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This thesis investigates the topic of elected members of the United Nations Security Council by addressing the research question under what conditions is an elected member of the United Nations Security Council likely to influence decisions in maintaining international peace and security? In investigating the explanatory power of the theoretical argument ‘representative legitimacy’, which suggests that elected members making their proposed actions legitimate by anchoring these with the broader UN membership are more likely to face less opposition and thus increase the likelihood for influence, it tests the hypothesis an elected member anchoring its proposed actions with the broader UN membership is more likely to influence the UNSC decisions. The study is conducted through a structured, focused comparison of three elected members, New Zealand 2015-2016, Japan 2016-2017, and Sweden 2017-2018, and their influence in decisions made on the Syrian conflict. Chosen on a most similar case-design with dependent variable variation, and analyzed through resolutions, meeting records and statements, the empirics give partial support for the hypothesis. The results suggest that representative legitimacy can be a condition under which an elected member is likely to influence the Council, however, one case suggests that representative legitimacy is not necessary.

Erfarenheter från tidigare forskning kring kvinnor som utövar politiskt ledarskap visar att det är förenat bland annat med stereotypa föreställningar kring vad som är kvinnliga och manliga beteenden. Kvinnor är samtidigt underrepresenterade i flera politiska beslutande församlingar, bland annat på kommunal nivå. Underrepresentationen blir värre ju högre upp i den politiska hierarkin man kommer i kommunerna. Detta får konsekvenser för demokratin. Syftet med den här studien är att genom en kvalitativ studie med fem kommunalpolitiker göra ett nedslag i partierna för att få en djupare förståelse för förutsättningarna för kvinnor som utövar politiskt ledarskap på lokal nivå. Fem semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomfört med politiker som alla har politisk erfarenhet från höga positioner inom kommuner. Studien resulterade i tre huvudteman som var nomineringsprocessen, bemötande och det privata livet. Dessa teman har alla påverkan på kvinnors förutsättningar som politiska ledare. Deltagarna upplever att det finns officiella kriterier för nomineringar, men att det ändå resulterar i manlig dominans. Det behövs både förändringar i arbetsformer och öppenhet och diskussioner kring hur nomineringsprocesser går till för att förändra hur det ser ut idag. Sammantaget gör även de stereotypiska föreställningar som kvinnor möter, de föråldrade strukturer som inte har förändrats samt svårigheten att förena familjeliv och politiskt arbete, att det är svårt att rekrytera och behålla kvinnor som kandidater till förtroendeuppdrag. Det digitala arbetssättet under pandemin har nu ändå förändrat förutsättningarna för många kvinnor, vilket kan leda till en ny utveckling. / The experience from earlier research when it comes to women who are political leaders, shows that it is connected to stereotypical ideas. Women are at the same time underrepresented at a municipal level in the decision-making assemblies. And it gets worse higher up in the hierarchy. This has consequences for democracy. The purpose of this study is to touch down in the political parties, through a qualitative study with five local politicians, to get a deeper understanding of the conditions for women who are practicing political leadership on a local level. Five semi-structured interviews have been made with politicians who all have political experience from leading positions in municipalities. The study resulted in three main themes, who were the nomination process, treatment and private life. These themes all have an effect on the conditions for women as political leaders. The participants’ experiences are that there are official criteria for nominations, but that the process nonetheless results in male dominance. There is need for changes in working methods as well as openness and discussions about how the nomination process works, to change the way it looks today. The stereotypical ideas that women meet together with the outdated unaltered structures and the difficulties to combine a family life with political work, makes it difficult to recruit and keep women as candidates to elected positions. The digital work methods during the pandemic, though, have changed the conditions for many women, which may lead to a new development.

Crisis preparedness is the responsibility of every person, business, and leader, and leadership behavioral skills are an essential characteristic of crisis preparedness. The purpose of this case study was to explore the decisions of elected leaders along the Gulf Coast during Hurricanes Katrina and Ike in order to understand their leadership behaviors in crisis preparedness. The conceptual framework was based on the emergency management theory presented by McEntire in 2004, which helped to define the necessary components for leaders' successful crisis preparedness. Data were collected through interviews with 5 members from the National Emergency Management Agency along with a document review of elected leader responses and decisions during both Hurricanes Katrina and Ike from government reports, previous studies, and scholarly articles. Data were interpretively analyzed by listing out several leadership models and the behaviors that identify them and then by reviewing the document study information in 2 matrices for methodological triangulation and data saturation. The findings highlighted 5 emerging themes named as the five Cs of crisis preparedness: compassion, continuity, communication, common sense, and confidence. This study may contribute to social change by identifying key leadership traits that governors and other elected leaders should use in crisis preparedness, which may contribute to the safety, health, and well-being of constituents during a natural disaster.

Datum: [2024-05-29]  Nivå: Kandidatuppsats i Företagsekonomi, 15 hp  Institution: Akademin för Ekonomi, Samhälle och Teknik, Mälardalens Universitet  Författare: Kevin Strömvall, Kokob Fissahaye, Adib Albandakji Titel: Digitaliseringens utveckling inom den kommunala revisionen - En studie om de förtroendevalda revisorerna i Norrköping kommun och Stockholm stad.  Handledare: Angelina Sundström  Nyckelord: Digitala utvecklingen, Kommunal revision, för- och nackdelar med digitala utvecklingen, förtroendevalda revisorer.  Forskningsfråga/or: - Hur uppfattas digitaliseringen av de förtroendevalda revisorerna i Stockholm Stad och Norrköpings kommun? - Vilka konsekvenser finns på grund av digitaliseringen för de förtroendevalda revisorerna? Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur revisorernas arbete i kommunerna Stockholm och Norrköpings påverkas av digitaliseringen.  Metod: Denna studie genomfördes genom en kvalitativ undersökning i form av semi-strukturerade intervjuer med förtroendevalda revisorer i Stockholms Stad och Norrköpings kommun med totalt nio respondenter; fem från Stockholm och fyra från Norrköping.  Slutsats: Studien visar att de förtroendevalda revisorerna har en positiv uppfattning för digitalisering då den underlättar deras arbete genom att exempelvis få handlingar, möteskallelser och underlag skickat till sig via mejl eller via en digital plattform istället för via pappersform. Digitalisering har också gjort att de förtroendevalda revisorer kan hantera  större mängder information. Trots dessa förändringar har dock digitalisering inte påverkat de förtroendevaldas arbetet nämnvärt då större delen av arbetet sker på plats och genom olika möten. Detta arbetssätt föredras dels av den mänskliga aspekten och dels för att det är enklare att föra diskussioner. / Date: 2024-05-29 Level: Bachelor Thesis in Business Administration, 15 cr  Institution: School of Business, Society and Engineering, Malardalens University  Authors: Kevin Strömvall, Kokob Fissahaye, Adib Albandakji  Title: The evolution of digitalization within municipal auditing - A study of elected auditors in the municipalities of Norrköping and Stockholm Supervisor: Angelina Sundström Keywords: Digital developments, Municipal audit, pros and cons of digital developments, elected auditors. Research questions -How is digitalization perceived by the elected auditors in Stockholm City and Norrköping Municipality? -What are the consequences of digitalization for the elected auditors?  Purpose: The purpose of the study is to study how the elected auditors in Norrköping and Stockholm affected by digitalization.  Method: This study was conducted through a qualitative survey in the form of semi-structured interviews with elected auditors in Stockholm City and Norrköping municipality with a total of nine respondents; from Stockholm and four from Norrköping.  Conclusion: The study shows that the elected auditors have a positive perception of digitalization as it simplifies their work by, for example, having documents, meeting notices, and supporting documents sent to them via email or via a digital platform instead of via paper. Digitalization has also enabled elected auditors to handle larger amounts of information. Despite these changes, however, digitalization has not had a significant impact on the work of elected representatives, as most of the work is done on-site and through various meetings. This way of working is preferred partly because of the human aspect and partly because it is easier to hold discussions.

Il est d’actualité de parler de l’engagement politique des femmes en France dans un contexte qui se voudrait paritaire. A travers leurs biographies, leurs trajectoires militantes et électives, leurs carrières ainsi que l’exercice de leurs pratiques s’inscrivant dans ce champ particulier : qu’est-ce qui détermine une femme à se professionnaliser en politique ?Ainsi, pourquoi y a-t-il encore trop peu de femmes en France à briguer des mandats électifs alors que ces dernières se montrent sensibilisées aux problèmes que connaît notre société et, ont la volonté d’apporter des modifications à l’évolution sociale, tant par le biais de leurs actions qu’à travers leurs votes pour lesquels elles se mobilisent en nommant des représentants garants d’une politique déterminée. De toute évidence, les femmes sont totalement ancrées dans la politique puisqu’elles en débattent et en font comme n’importe quel-le citoyen-ne. Leur participation aux élections en témoigne. Dans ce cas, pourquoi sont-elles aussi peu intégrées dans le système politique ? Qu’est-ce qui freine alors leur participation publique ?Pour ce faire, notre étude traitera de la socialisation et de la professionnalisation des femmes dans le champ politique si particulier où pouvoir est synonyme de virilité, à travers une comparaison genrée des carrières féminines et masculines. / It is timely to talk about the political involvement of women in France in a context that would be equally represented. Through their biographies, their paths activists and elected office, their careers and the exercise of their practices undertaken in this particular field : what determines a woman to become professional in politics ?Thus, why there are still too few women in France to run for elective office while the latter show themselves aware of the problems facing our society and are willing to make changes to social evolution, both through their actions and through their votes for which they are mobilized by appointing representatives to guarantee a given policy. Clearly, women are totally entrenched in politics as they debate the issue and make it like any other citizen. Their turnout attests. In that case, why are they so poorly integrated into the political system ? What will lock their public participation ?To do, our survey will deal with the women’s socialization and professionalization in the peculiar political universe where the power is synonymous with manliness, through a gendered comparison of the feminine and masculine careers

地方民意代表，以繼續連任為目標，對於選區的經營及選民的個案服務無不全力以赴，做好選區經營選民服務，是再次爭取選民選票支持的重要關鍵；本文以第一屆新北市65位現任議員為研究對象，透過對全體議員的問卷調查和對10位議員的深入訪談，探知他們對於選區經營選民服務的看法和作為，藉以了解地方民意代表如何服務地方服務選民的參考依據。 依問卷填答資料統計顯示，新北市議員平均聘請助理數7.40人，平均設置之服務處數2.16處，每星期選民反應請託案件數平均19.88件，每星期紅白帖平均數29.06張；以每周工作70小時計，花在議會問政25.55小時，選民服務時間39.91小時，自己事業時間4.54小時。議員為民服務最重視的項目依序是：選民個案服務、爭取選區地方建設經費、議會質詢及監督行政機關。各類型選民反應或請託案最多的是糾紛調解，其次是爭取社團、里活動經費補助和地方小型建設建議案。各不同黨籍或新科/連任議員皆盡全力做好選區經營選民服務，所以比較各項數據沒有明顯差異。 深入訪談第一部分訪談選區經營具特色及代表性議員，請議員說明其選區經營選民服務的理念和實際做法，詢問其選區特性、選民結構及選舉競爭，並了解其依個人特質所建立的選舉資源網絡。第二部分訪談市府規劃欲興建殯葬專區之選區議員，做為選區經營案例之研究，了解議員以何管道探知選民反對意向，如何發動選民陳情抗爭，如何維護選區選民權益，及利用此一議題進行選區經營的思維與策略。 / The local elected representatives go to great lengths to manage their electoral districts and to provide the best service for their votes as their main goal is to continue in office, and the key to it is to gain the voters’ support. This study will focus on the case of the 65 councilmen of the first session in New Taipei City. Through a questionnaire survey and in-depth interviews with 10 of the councilmen, their viewpoints and behaviors related to their electoral district management and service are provided as to have reference to understand their ways of provided service. According to the statistical results of the questionnaire survey, the average number of assistant per New Taipei City councilman is 7.40 persons; the average number of service center is 2.16; the average number of cases of the voters for any request per week is 19.88; the average number of red/white envelopes per week is 29.06; they work 70 hours per week, for which 25.55 hours are spent in the parliament, 39.91 hours are dedicated for the voters and 4.54 hours are for their own business. The priority of tasks in importance are in the following order: voters’ cases, seeking for local infrastructure funds, questioning in the parliament, and supervision of the administrative offices. In regard to the type of the voters’ cases, the major issue consists of dispute resolution followed by the seeking of association or neighborhood subsidies and recommendations for minor establishments. The councilmen show no distinctive differences as all of them, regardless their political parties or seniority, are trying their best for good management and service for their electoral districts. As for the in-depth interview, the first part consists of the interviews with representative councilmen with features in their electoral district management. The interviewees are asked to provide their visions and practical executions for their electoral districts, and then explained the features of their electoral districts, the structure of the voters and the electoral competitions as to understand the online electoral resources established in accordance with their personal characteristics. The second part consist of interviews with the councilmen whose electrical districts contain planning funeral area by the city government as management case studies. Through the interviews, we are able to understand the councilmen’s channels to discover voters’ opposition, to mobilize voters for petition, to defend voters’ rights and to promote ideas and strategies for the electoral district management.

The Church of Sweden had barely 6.5 million members in 2012. Just over 1% of the members visit a church service regularly every Sunday. The number of visitors in worship services has diminished continuously for a very long time. From 1990 to 2010, the annual number of visitors at the main worship services has decreased by 50% from 9 million to about 4.5 million. The service activities can still be maintained at the current level because the many passive members still pays their membership fee. According to the national documents from the Church of Sweden the Sunday service is the most important mission. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between the mission to celebrate divine worship as the official church gives local parishes and how this is perceived by the employees and the elected officials of the local parish. What are the similarities, differences and tensions between the mandate given by the Church of Sweden at the national level and the way performers perceive this? The study was based on three main documents: The Church Order for Church of Sweden (Kyrkoordningen), The theological basic principles for preparations for a new book of Common Prayer (2006), and the Explanations for the Proposal of the Book of Common Prayer. Part 1. Finally I analyzed the documentation (2011-2012) for preparation of the parish structural regulation on Northern Gotland. From these documents I formed 26 claims about the service that was presented to the informants in the attitude survey. The claims were then grouped into eight tentative quality dimensions for a "right celebrated worship", namely practical issues, faith, didactics, emotions, ethics, fellowship, diaconal issues and tradition. The empirical study was made in seven parishes in the North of Gotland. The informants were 34 employees and 40 elected officials. To this survey I added ten semi-structured interviews with the same groups. This study has essentially a religious sociological frame of reference. The main contribution of theories has been given by Grace Davie, Per Pettersson, Ole Riis and Linda Woodhead.  Davie analyzes North European churches which has or has had any ties to the State and where the majority of the population belongs to the Church, but very few members makes use of church services. Davie has described this in terms like "belonging without believing" or “vicarious religion”. Pettersson describes the relationship between the Church and the many members in service theoretical terms. He measures the quality of what the Church of Sweden offers as a service organization and from a theoretical perspective of this service. Riis and Woodhead have mainly contributed to this study through their theories about religion and emotions. The result of the study was that the elected officials were slightly more satisfied with the service as it is performed today compared with the employees. Overall, it was a surprisingly unanimous group that shall plan and develop the service. The elected officials emphasize the importance of parish church more than the employees while matters of faith are more important to the employees. The national documents often points to the importance of tradition. This ambition was not found in any of the groups in the study.

Submitted by NATHALIA DELGADO BUENO DA SILVA null (nathdelgado89@hotmail.com) on 2016-03-21T19:54:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Nathália Delgado Bueno da Silva.pdf: 983724 bytes, checksum: 8591067521efc8186649cedae5639c9a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-03-22T18:57:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_ndb_me_mar.pdf: 983724 bytes, checksum: 8591067521efc8186649cedae5639c9a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-22T18:57:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_ndb_me_mar.pdf: 983724 bytes, checksum: 8591067521efc8186649cedae5639c9a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar as funções dos diretores eleitos da rede pública do estado do Paraná e as funções dos diretores concursados da rede pública do estado de São Paulo, articulando-as com suas devidas formas de ingresso na rede escolar. Para tal, realizamos pesquisa bibliográfica, documental e de campo, recorrendo à literatura em administração/gestão escolar, às diretrizes governamentais em âmbito nacional e estaduais e entrevistas com diretores atuantes de ambos os estados. Visando a articular os três discursos - literário, político e prático -, optamos pelo apoio da Análise Discursiva Textualmente Orientada (ADTO) para analisar as entrevistas. Do ponto de vista da literatura da área, a teoria em administração/gestão escolar, principalmente a partir da década de 1980, passou a refutar os pressupostos empresariais que a norteavam, sendo assim, de um líder de comando, que possuía principalmente o caráter técnico da função, o diretor passou a ser perspectivado como um líder político para exercer a função articulada à sua comunidade escolar. Esta questão é reforçada nas diretrizes governamentais em âmbito nacional, pois constatamos que não há uma abordagem acerca da função específica do diretor, porque nos documentos há a defesa dos princípios e fundamentos da gestão democrática. Inerente a estas questões, a forma de ingresso do diretor nas escolas passou a ser discutida, em âmbito nacional, como uma das possíveis vivências escolares democráticas. Devido à descentralização da educação, a opção pela forma de ingresso do diretor ficou sob responsabilidade dos governos estaduais e municipais, sendo que os primeiros, no ano de 2015, realizaram principalmente seleções mistas de escolha e eleição direta via comunidade escolar, havendo algumas práticas isoladas de concurso público e indicação política. Visando a analisar estas questões a partir das redes estaduais de São Paulo e do Paraná, em que ambas possuem identidade histórica acerca de sua opção para o ingresso dos diretores, constatamos, a partir da análise de documentos, que as diretrizes governamentais destes estados atribuem diferentes direcionamentos acerca de sua administração/gestão escolar que se articulam às funções dos diretores na escola. As diretrizes da rede estadual paulista indicam um perfil de diretor que exerça a liderança, configurando uma prática em que suas funções se mostraram direcionadas por aspectos substancialmente burocráticos; as diretrizes da rede estadual paranaense indicam, por sua vez, uma direção mais flexível e articulada às diferentes instâncias na escola. Desta forma, articulando o discurso das diretrizes estaduais com os dos diretores, notamos que, enquanto a rede paulista mostrou-se mais alinhada a concepções técnicas da função do diretor, a direção da rede paranaense mostrou-se mais alinhada a concepções políticas. Além destas questões, há elementos que aproximam os discursos e as práticas dos diretores eleitos e concursados, o que nos indica, que para além das diferenças advindas de suas formas de ingresso, as especificidades da escola acarretam virtudes e problemáticas próprias. / The objective of this research was to analyze the functions of the elected directors of public Paraná state network and functions of gazetted officers of the public network of São Paulo, articulating them with their proper forms of entry into the school system. To this end, we conducted literature, documentary and field, drawing on literature in administration / school management, government policies at the national and state level and interviews with active directors of both states. Aiming to articulate the three speeches - literary, political and practical - we opted for the support of Discourse Analysis Verbatim Oriented (ADTO) to analyze the interviews. From the point of view of literature in the field, the theory in administration / school management, especially from the 1980s, went on to refute the business assumptions that guided, therefore, a command leader, who mainly had the technical character the function, the director came to be viewed as a political leader to exercise the hinged function of your school community. This point is reinforced in the government guidelines nationwide, as we find that there is no specific approach on the director role, because the documents for the defense of the principles and foundations of democratic management. Inherent in these issues, how to ticket director in schools began to be discussed at the national level, as one possible democratic school experiences. Because of the decentralization of education, the choice of form of entry director was the responsibility of state and local governments, and the first, in 2015, mainly held mixed selections of choice and direct election via school community, with some isolated practices tendering and political statement. Aiming to examine the issues from the state networks of São Paulo and Paraná, where both have historical identity about his choice for the entry of the directors, we find, from the analysis of documents, that government policies of these states assign different directions about administration / school management that are linked to the functions of the directors in school.The guidelines state public indicate a director profile holding the lead, setting up a practice in which their functions are shown directed by substantially bureaucratic aspects; the guidelines of the Paraná state network show, in turn, a more flexible and articulated steering to different instances at school. Thus, articulating the discourse of state guidelines with the directors, we note that, while the São Paulo network was more aligned to technical conceptions of the role of the director, the direction of Paraná network was more aligned with political views. Apart from these issues, there are elements that bring the discourses and practices of elected and gazetted officers, which tells us that beyond the differences arising from forms of entry, the school specificities lead virtues and problems.

Cette recherche s'inscrit principalement dans le champ de la communication politique. Elle cherche à appréhender les questions culturelles et patrimoniales en tant qu'enjeux essentiels de communication politique dans les municipalités en France. Après le choix de deux terrains (Nice et Dijon), la mise en place d'un appareil théorique ainsi que d'une méthodologie, nous avons formulé l'hypothèse de départ suivante : la communication politique concernant les questions de culture et de patrimoine dans la vie démocratique locale, se constitue en deux systèmes de communication divergents dans chacune des deux villes. Notre travail s'appuie sur un corpus constitué d'entretiens semi-directifs avec des élus, de discours d'élus et d’autres sources complémentaires (interventions dans les médias, archives publiques et personnelles des élus, rapports). L’analyse du corpus a permis la mise en évidence des différences significatives prévues lors de l’hypothèse préalable. Néanmoins, elle montre une récente évolution commune. En effet, dans les deux villes, la communication politique trouve en ensemble de convergences dans une forme de quête, dans l’espace public, du consensus sur les questions culturelles et patrimoniales. / This research falls mainly into the field of political communication. It tries to comprehend cultural and patrimonial questions as essentiel political communication issue in the municipalities in France. Having chosen two fields (Nice and Dijon), established a theoretical tool and a methodology, we started to hypothesize as follows : the political communication, relating to matters of culture and heritage in the local democratic life, builds up as two differing communication systems in each city. Our work draws on a corpus composed of semi-structured interviews with elected representatives, their speeches and other additional sources (speeches in the media, public and private archives of the elected representatives, reports). The analysis of the corpus allowed to highlight substantial differences foreseen by the preliminary hypothesis. However, it shows a recent common development. As a matter of fact, in both cities, the political communication finds convergences in the shape of a pursuit, in the public space, of a consensus on cultural and patrimonial questions.