L’orientation entrepreneuriale constitue un concept éprouvé en sciences de gestion. Si les travaux qui lui sont consacrés concernent très majoritairement les entreprises privées et retiennent une approche quantitative, on assiste à présent à une aspiration au renouvellement de la recherche autour du concept (méthodologie, champ d’application...). Cette thèse s’inscrit dans ce courant en abordant l’orientation entrepreneuriale des élus locaux par le biais d’une démarche d’accompagnement par la prospective. Pour ce faire nous émettons deux propositions de recherche : la première repose sur le bien fondé de l’utilisation de ce concept chez les élus des collectivités territoriales et la seconde sur l’efficacité des démarches d’accompagnement fondées sur la prospective pour ces élus. Après une revue de littérature consacrée à la dimension entrepreneuriale des élus et une première approche du concept dans les collectivités territoriales au travers de trois minis cas, nous déployons une démarche qualitative de recherche intervention de type ingénierique. Cette dernière a pour objet d’accompagner la structuration de la filière Santé-Biotechnologies en Lorraine. A l’issue de cette thèse nous concluons à la validité des propositions émises. Nous mettons ensuite en évidence les apports conceptuels et managériaux et nous envisageons les perspectives de recherche qu’elle génère / Entrepreneurial orientation is now a highly-proven concept in management sciences. While the work devoted to the subject mostly relates to private enterprises and adopts a quantitative approach, a fresh current has now undertaken to revisit research in this field (methodology, scope…). This doctor’s thesis is in line with the new trend and shows elected local officials’ entrepreneurial orientation through a prospective accompaniment approach. To do this, I have come up with two research proposals. The first is based on stressing the relevance of resorting to the concept in a political environment, and the second rests on the efficiency of the prospective guiding steps destined for elected officials. The review of literature devoted to the entrepreneurial dimension of elected politicians followed by a preliminary approach of the concept through three case studies pave the way for an engineering qualitative approach of action research. It is meant to provide guidance for the structuring of the Health and Biotechnology sector in the Lorraine region. The conclusion of the thesis shows the relevance of the submissions and highlights the conceptual and managerial contributions before it opens up on some forms of potential ensuing research

Le contentieux prud'homal est le point d'entrée le plus significatif pour observer la réception judiciaire de la preuve électronique. Le pragmatisme et la lexibilité de la juridiction prud'homale offre un terrain d'étude propice à la confrontation axiologique des TIC et du droit du travail et à l'étude pratique des conséquences de l'insertion d'une telle preuve dans l'argumentation des plaideurs. La présente étude s’attache à démontrer qu’à l’invocation d’une preuve électronique, lejuge du contrat de travail offre une réponse mitigée. Il adopte en effet, un comportement paradoxal : d’un côté ; il fait preuve d’audace et prend part à la reconnaissance de la preuve électronique lors de la phase d’administration de la preuve, d’un autre côté, il adopte une position de défiance et la rendinopérante. Le bilan de la recherche est proche de la désillusion : le crédit alloué à la preuve électronique n’est pas à la hauteur de son utilité processuelle, elle mérite une approche plus ambitieuse et doit faire l’objet d’une réflexion générale et approfondie. / Procedure in labour contentious matters is the most significant place to observe the judicial reception of e-proof. Pragmatism and flexibility of the elected industrial tribunal offers a field of study which is suitable to observe the axiological confrontation between ICT and labour law and to observe the practicalconsequences of the inclusion of such proof in the litigants’ argumentation. This research endeavours to demonstrate that the use of e-proof receives a mixed appreciation from the Judge of the contract of employment. Indeed, he adopts a paradoxical behaviour: on the one hand, he shows boldness and takes part in the recognition of the e-proof during the phase of producing evidence; but on the other hand, he seems to be reluctant to make use of it in an effective manner. The result of this study is disappointing when considering the credibility given to e-proof is not equal to its procedural utility; it deserves to be the subjectof a more ambitious approach and of a general and more in-depth reflexion.

<p>Municipal councils are vested with the legal authority to promote financial accountability in their respective municipalities. To accomplish this responsibility, municipal council establishes committees to enable a structured and coordinated mechanism through which it can promote financial accountability effectively. However and despite the available legal and institutional mechanisms established to enable council committees to promote financial accountability, the lack of effective financial accountability in municipalities has persisted. This study focused on the role of council committees in ensuring financial accountability. It was guided by the following research questions: What are the major factors that contribute to financial accountability at local level, what is the role of council committees in promoting financial accountability and how can council committees be strengthened to play an effective role in Stellenbosch municipality&rsquo / s municipal financial accountability. Stellenbosch Local Municipality was used as a case study for this research. The data was collected from primary and secondary sources. Primary data was sourced from members of relevant council committees through structured and unstructured interviews. Secondary data was obtained from relevant municipal reports, internet sources, government department publications, journals and Auditor - General&rsquo / s reports which contributed to the reliability, validity and objectivity of the findings. The findings showed that political instability, a lack of a culture of accountability, lack of clearly defined authority for accountability, lack of relevant capacity and willingness are some of the major factors that have impacted negatively on council committees from promoting effective financial accountability. The study opens up the possibility of future research to include a wider number of municipalities.</p>

<p>Municipal councils are vested with the legal authority to promote financial accountability in their respective municipalities. To accomplish this responsibility, municipal council establishes committees to enable a structured and coordinated mechanism through which it can promote financial accountability effectively. However and despite the available legal and institutional mechanisms established to enable council committees to promote financial accountability, the lack of effective financial accountability in municipalities has persisted. This study focused on the role of council committees in ensuring financial accountability. It was guided by the following research questions: What are the major factors that contribute to financial accountability at local level, what is the role of council committees in promoting financial accountability and how can council committees be strengthened to play an effective role in Stellenbosch municipality&rsquo / s municipal financial accountability. Stellenbosch Local Municipality was used as a case study for this research. The data was collected from primary and secondary sources. Primary data was sourced from members of relevant council committees through structured and unstructured interviews. Secondary data was obtained from relevant municipal reports, internet sources, government department publications, journals and Auditor - General&rsquo / s reports which contributed to the reliability, validity and objectivity of the findings. The findings showed that political instability, a lack of a culture of accountability, lack of clearly defined authority for accountability, lack of relevant capacity and willingness are some of the major factors that have impacted negatively on council committees from promoting effective financial accountability. The study opens up the possibility of future research to include a wider number of municipalities.</p>

Peck’s view on regeneration, that the regenerated spirit does not sin and die again, stems from his different view of human nature as such. He understands the soul to be an immaterial body, but not the spirit. Thereby he focuses on the human being in light of a unity between the spirit and the body. He also explicates human existence with the image of the relationship between master (spirit) and servant (body). Based on his belief he accepts that the spirit is created in the image of God as a simple unit. In this sense he conceives that the spirit manifests all of God’s attributes to the soul, which is also created sufficiently to receive and reveal God’s nature to the body. The body that is created with this capacity to reflect God’s attributes is capable of showing them to all creation. This government of God towards all creation can be effected due to the organic unity of the spirit and the body in the human being as instrument for God’s government. As soon as Adam broke God’s commandment when his mind was deceived by the devil, his spirit was condemned and its subjective liability perished once and for all. Likewise, the spirit of the whole human race is condemned in Adam and died at once incorporated in Adam’s spirit. Thus, when the spirit created by God is united with its body in the mother’s womb that spirit dies, because all have part in Adam’s sin and have inherited the guilt and the sinful nature from Adam. However, this all forms part of God’s greatest plan of salvation to establish his church once and for all. This church should be spotless, righteous, reconciled in His presence through the redemption by Jesus Christ. The Holy Spirit applies the eternal atoning death of Christ to the human spirit. Therefore the spirit is now able to live again and does not sin and die any more in the sense of the subjective liability for the mortal ‘soul and body’. As soon as the spirit is regenerated, therefore, the Holy Spirit takes this spirit as His indwelling place and powerfully begins to bear witness to the soul, so that this person can confess 000his/her sins and receive Jesus Christ as Saviour, that is, conversion. Peck describes the regeneration of the spirit as the actual regeneration, in which the effect of sin and death is removed completely. He also depicts the regeneration of the body as the legal regeneration in the sense that any remaining influence of sin and death will be eliminated progressively through the power of the Holy Spirit and the Word of God. These effects of sin also will be demolished completely on the day of resurrection at the second coming of Christ. This indicates that Peck’s view on regeneration focuses for the human being as a whole, not only on the human spirit. Peck regards regeneration as the mysterious work of the Holy Spirit in the sub-consciousness of humans. He also views it as a supernatural change, brought about by the power of the blood of Jesus, the Holy Spirit and the Word of God. In addition, he delineates it as an instantaneous change. When the Holy Spirit applies the redemption through Jesus Christ to the elect ones, their spirit immediately is raised from dead. This change is from death to life and has a ‘once-for-all’ character. Moreover, Peck characterises this process as a radical change. Peck considers the spirit to be the root and the principle of life in humans. For him the regenerated spirit implies a radical change within the human being as a whole. This radical change does not stem from the human heart, but comes from the Holy Spirit who resurrected the regenerated spirit. By the mighty work of the Spirit the disposition of humans are radically changed (from the root). This happens when the spirit of the regenerated person is quickened, and he/she is unable to resist God’s saving grace, which conforms him/her into the true image of Christ. In conclusion it can be noted that Peck’s general view of regeneration connects with that of the Reformers, although his thought of the regenerated spirit is not reflected in the general Reformed thought. Finally, the researcher may conclude that Peck’s view of the regeneration is acceptable within the Reformed Theology’s line of thought, whereas Peck’s particular view of the regenerated spirit diverges from the Reformed tradition. / Thesis (M.Th. (Dogmatics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012

La production scientifique sur les rapports des femmes à la politique est aussi importante que variée, comme en attestent les nombreuses recherches menées dans les différents champs disciplinaires qui se sont saisis de cette thématique (histoire, science politique, sociologie, psychanalyse….). Il n’existe cependant que très peu d’écrits sur lareprésentation politique des femmes africaines en ce qu’elles ont peut-être de spécifique dans leur capacité d’agir dans ce domaine. L’intérêt de cette recherche est donc de contribuer à l’avancement des connaissances en sociologie politique–s’agissant des femmes en général, des Africaines et notamment des Gabonaises en particulier–. À cet effet, cette thèse se propose d’explorer les mécanismes par lesquels les femmes accèdent aux fonctions électives dans un pays marqué par des pratiques et logiques socio-culturelles limitant leur accès aux sphères de décision. La construction socio culturelle du rapport au pouvoir des élues a été interrogée. Les capitaux personnels et professionnels, la culture sociale et politique, ont été tour à tour examinés afin de ressortir les éléments de l’identité de femme au Gabon et leur articulation avec les exigences de leur métier. L’analyse de genre, a permis de rendre compte de la dimension genrée des rapports sociaux de sexe, des phénomènes politiques, et des pratiques en œuvre non seulement dans les sociétés moderne et traditionnelle, mais aussi dans les institutions, tours à tours lieux de construction et d’expression des rapports de genre. / The scientific productionon women and politics is as important as diverse. Indeed, many research have been conducted in various disciplines such as history, political sciences, sociology, and psycoanalysis that have studied that duo theme. However, there are very few writings on the representation of the specifics of african women to act as a female politician. This research work aims at contributing to the adavancement of knowledge by exploring the mechanisms through which women access elected functions in a country charactirized by socio-cultural practices and logics that restrict women access within the decision-making spheres. The elected socio-cultural constuction relation to powerhas been scrutinized. Proessional and personnal assets, the socio-political culture, all have been scrutinized in order to highlight the components of the woman’s identity in Gabon and their interaction with the requirements of their profession. The gender analysis has enabled to report on the gender-based dimension of the social relationship of sexe, political phenomena and the ongoing praticises in traditional and modern societies and institutions, areas of construction and expresion of gender relations.

This paper’s purpose is to assess Kurdistan Region of Iraq’s democracy, in two different points in time: one stretching from 1992 to 2003 and another stretching from 2003 to 2017. Robert A. Dahl’s polyarchy model is used as the theoretic framework and an ideal type. The polyarchy model contains seven different criteria (referred to as “institutions” by Dahl) that all need to be met for the “country” to be considered a polyarchy (which is what is most usually referred to as a “democracy”). The material is mostly based on annual reports and other source material from human rights organizations such as Reporters without Borders and Freedom House, but also from independent election observers. The conclusion of this paper is that Kurdistan Region of Iraq in the second time period fulfills the criteria for having “Free and Fair elections”, which it did not in the first time period (1992 – 2003). The criteria “Alternative sources of information” was however fulfilled in the first time period, but not the second. Although the most basic institutions of polyarchy, such as elected officials and universal suffrage, are present in the first time period (1992 – 2003) the actual restrictions on freedom of speech and alternative sources of information, makes Kurdistan Region of Iraq fall short of polyarchy in that time period. Although there is an overall improvement in some of the criterion from the first time period to the second, Kurdistan Region of Iraq does not fulfill all of the necessary criterion to be considered a polyarchy in the second time period either.

Depuis plus de trente ans, l’intervention culturelle des villes n’a cessé de se développer et de se diffuser au travers du territoire national. Multiplication des structures, des projets, création régulière de délégations politiques adéquates ; la culture est un secteur qui a largement bénéficié du dynamisme impulsé par la décentralisation. Parallèlement, les modèles politiques locaux ont évolué avec la montée en puissance de « projets de territoires », englobant les différents secteurs, dont la culture, dans une politique globale. Si elle n’a pas eu de peine à trouver une place dans ces politiques, une idée aussi large et polymorphe que celle de « culture » a nécessairement vu ses contours évoluer. Dès lors plusieurs questions se posent. Quelle place les collectivités font-elles à l’héritage de la politique culturelle française « inventée » en 1959 ? Entre adhésion et opposition au modèle national, comment les politiques culturelles locales se construisent-elles ? Enfin, qu’est-ce qui « fait culture » pour des élus locaux le plus souvent éloignés des réseaux politiques ou des fédérations d’élus à la culture et qui ne peuvent compter que sur leur expérience et leur territoire pour s’approprier leur délégation ?C’est cette appropriation de la notion de culture que ce travail se propose d’explorer, au moyen d’outils issus du corpus de la sociologie des organisations. Le récit des élus à la culture sera mis en perspective avec celui des autres acteurs culturels, mais aussi du corpus de la sociologie de la culture en France, et plus largement de la notion de culture en sciences humaines. Cette confrontation aura pour objectif d’observer les processus « d’entrée en culture » par les élus locaux, la construction des convictions, des orientations politiques des objectifs et des résultats attendus, parfois éloignés des représentations les plus attendues mais nécessitant toute l’attention des acteurs culturels. Au fil des situations et à travers ces démarches, différentes facettes de la notion de culture apparaîtront, et permettront d’observer, à défaut d’une définition unique ce qui fonde la notion de culture dans les politiques locales françaises. / For more than thirty years, cultural involvement by cities has developed constantly and has spread across the nation. Facilities and projects have multiplied and appropriate political delegations have been created regularly: culture is a sector that has widely benefitted from the dynamism driven by decentralization.At the same time, local political models have developed with the rise in power of “territory projects”, encompassing difference sectors including culture within an overall political framework. Although it can scarcely be found within these policies, an idea as large and polymorphic as “culture” has naturally changed form.From that moment, many questions arise. What space do collectivities make for the heritage of the French cultural policy “invented” in 1959? Between adhering to and opposing the national model, how are local cultural policies constructed? Finally, what does culture “do” for local elected official, who are usually far removed from political networks and cultural federations of elected officials and who can only rely on their experience and their territory to appropriate their delegation? This appropriation of the notion of culture is what this work will explore, using tools of the sociological corpus of the organizations.The narrative of elected officials of culture will be put into perspective along with the narrative of other cultural stakeholders, but also in the sociological corpus of culture in France, and more widely, in the notion of culture to be found in human science.This confrontation will aim at observing the process of “entering into culture” by local elected officials, the construction of convictions, political alignment of objectives and expected results, which are sometimes far from the most expected representations but which require the full attention of cultural stakeholders. Through situations and through these procedures, different facets of the notion of culture will appear and will help us, for lack of a single definition, observe what the notion of culture initiates in French local politics.

Denna uppsats behandlar fackliga förtroendevaldas upplevelser av samarbete och medbestämmande med arbetsgivarparten. Det övergripande syftet med denna undersökning är att bidra med ökad kunskap för hur fackliga förtroendevalda idag upplever det fackliga arbetet, samt vilka faktorer som kan möjliggöra för en fungerande samverkan mellan de fackliga och arbetsgivarparten. Vi har ställt frågor kring det valda ämnesområdet i syfte att få svar på våra frågeställningar. Frågeställningarna lyder: Hur upplevs samarbetet med arbetsgivarparten? Vilka faktorer kan identifieras som framgångsfaktorer i samarbete och medbestämmande?   Undersökningen har utförts på fackliga förtroendevalda inom privat sektor. I samarbete med två fackligaorganisationer ifrån arbetar- och tjänstemannasektorn, har studien utförts på totalt tio förtroendevalda. Vi har i denna studie använt oss av en kvalitativ ansats, med djupintervjuer som metodval. Med hjälp av våra telefoner och datorer har vi spela in intervjuerna, för att sedan transkribera och sammanställa ett resultat. Vårt empiriska resultat visar att de fackliga förtroendevalda upplever ett positivt samarbetsklimat med arbetsgivarparten. Resultatet visar på att faktorerna: Öppet kommunikationsklimat, tillit, och förståelse, information och påverkan, samt kunskap, kan bidra till framgång i medbestämmande. / This essay explores the experiences with union trustees' in cooperation and co-determination with the employer. The overall purpose of this survey is to contribute with increased knowledge and understanding of how unionists today experience the union work and what factors can enable a functioning collaboration between the union and employer. Furthermore, we have asked questions about the chosen subject area in order to seek answers for our questionss. The questions are: How is cooperation with the employer experienced? What factors can be identified as success factors in cooperation and co-determination?   The survey has been performed with nominated and elected workers within unions in the private sector. Additionally, in collaboration with to unions from the worker and civil service sector a total of ten elected nominees have been surveyed. Furthermore, we used a qualitative form of approach with deep interviews as a methodological selection. Moreover, with the help of our personal phones and computers we have recorded these interviews in order to transcribe and compile a final outcome and result. Our empirical result shows that the nominated and elected workers within unions experiencing a positive cooperation environment with the employer stakeholder. Undoubtedly, an open communication environment, trust and understanding, information and knowledge can provide success in co-determination and co-participation.

Masters in Public Administration - MPA / Municipal councils are vested with the legal authority to promote financial accountability in their respective municipalities. To accomplish this responsibility, municipal council establishes committees to enable a structured and coordinated mechanism through which it can promote financial accountability effectively. However and despite the available legal and institutional mechanisms established to enable council committees to promote financial accountability, the lack of effective financial accountability in municipalities has persisted. This study focused on the role of council committees in ensuring financial accountability. It was guided by the following research questions: What are the major factors that contribute to financial accountability at local level, what is the role of council committees in promoting financial accountability and how can council committees be strengthened to play an effective role in Stellenbosch municipality’s municipal financial accountability. Stellenbosch Local Municipality was used as a case study for this research. The data was collected from primary and secondary sources. Primary data was sourced from members of relevant council committees through structured and unstructured interviews. Secondary data was obtained from relevant municipal reports, internet sources, government department publications, journals and Auditor - General’s reports which contributed to the reliability, validity and objectivity of the findings. The findings showed that political instability, a lack of a culture of accountability, lack of clearly defined authority for accountability, lack of relevant capacity and willingness are some of the major factors that have impacted negatively on council committees from promoting effective financial accountability. The study opens up the possibility of future research to include a wider number of municipalities. / South Africa