiktning och dokumentanalys harstudiens resultat tagits fram. Resultatet som framkommer är attföretaget följer de krav som ställs på dem men att det finnsförbättringsmöjligheter. Slutsatsen är att företaget behöver arbetamer med att utbilda både arbetsledningen och yrkesarbetarna ivilka lagar och krav som ställs på avfallshanteringen vidbyggprojekt. / <p>2023-06-26</p>

Cette thèse questionne la catégorie d’ « immigré-e », dont la signification ne se réduit pas à une définition juridique incontestable : il s’agit de montrer qu’elle fait l’objet d’interprétations, de redéfinitions et d’usages sociaux diversifiés de la part des acteurs en charge de la mise en œuvre des politiques publiques et/ou intervenant sur le marché du travail. La thèse examine la construction et les usages des catégories de l’immigration à différents niveaux (européen, national, régional et local) en effectuant une comparaison entre : deux pays, la France et l’Italie ; deux régions, la région Provence Alpes Côte-d’Azur et la Ligurie ; et deux secteurs d’activité, le bâtiment et l’aide à domicile. La thèse questionne notamment les décalages entre catégories ‘officielles’ et catégories ‘indigènes’, à travers d'une part le cas des intermédiaires de l’emploi, et d'autre part la reconstruction des parcours de vie des travailleur-se-s immigré-e-s. / This dissertation questions the category of « immigrant » whose meaning cannot be reduced to an incontestable juridical definition. The category is interpreted, redefined, used in different ways and contexts by actors who are responsible for the implementation of public policies and /or contribute to regulate the labour market. This study analyses the constuction and social usage of categories related to immigration phenomena at multiple levels of analysis (European, national, regional and local) through a comparison of two countries (France and Italy), two regions (Provence Alpes Côte-d’Azur and Liguria) and two sectors (construction and care services). I explicate how and why some discrepancies appear between the ‘official’ and ‘informal’ categories by studying the case of employment gatekeepers during the selection process and by reconstructing the life courses of a sample of immigrant workers.

O objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar o trabalho do dirigente da pequena empresa a partir da teoria das abordagens dos papéis proposta por Mintzberg e sua possibilidade de descrever o trabalho do dirigente, tendo como unidade de análise o setor da construção civil e o contexto de obras públicas. A pequena empresa é vital para a economia dos países. Da mesma forma, a indústria da construção civil contribui com significativo percentual do Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) do Brasil e de diversos países, sejam desenvolvidos ou em desenvolvimento. Embora apresentem-se como relevantes áreas de estudo - a pequena empresa e a indústria da construção civil - carecem de uma melhor análise integrada de suas inter-relações. Na primeira etapa da pesquisa foi realizado um mapeamento sistemático (MS), em uma base de dados de periódicos indexados, para levantar o estado da arte do tema da pesquisa: o dirigente da pequena empresa. Para explorar a questão da pesquisa foi desenvolvido questionário estruturado dividido em duas partes fundamentais. A primeira para obter dados qualitativos (nominais e ordinais) e quantitativos (discretos e contínuos). A segunda parte para identificar a incidência de cada um dos dez papéis propostos por Mintzberg, utilizando modelo categórico de resposta - escala Likert de cinco pontos. A amostra da pesquisa é composta por 39 dirigentes (n = 39) de empresas que entre 2013 e 2015 executaram obras civis - subsetor edificações - para empresa pública da esfera Federal via licitação pública. A análise dos dados foi realizada por meio das médias de frequência obtidas e testes de análise de variância (ANOVA) entre as variáveis (primeira parte do questionários e papéis desempenhados pelo dirigente - segunda parte). Como resultado constata-se que dirigentes de empresas de construção civil inseridos no contexto de obras públicas desempenham atividades fundamentalmente relacionadas aos níveis de atuação interpessoal e decisório. Os papéis de líder e contato, ao nível interpessoal, e os papéis de alocador de recursos e negociador, ao nível decisório, são desempenhados com maior frequência pelo dirigente da amostra, representando grande parte do seu dia a dia de atuação. Das variáveis analisadas, a idade do dirigente (para os papéis de contato e disseminador), a estrutura organizacional da empresa (para o papel de disseminador), o percentual de contratos firmados com a Administração Pública em relação ao total de contratos firmados no período de um ano (para o papel de porta-voz) e a capacidade financeira da empresa (para o papel de porta-voz) apresentaram significância estatística, indicando a associação com a variável resposta da pesquisa - o papel desempenhado pelo dirigente da pequena empresa de construção civil. Comprova-se que a abordagem dos papéis de Mintzberg é capaz de explicar o trabalho do dirigente da pequena empresa de construção civil, constatado pelas médias de frequência apresentadas nos três níveis de atuação e dos papéis desempenhados, além das significâncias estatísticas apontadas pela ANOVA. As inferências realizadas contribuem para uma melhor compreensão integrada do trabalho do dirigente da pequena empresa de construção civil inserido no contexto de obras públicas e melhoria de sua gestão. / This study\'s aim is to analyze the small business owner-manager\'s work regarding the public civil construction sector grounded on Mintzberg\'s managerial roles and its possibility to describe the owner-manager\'s work. Small businesses are vital to a country\'s economy. Likewise, the civil construction industry contributes to a high GDP percentage in Brazil and other countries as well, whether developed or not. Although these two topics are relevant areas of study - civil construction industry and small business - its integration is not very much understood. A sistematic mapping was conducted in the first phase. The used database, in which the articles are indexed, established the state of art for the research theme: small business owner-manager. To analyze the research question, a structured questionnaire was created. It was divided in two fundamental parts. The first one to obtain qualitative data (nominal and ordinal) and quantitative (discrete and continuous). The second one to indentify the incidence of one of each Mintzberg\'s ten managerial work roles using a categorical response model, the five point Likert scale. The sample consists in 39 (n=39) small business owner-managers who worked in public civil construction in a Federal bureau between the years of 2013 and 2015 by bidding. The data analysis was performed by the mean and frequencies obteined and by comparison between variables - first part of the questionnaire and the owner-managers roles - using an analysis variance (ANOVA). Findings reveal that the small business owner-managers perform roles grounded on interpersonal and decision making levels. The leader and leaison roles, at the interpersonal level, and the resource allocator and negociator roles, at the decision making level, are the ones the owner-managers spend more time performing. The owner-manager\'s age (for leaison and disseminator roles), the organizational configuration (for the disseminator role), the percentage of the signed contratcs within the Public Administration with the total of the signed contracts between a year period (for the spokesperson role) and the business financial capacity (for the spokesperson role) are statistically significant, showing direct relationship with the response variable - the owner-mager\'s work. The results also support that Mintzberg\'s managerial rolles is able to explain the small business owner-manager\'s work, verified by means and frequencies and the ANOVA comparison. This study contibutes to a deeper and integrated understanding about the small business owner-manager in the public civil construction sector.

I en värld där människan är det enda djur som lämnar efter sig avfall som inte kan brytas ned naturligt, är det viktigt att avfallet vi producerar tas om hand på bästa möjliga sätt. EU har därför tagit fram en prioriteringsordning för hur avfallet ska behandlas. Denna kallas avfallshierarkin och ska ligga till grund för medlemsländernas lagstiftning om avfallshantering. I Sverige kallas byggsektorn för den ”40-procentiga sektorn” vilket syftar på att 40 procent av Sveriges avfall genereras av denna sektor. Till år 2020 har EU som målsättning att 70 viktprocent av allt bygg- och rivningsavfall ska återvinnas eller återanvändas. För att presentera säkra siffror som visar ländernas utveckling mot EU:s mål måste avfallsstatistik tas fram på ett bättre sätt än vad som görs i dagsläget. Detta examensarbete syftade till att beräkna de miljömässiga och ekonomiska konsekvenserna vid källsortering av blandat byggavfall samt analysera vilken av de tillgängliga metoderna för framtagning av byggavfallsstatistik som är lämpligast. En screening av innehållet i det blandade avfallet vid ett renoveringsprojekt hos Telge Bostäder tillsammans med uppgifter om genererad avfallsmängd i ett tidigare genomfört renoveringsprojekt användes för att göra beräkningarna. Den befintliga hanteringen, där avfallet sorterades som blandat avfall, jämfördes sedan med ett hypotetiskt scenario där det vid screeningen identifierade innehållet (plast, trä och wellpapp) istället sorterades ut i separata fraktioner. Beräkningarna gjordes dels i ett av program (WAMPS) framtaget av Svenska miljöinstitutet (IVL) för beräkning av utsläpp från hantering av hushållsavfall och dels med egna beräkningar över koldioxidutsläpp. Kostnaden för att sortera ut avfallet bestämdes genom att använda Sorteras sortiment och prislista. Resultatet från WAMPS var att utsläpp av 62 ton koldioxid kunde undvikas från avfallshanteringen genom att sortera ut innehållet i drygt 70 ton blandat byggavfall i separata fraktioner på byggarbetsplatsen. Motsvarande siffra vid egna beräkningar blev 95 ton. Container- och behandlingskostnaden för det sorterade avfallet var lägre än för det osorterade avfallet vilket medförde att den totala avfallskostnaden för drygt 70 ton blandat avfall hade kunnat sänkas med 63 000 kronor om avfallet hade källsorterats. Analysen av redovisningsmetoder pekade på att det på kort sikt lämpligaste sättet att ta fram byggavfallsstatistik på, är att använda miljörapporter från avfallsbehandlingsföretagen som underlag för avfallsstatistik. Denna metod kräver ingen lagändring för att genomföras och utnyttjar ett redan befintligt rapporteringssystem. / In a world where mankind is the only creature that generates waste that cannot be naturally decomposed, it is of great importance that we correctly take care of the waste we produce. The EU has therefore developed a list of priority regarding methods of waste treatment. It is called the waste hierarchy and is supposed to form the basis for legislation on waste management. In Sweden the construction sector is called “the 40 percent sector” which refers to the fact that 40 percent of Sweden’s waste is generated by this sector. By 2020, the EU has set up a goal that 70 weight percent of all construction and demolition waste must be recycled or reused. In order to present secure statistics that show the member nations’ progresses toward the goal, the waste statistics must be produced in a better way than today. This master thesis aimed to calculate the environmental and economic consequences with source sorting of the mixed construction waste and to determine the best available accounting method to produce construction waste statistics. A screening of the content of the mixed waste at a renovation project at Telge Bostäder together with data over the generated waste quantity in a previously conducted renovation project, were used to make the calculations. The existing management, where the waste was sorted as mixed waste, was then compared with a hypothetical scenario where the content encountered during the screening (plastic, wood and cardboard) was sorted out separately instead. Calculations were then made partly in a program (WAMPS) developed by IVL to calculate the emissions from household waste management and partly with own calculations of carbon dioxide emissions. The cost of sorting out the waste was determined using Sortera’s catalog and price list. The result of WAMPS was that emissions of 62 tons of carbon dioxide could be avoided from the waste management process by sorting about 71 tons of mixed construction waste at the construction site. The corresponding amount at own calculations was 95 tons. The cost of containers and cost of treatment of the sorted waste was lower than the costs for mixed waste, which meant that the total waste related cost of managing 71 tons of mixed waste would have been reduced by 63 000 Swedish crowns if the waste had been source sorted. The analysis over accounting methods indicated that in the short term, the most appropriate way to produce construction waste statistics is to use environmental reports from the treating companies as a basis. This method does not require a change in the law to be implemented and utilizes an existing reporting system.

Baigiamajame magistro darbe nagrinėjama statybos sektoriaus ekonominės makroaplinkos vertinimo svarba investiciniam sprendimui priimti. Tiek investicinis sprendimas, tiek aplinka, kurioje bus investuojama analizuojama remiantis investicijų projektų ideologija. Apžvelgiama projektų ir investicijų projektų samprata, nustatoma aplinkos ir aplinkos įvertinimo svarba investiciniam sprendimui priimti, išanalizuojami projektų statybos sektoriuje ypatumai ir pateikiama investicinės aplinkos tyrimo schema. Baigiamajame darbe atliktas statybos sektoriaus ekonominės makroaplinkos tyrimas, nustatyti statybos sektoriui reikšmingiausi ekonominės makroaplinkos veiksniai. Išanalizuoti statybos įmonių galutinį rezultatą atspindintys finansiniai duomenys ir santykiniai rodikliai. Įvertinta statybos sektoriaus makroaplinkos įtaka statybos įmonių veiklos rezultatams. Remiantis atliktais tyrimais ir gautais rezultatais, pateikiamos baigiamojo darbo išvados ir siūlymai. / The aim of final thesis is to analyze the importance of economic environment assessment for investment decision making. Both the investment decisions and the investment environment are analyzing the basic ideology of investment projects. Here are reviewing the concept of the projects and the investment projects and are determining the importance of the environment and its assessment for investment decision making. Here are analyzing the importance of project in the construction sector and the scheme of environment‘s investigation is submited. At the end of the master work there is an investigation of construction sector‘s economic macro environment and the most important economic macro environment‘s factors have determined. The finance data and comparative financial indexes of construction companies have shifted. The economic macro environment influence to final result of construction companies has been evaluated. On the basis of investigation and it‘s results, the final work conclusions and suggestions are presented.

O objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar o trabalho do dirigente da pequena empresa a partir da teoria das abordagens dos papéis proposta por Mintzberg e sua possibilidade de descrever o trabalho do dirigente, tendo como unidade de análise o setor da construção civil e o contexto de obras públicas. A pequena empresa é vital para a economia dos países. Da mesma forma, a indústria da construção civil contribui com significativo percentual do Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) do Brasil e de diversos países, sejam desenvolvidos ou em desenvolvimento. Embora apresentem-se como relevantes áreas de estudo - a pequena empresa e a indústria da construção civil - carecem de uma melhor análise integrada de suas inter-relações. Na primeira etapa da pesquisa foi realizado um mapeamento sistemático (MS), em uma base de dados de periódicos indexados, para levantar o estado da arte do tema da pesquisa: o dirigente da pequena empresa. Para explorar a questão da pesquisa foi desenvolvido questionário estruturado dividido em duas partes fundamentais. A primeira para obter dados qualitativos (nominais e ordinais) e quantitativos (discretos e contínuos). A segunda parte para identificar a incidência de cada um dos dez papéis propostos por Mintzberg, utilizando modelo categórico de resposta - escala Likert de cinco pontos. A amostra da pesquisa é composta por 39 dirigentes (n = 39) de empresas que entre 2013 e 2015 executaram obras civis - subsetor edificações - para empresa pública da esfera Federal via licitação pública. A análise dos dados foi realizada por meio das médias de frequência obtidas e testes de análise de variância (ANOVA) entre as variáveis (primeira parte do questionários e papéis desempenhados pelo dirigente - segunda parte). Como resultado constata-se que dirigentes de empresas de construção civil inseridos no contexto de obras públicas desempenham atividades fundamentalmente relacionadas aos níveis de atuação interpessoal e decisório. Os papéis de líder e contato, ao nível interpessoal, e os papéis de alocador de recursos e negociador, ao nível decisório, são desempenhados com maior frequência pelo dirigente da amostra, representando grande parte do seu dia a dia de atuação. Das variáveis analisadas, a idade do dirigente (para os papéis de contato e disseminador), a estrutura organizacional da empresa (para o papel de disseminador), o percentual de contratos firmados com a Administração Pública em relação ao total de contratos firmados no período de um ano (para o papel de porta-voz) e a capacidade financeira da empresa (para o papel de porta-voz) apresentaram significância estatística, indicando a associação com a variável resposta da pesquisa - o papel desempenhado pelo dirigente da pequena empresa de construção civil. Comprova-se que a abordagem dos papéis de Mintzberg é capaz de explicar o trabalho do dirigente da pequena empresa de construção civil, constatado pelas médias de frequência apresentadas nos três níveis de atuação e dos papéis desempenhados, além das significâncias estatísticas apontadas pela ANOVA. As inferências realizadas contribuem para uma melhor compreensão integrada do trabalho do dirigente da pequena empresa de construção civil inserido no contexto de obras públicas e melhoria de sua gestão. / This study\'s aim is to analyze the small business owner-manager\'s work regarding the public civil construction sector grounded on Mintzberg\'s managerial roles and its possibility to describe the owner-manager\'s work. Small businesses are vital to a country\'s economy. Likewise, the civil construction industry contributes to a high GDP percentage in Brazil and other countries as well, whether developed or not. Although these two topics are relevant areas of study - civil construction industry and small business - its integration is not very much understood. A sistematic mapping was conducted in the first phase. The used database, in which the articles are indexed, established the state of art for the research theme: small business owner-manager. To analyze the research question, a structured questionnaire was created. It was divided in two fundamental parts. The first one to obtain qualitative data (nominal and ordinal) and quantitative (discrete and continuous). The second one to indentify the incidence of one of each Mintzberg\'s ten managerial work roles using a categorical response model, the five point Likert scale. The sample consists in 39 (n=39) small business owner-managers who worked in public civil construction in a Federal bureau between the years of 2013 and 2015 by bidding. The data analysis was performed by the mean and frequencies obteined and by comparison between variables - first part of the questionnaire and the owner-managers roles - using an analysis variance (ANOVA). Findings reveal that the small business owner-managers perform roles grounded on interpersonal and decision making levels. The leader and leaison roles, at the interpersonal level, and the resource allocator and negociator roles, at the decision making level, are the ones the owner-managers spend more time performing. The owner-manager\'s age (for leaison and disseminator roles), the organizational configuration (for the disseminator role), the percentage of the signed contratcs within the Public Administration with the total of the signed contracts between a year period (for the spokesperson role) and the business financial capacity (for the spokesperson role) are statistically significant, showing direct relationship with the response variable - the owner-mager\'s work. The results also support that Mintzberg\'s managerial rolles is able to explain the small business owner-manager\'s work, verified by means and frequencies and the ANOVA comparison. This study contibutes to a deeper and integrated understanding about the small business owner-manager in the public civil construction sector.

Orientador: Marcelo Weishaupt Proni / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T08:14:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cottle_Edward_M.pdf: 2019150 bytes, checksum: 606c1f2485a4d685ad7911f7cbbb190b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O principal objetivo desta dissertação foi estudar a transformação do setor da construção na África do Sul durante o período 1994-2013, investigando em que medida esse setor foi capaz de transformar a desigualdade social do apartheid e qual foi o impacto sobre as empresas construtoras e sobre a força de trabalho. O setor da construção passou por uma transformação significativa e forte expansão desde o fim do apartheid na África do Sul. Até 1994, o setor da construção, como a maioria dos outros setores da economia, estava constrangido por sanções e políticas raciais que cercearam seu crescimento. Uma constatação importante após o fim do apartheid é a falta de reparação de pendências herdadas da infraestrutura social e econômica, especialmente na prestação de serviços sociais, incluindo a habitação, água e eletricidade. Em consequência de políticas estatais de propriedade negra, junto com a crescente internacionalização das corporações multinacionais no setor da construção, aumentou a monopolização e a desigualdade social dentro do setor. Os enormes gastos de obras públicas, incluindo a Copa do Mundo FIFA 2010, também contribuíram para o processo de elevação da concentração e centralização do capital, incluindo um aumento maciço do exército de reserva de mão de obra. Políticas de Estado têm sido ineficazes para superar o legado do capitalismo excludente e a estratificação do mercado de trabalho pós-1994, mantendo a oferta de mão de obra negra barata herdada do apartheid. O setor é conhecido pelas relações de trabalho precárias. Trabalhadores da construção civil são em grande parte negros, não qualificados e semiqualificados. E são regidos por contratos esporádicos, de duração limitada, por tempo parcial. Na sua maioria, são trabalhadores subcontratados ou trabalhadores com poucos benefícios trabalhistas, com possibilidades limitadas de acesso à formalização e à qualificação. A transformação do setor de construção sul-africano continua tendo como principais beneficiárias as multinacionais. Os sindicatos, fechados em sua abordagem reformista ("sindicalismo de negócios"), tornaram-se mais fracos e, como consequência, não têm sido capazes de defender o padrão de vida dos trabalhadores. As opções políticas do governo e a ineficácia das estratégias sindicais resultaram na manutenção de elevadas desigualdades sociais, associadas com uma força de trabalho ainda marcada pelo racismo, com a maior parte dos trabalhadores africanos ¿ vulneráveis e desfavorecidos ¿ trabalhando sob condições precárias de emprego. Palavras-chave: apartheid, setor de construção, trabalho precário, sindicalismo, desigualdade, África do Sul / Abstract: The main objective of this thesis was to study the transformation of the construction sector in South Africa over the period 1994-2013; to investigate to what extent the construction sector has been able to transform apartheid social inequalities and what has been the impact on construction companies and the labour force. The construction sector has undergone significant transformation and marked expansion since the end of apartheid in South Africa. During apartheid the construction sector, like most other economic sectors, was constrained by sanctions and racial policies which curbed its growth. An important reality after the demise of apartheid is the lack of redress of inherited backlogs in social and economic infrastructure, especially in the delivery of social services, including housing, water and electricity. The consequence of state policies of black ownership together with the growing internationalisation of South African construction Multi-National Corporations (MNCs) has increased monopolisation and social inequality within the sector. The massive public works expenditures, including the 2010 FIFA World Cup, have also assisted in the process of increasing the concentration and centralisation of capital, including a massive increase in the reserve army of labour. State policies have been ineffective in overcoming the legacy of apartheid capitalism as the labour market stratification post-1994 maintained the cheap black labour system inherited from apartheid. The sector is renowned for its preferred choice of precarious employment relations. Construction workers are largely black, unskilled and semi-skilled; are casual, part-time, self-employed or employed on limited duration contracts mostly by sub-contractors or labour brokers with little work benefits and limited possibilities of accessing formalised skills training. The transformation of the South African construction sector has as its main beneficiaries the MNCs that also benefited under Apartheid. The trade unions, locked into their reformist "business unionism" approach, have become weaker and, as a consequence, have not been able to defend the living standards of workers. The policy choices of the government and the ineffectiveness of the trade unions have produced more social inequalities within which a continued racialised labour force, and the bulk of vulnerable and disadvantaged African workers in particular, finds itself working under deteriorating employment conditions. Keywords: apartheid, construction sector, transformation, workers, trade unions, inequality, South Africa / Mestrado / Economia Social e do Trabalho / Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico

El propósito de este trabajo es presentar un estudio de mantenimiento centrado del TPM (mantenimiento productivo total) y RCM (mantenimiento centrado en la confiabilidad), que llevó a cabo dentro de un proyecto de instalación de una red sanitaria a través de equipos de construcción pesada en Lima, Perú. Su enfoque se basa en los primeros pilares del TPM, mantenimiento preventivo y autónomo, así como el análisis FMEA del RCM para el análisis de mantenimiento, que se lleva a cabo en estudio. La aplicación del TPM tiene éxito en su aplicación de diversas políticas de Mantenimiento Preventivo (MP) asignados a los activos y demuestra que su aplicación en la industria de la construcción podría reducir la excesiva acumulación de mantenimiento por la misma optimización eficaz, apoyado del análisis del RCM y su análisis de los sistemas de los equipos pesados. El excesivo mantenimiento correctivo representa un alto índice de inversión y retrasos en tiempos de trabajo del proyecto asignado. Los métodos tradicionales de garantía de Disponibilidad, como el mantenimiento reactivo o de rutina, son insuficientes para satisfacer un plan de mantenimiento de equipos pesados, por lo tanto, cuenta para la aplicación sistemática RCM y TMP, permitirán seleccionar y aplicar tareas efectivas de PM. Se utiliza un enfoque que desarrolla y analiza a fondo las estrategias de mantenimiento correctivo y preventivo continuo con el ambiente de incertidumbre y datos operativos limitados por la crítica. Los resultados nos arrojan una mejora de la disponibilidad al 90%. / The purpose of this paper is to present a maintenance study focused on total productive maintenance (TPM) and reliability-centered maintenance (RCM). Its approach is based on the first pillars of TPM, preventive and autonomous maintenance, as well as the FMEA analysis of RCM for maintenance analysis, which was conducted in this study. The implementation of TPM was successful in that various preventive maintenance (PM) policies assigned to the assets were implemented and it was demonstrated that TPM application in the construction industry could reduce the excessive accumulation of maintenance with the same effective optimization, and with support from RCM analysis and its heavy equipment systems analysis. Excessive corrective maintenance accounts for high investment and delay rates in work times of the assigned project. Traditional methods of availability guarantee, such as reactive or routine maintenance, are insufficient to satisfy a heavy equipment maintenance plan; therefore, what is called for is the systematic application of RCM and TMP because they allow the selection and application of effective PM tasks. An approach that develops and thoroughly analyzes the strategies of continuous corrective and PM is used with an atmosphere of uncertainty and with operational data limited by criticism. Results show a 90% improvement in availability. / Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional

Den globala temperaturen fortsätter att stiga till följd av koldioxidutsläpp. Globalt orsakar bygg- och anläggningssektorn en fjärdedel av dessa utsläpp. Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) är ett koncept som beskrivs ha potential att minska sektorns miljöpåverkan och därigenom bidra till hållbar utveckling. Hela försörjningskedja är av betydelse för att reducera utsläpp orsakade av sektorn och samtidigt bemöta samhällets ökade tryck kring hållbarhet samt Agenda 2030, Parisavtalet och Fossilfritt Sveriges uppsatta klimatmål. Samarbete i försörjningskedjan beskrivs kunna påskynda utveckling för reducering av klimatpåverkan och konceptet GSCM erbjuder metoder för sådana samarbeten. Målet med studien är att undersöka en inköpsverksamhet tillhörande bygg- och anläggningssektorn, verksamhetens samverkan kring hållbarhet och miljö med interna parter samt med leverantörer för att utreda applicering av GSCM i klimatarbetet. Studien syftar till att bidra med förståelse kring GSCM-aktiviteter och nyttjande av dessa i bygg- och anläggningssektorns inköpsverksamheter samt att identifiera utmaningar för hållbar utveckling. För att göra detta har en kvalitativ fallstudie genomförts, där ett fall studerats. Data samlades huvudsakligen in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med personer från en inköpsavdelning tillhörande ett företag inom bygg- och anläggningssektorn. Perspektiv från några av inköpsavdelningens leverantörer samt från företagets hållbarhetsavdelning inkluderades också. Resultatet indikerar att förståelse, tydlig ansvarsfördelning samt konkreta mål är betydelsefullt för applicering av GSCM-aktiviteter i inköpsverksamheter inom bygg- och anläggningssektorn. Kopplat till klimat- och hållbarhetsarbetet har internorganisatoriska utmaningar, externa nätverksutmaningar, nätverksutmaningar, finansiella utmaningar, tekniska utmaningar samt reglerande utmaningar identifierats. Studien bidrar med insikt om hur applicering av GSCM-aktiviteter kan stödja reducering av bygg- och anläggningssektorns klimatpåverkan samt om utmaningar för hållbar utveckling inom sektorn. Några av studiens begränsningar kan härröra från metodiken av en kvalitativ fallstudie samt från GSCM-konceptets otydliga definition. Fortsatt forskning kan förslagsvis studera vilka GSCM-aktiviteter som kan generera störst positiva effekter på organisationers klimatarbete. / Global warming continues due to increased emissions of carbon dioxide. Globally, the construction sector causes a quarter of these emissions. Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) is a concept with potential to reduce the environmental impact from the sector and in turn contribute to sustainable development. All parts of the sector are of importance to reduce the emissions caused by the sector, as well as consider the increased pressure from society, Agenda 2030, the Paris Agreement and the goals of Fossil Free Sweden. Cooperation in the supply chain is described as having the ability to accelerate progress to reduce climate impact, and the GSCM concept offers methods for such collaborations. The aim of this study is to investigate a purchasing department in the construction sector and its collaboration regarding environmental sustainability with internal parties and suppliers to examine the application of GSCM in climate work. The purpose is to contribute with knowledge about GSCM activities, their application in purchasing departments in the construction sector, and to identify challenges for sustainable development. A qualitative single-case study was performed. Data were mainly collected through semi-structured interviews with people from one purchasing department at an organization within the construction sector. The perspective of the suppliers and the sustainability department within the organization was also included. The findings indicate that understanding, clearly allocated responsibility, and tangible goals are relevant factors when purchasing departments within the construction sector applicate GSCM activities. Identified challenges to the climate and sustainability work were related to internal networks, external collaborations, economy, technique, and regulations. This study contributes with knowledge about GSCM activities and how the application supports the reduction of climate impact from the construction sector. As well, the study gives insight into the challenges for sustainable development in the sector. Some of the limitations of this study may occur due to the methodology of a qualitative case study and from the ambiguity of the GSCM concept. Future research could study which GSCM-activities having the greatest positive effects on organizations' climate work.