In line with today's emergence of new technology, there is high competition within the manufacturing industry, which places higher demands on today's industries to develop new strategies to withstand the fierce competition. For this reason, today's industry needs to be more efficient and is becoming increasingly digitized, which is the core of the new industrial revolution called "industry 4.0".  The aim of this study is to investigate, with the help of value flow analysis, new innovative tools, and principles within lean production, whether the manufacturing process can be more efficient. The study was carried out at a manufacturing company that produces dehumidifiers and has ambitions to streamline it’s manufacturing process.  Through the literature review, site observations, interviews and data analysis, a comparison was made with the theory to find solutions to the problems that emerged. The results of this study show that it is theoretically possible to make a manufacturing process more efficient using these methods. It can be pointed out that one important study will be to test these solutions to see what results can be achieved. / I linje med dagens framväxt av ny teknik råder det hög konkurrens inom tillverkningsindustrin, vilket ställer högre krav på dagens industrier att utveckla nya strategier för att stå emot den hårda konkurrensen. Av den anledningen måste dagens industri bli mer effektiv och digitaliseras alltmer, vilket är kärnan i den nya industriella revolutionen som kallas "industri 4.0".  Syftet med denna studie är att med hjälp av värdeflödesanalys, nya innovativa verktyg och principer inom lean production undersöka om tillverkningsprocessen kan bli mer effektiv. Studien genomfördes på ett tillverkningsföretag som producerar avfuktare och som har ambitioner att effektivisera sin tillverkningsprocess.  Genom litteraturgenomgång, platsobservationer, intervjuer och dataanalys gjordes en jämförelse med teorin för att hitta lösningar på de problem som uppstod. Resultaten av denna studie visar att det är teoretiskt möjligt att effektivisera en tillverkningsprocess med hjälp av dessa metoder. Det kan påpekas att en viktig studie kommer att vara att testa dessa lösningar för att se vilka resultat som kan uppnås.

Smart keys are increasing in popularity due to the many benefits they bring. Access control and overview have never been more efficient than it is today. This thesis project automates the digital production of a new line of keys. Automating this production process improves the production in scalability, reliability, and efficiency. This report includes background research on critical components, methodologies to solve presented subproblems, the results of this project, and a discussion providing insight into the possible benefits of using an automated development line. This automation’s core elements are an integrated circuit holding a microcontroller, hardware components, and a graphical user interface. This project results in an automated production process capable of producing smart keys more efficiently than today. A report containing the most common errors using this production process and suggestions to improve scalability, reliability, and efficiency further. / De många fördelar smarta nycklar bidrar med gör att de snabbt ökar i popularitet. Åtkomst och översikt över tillgång har aldrig varit så effektivt som det är idag. Detta examensarbete automatiserar den digitala produktionen av en ny serie elektroniska nycklar. Genom att automatisera den här processen kommer produktionens skalbarhet, pålitlighet och effektivitet att öka. Den här rapporten innehåller bakgrundsundersökningar gällande kritiska områden för utvecklingen, metoder för att lösa problemställningar, projektets resultat samt en diskussion gällande möjliga fördelar av produktionsautomatisering. Grundelementen i den här automatiseringen är ett kretskort med en mikrokontroller, hårdvarukomponenter samt ett grafiskt användargränssnitt. Projektet resulterar i en produktionsprocess kapabel att producera elektroniska nycklar effektivare än tidigare möjligt samt en rapport innehållande de mest förekommande produktionsfelen relaterade till den automatiserade processen. Rapporten innehåller även förslag på förbättringar för att ytterligare öka skalbarhet, pålitlighet och effektivitet.

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På ett övergripande plan handlar den här studien om språkets roll inom arkitektur, teoretiskt och praktiskt. Titeln Tala om arkitektur refererar till vad som händer i talad mening, mellan arkitekter, mellan arkitekter och andra yrkesgrupper och – bredare – i allmänt tal om arkitektur. Är tal om arkitektur en grund för kunskap, i kunskapsproduktion och i användandet av arkitektur, på samhällsnivå? Frågan har bäring på förutsättningar för demokrati. Studien bör ses som en ambition att resa frågor om språk och arkitektur, för att lägga en grund för fortsatta studier. Som bakgrund till intresset för språk finns tankar kring arkitekturens status i samtiden, kopplat till klimatfrågor och social hållbarhet. Vet vi tillräckligt för att skapa byggd miljö som inte skadar planeten och som bidrar till välfungerande miljöer, socialt och hälsomässigt? Vad behövs för att vi ska få tillräcklig kunskap? Studiens konkreta fråga är hur två arkitekturorganisationer i Sverige – Stiftelsen Arkus (åren 1986–2018) och den statliga kommittén Rådet för arkitektur, form och design (åren 2004–2008) – har uppmärksammat språk om arkitektur som ett särskilt kunskapsområde, i egen rätt. Uppdragen för båda organisationerna har, på olika sätt, varit och är fortfarande för Arkus del, kunskapsproducerande.  Det empiriska materialet I studien består av allmänt tillgängliga skrifter, rapporter och styrdokument. En problembild är tecknad med utgångspunkt i tidningsartiklar, myndighetsrapporter och facklitteratur. Den pekar mot en problematisk, samtida situation gällande brister vad gäller tillämpning av kunskap om arkitektur, vid planering och byggande. Problembilden omfattar också brister i den allmänna kunskapsnivån som bildar bas för en allmän diskussion i samhället, om arkitektur och byggd miljö. Resultatet av undersökningen är att tal och språk har uppmärksammats i både Arkus och Rådet för arkitektur, form och design, men temat har inte lyfts i egen rätt som ett kunskapsområde som behöver fortsatta undersökningar. Språkfrågan – att tala, läsa, skriva, reflektera samt även att skapa kontakt med omvärlden, har snarare förts fram av enstaka eldsjälar med ett starkt intresse. Kommentarer om språkets betydelse har då och då framförts på ett tydligt sätt, av utomstående. Studien är långt ifrån en fullödig bild. Den visar utdrag från en begränsad situation inom ett tidsspann av närmare 40 år. Syftet med studien är att resa frågan om språkets roll inom arkitekturfältet, samt att belysa hur detta tema har hanterats av två svenska arkitekturorganisationer med kunskapsspridande uppdrag. Studien är på svenska. / On a larger scale this study is about the role of language within architecture – in theory and in practice. The title Talking about architecture is referring to what is happening, in a spoken sense, between architects, between architects and other professions in planning, building and property management, and broader – how the public speaks about architecture, and how this is linked to knowledge. Is the talking about architecture the root of knowledge, in production and in the use of architecture/built environment on a societal level? The study is set in Sweden and should be seen as an ambition to raise questions about language and architecture to prepare for further investigations. As a background to the interest in language lies a concern for the status of architecture and built environment, connected to climate and social sustainability. Do we know enough to shape built environment that is not harming the planet, but contributes to well-functioning communities, socially and health-wise? What is needed to know enough? The study’s central question is how two important architecture organizations in Sweden – The Arkus foundation (1986–2018) and The National Council for Architecture, Form and Design (2004–2008) – have put their attention to language as a specific topic, to be addressed in its own right. The task for both organizations, even in different ways, was the production of knowledge within the field of architecture. Besides the language topic, an important aim connected to the study, was to make knowledge about these two organizations available, since little is known about their work outside the organizations themselves.  The method for analyzing the documentation originating from the organizations was qualitative. The empirical material in the study consisted of white papers and research reports. A few open interview-like conversations have also been made. A background is depicted in the study, retrieved from articles and reports. It is reflecting on a problematic contemporary situation concerning a lack of applied knowledge in production processes for architecture and the built environment. It also points out a shortcoming in the contemporary public discussion about architecture and the built environment, due to a frail knowledge base for these topics. The study concludes that the language topic was addressed in both Arkus and The National Council for Architecture, Form and Design. However, language and communication, among architects and with the world around, was not raised as a central issue in need of being further investigated. The language topic – talking, reading, writing, reflecting and also reaching out – was rather brought forward by a few persons in the organizations with a strong interest, or by outsiders.  This study does not give a full picture, but it highlights different events on architectural language within a timespan close to 40 years. It suggests that the focus on language should have been a special concern for two architectural organizations whose focus was on the practical field and on knowledge dissemination. The study is in Swedish.

As consumers walk through the grocery store they encounter a vast range of products. In this setting information printed on food packages play a role in consumer decision making. One way of influencing consumer behaviour is by using package panels where detailed communication claims can be placed. This study investigates the effect of package communication claims on propensity to switch brand through quantitative research design. Variations among consumer of private label brands versus consumers of name brands are also investigated. Results show that package communication claims have an effect on consumer propensity to switch brand, however there are differences depending on type of claims. Environmental packaging claims have a negative effect on propensity to switch while nutritional claims do not have a significant effect. Production process claims and product origin claims both have a positive effect on consumer propensity to switch and is thus more favourable for brands to use. Furthermore, package communication claims have a larger positive effect on propensity to switch among consumers of private label brands than among consumers of name brands. Since there is a lack of research in the area of package communication this thesis contribute by proving that packages have an effect on consumer behaviour and argues for further research in this area.

<p>У овом раду приказан је модел за<br />обезбеђење унапређења процеса<br />производње у предузећима<br />малосеријског типа производње на<br />територији Републике Србије. Модел је<br />тестиран у малосеријској производњи.<br />Веродостојност модела се огледа кроз:<br />дефинисање основних функција,<br />дефинисање фактора окружења, значај<br />ресурса, анализу улаза и излаза у<br />процесу малосеријске производње.<br />Модел даје решење за унапређење<br />конкурентске способности домаћих<br />предузећа при освајању и лансирању<br />новог производа. Модел је применљив у<br />предузећима на територији Републике<br />Србије чије се пословање заснива на<br />истом или сличном технолошком<br />поступку. На основу података<br />истраживања евидентирани су пробеми у<br />предузећима са малосеријском<br />производњом: знање појединаца, подела<br />и реализација задатака, неусклађеност<br />послова, трошкови операција, слаба<br />комуникација са потрошачима, давање<br />одложеног плаћања.</p> / <p>U ovom radu prikazan je model za<br />obezbeđenje unapređenja procesa<br />proizvodnje u preduzećima<br />maloserijskog tipa proizvodnje na<br />teritoriji Republike Srbije. Model je<br />testiran u maloserijskoj proizvodnji.<br />Verodostojnost modela se ogleda kroz:<br />definisanje osnovnih funkcija,<br />definisanje faktora okruženja, značaj<br />resursa, analizu ulaza i izlaza u<br />procesu maloserijske proizvodnje.<br />Model daje rešenje za unapređenje<br />konkurentske sposobnosti domaćih<br />preduzeća pri osvajanju i lansiranju<br />novog proizvoda. Model je primenljiv u<br />preduzećima na teritoriji Republike<br />Srbije čije se poslovanje zasniva na<br />istom ili sličnom tehnološkom<br />postupku. Na osnovu podataka<br />istraživanja evidentirani su probemi u<br />preduzećima sa maloserijskom<br />proizvodnjom: znanje pojedinaca, podela<br />i realizacija zadataka, neusklađenost<br />poslova, troškovi operacija, slaba<br />komunikacija sa potrošačima, davanje<br />odloženog plaćanja.</p> / <p>This paper shows a model for improvement<br />of manufacturing process in small-scale<br />enterprises on the territory of Republic of<br />Serbia. The model was tested on smallscale<br />production. The validity of the model<br />can be seen through: defining basic<br />functions, defining environmental factors,<br />importance of resources, analysis of input<br />and output in the process of small-scale<br />production. The model provides the<br />solution for improvement of competitive<br />ability of domestic enterprises in<br />conquering and launching a new product.<br />The model is applicable in enterprises on<br />the territory of Republic of Serbia whose<br />business is based on the same or similar<br />technological procedure. Based on research<br />data, problems in enterprises with smallscale<br />production were evident: knowledge<br />of individuals, distribution and realization<br />of the project, mismatch of jobs,<br />operational expenses, poor communication<br />with consumers, granting differed payment.</p>

V současné době se problematika energetických úspor dostává do popředí zájmu jak na úrovni jednotlivých podniků, tak i na úrovni celého státu. Často bývá příčinou sporů ve vědeckých kruzích i mezi odborníky z praxe. Lidstvo tradičně začalo využívat energii z minerálních přírodních zdrojů, které však ve srovnání s obnovitelnými zdroji energie mají omezení. Výzkum a implementace moderních technologií jsou ztíženy otázkou investic a časově omezeny. Proto se evropská strategie energetické bezpečnosti zaměřuje na energetickou účinnost, která je jedním z nejefektivnějších způsobů zlepšení bezpečnosti spotřeby energie. Velké společnosti a podniky jsou jedním z hlavních spotřebitelů energie. Proto je tato vědecká práce zaměřena na problematiku úspor energie a zlepšování energetické účinnosti podniku. Těžiště práce spočívá ve vytvoření a zavedení metodiky pro úsporu energie a managementu hospodaření s energií ve výrobním procesu automobilového podniku. Dále je pro účely této práce vytvořen a popsán způsob vizualizace spotřeby energie v prostředí virtuální reality

La production de protéines hétérologues permet de développer une nouvelle génération de vaccins. La bactérie Escherichia coli est l’un des organismes hôtes les plus utilisés pour la production de protéines hétérologues, appelées également protéines recombinantes. Le déclenchement de la production de protéine altère la croissance bactérienne en réponse à la réallocation des ressources métaboliques vers la synthèse de la protéine ; ce qui peut conduire à l’arrêt complet de la croissance. Le maintien de la croissance bactérienne durant la production de la protéine recombinante est pourtant essentiel pour améliorer significativement la quantité et la fonctionnalité des protéines produites. Dans une démarche rationnelle visant à développer un système biologique robuste et performant pour la production d’une grande diversité de protéines recombinantes chez E. coli, les contraintes métaboliques liées à leur production ont été quantifiées. A partir de ces résultats, le système d’expression T7 a été intégré à la régulation métabolique et traductionnelle de la bactérie E. coli BL21 (DE3) afin d’adapter la vitesse de production avec les capacités métaboliques de la souche. Ce nouveau système biologique de production a ainsi permis d’augmenter considérablement les quantités de protéines produites et offre la possibilité de développer de nouveaux procédés performants de production semi-continus et continus en milieu chimiquement défini. / The production of heterologous proteins offers the ability to develop a new generation of vaccines. The most used organism for the production of heterologous proteins, also called recombinant proteins, is the bacterium Escherichia coli. However, the induction of the production often alleviates the bacterial growth by the new allocation of metabolic resources toward the production of the recombinant protein. Even, this may also lead to growth arrest. The production of high quantities of functional recombinant proteins requires a good balance between of bacterial growth and production of the recombinant protein.In order to rationally develop a robust and an efficient biological system for the production of a large variety of recombinant proteins in E. coli, the metabolic constraints associated to their production have been quantified. From this observation, the T7 expression system has been integrated into the metabolic and translational regulation of the E. coli BL21 (DE3) in order to adjust as perfect as possible the protein production rate to the metabolic capacities of the strain. This new biological production system has made it possible to significantly increase the quantities of proteins produced and opens up the possibility of developing performant semi-continuous and continuous production processes in a chemically defined medium.

Esta pesquisa apreende relações e contradições entre trabalho e lazer. Apresenta, nas condições atuais do trabalho assalariado, alguns fatores que estão expressando, na realidade historicamente configurada de uma indústria metal-mecânica, da cidade de Jaraguá do Sul, Estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil, limites e possibilidades para a existência de um tempo livre com lazer na vida de trabalhadores. A escolha dessa empresa para locus investigativo se deu porque ela possui uma base produtiva com tecnologia avançada e adota ginástica na empresa em seu expediente interno de trabalho. Faz parte também da investigação um grupo de trabalhadores de uma das suas fábricas. As informações foram levantadas por meio da aplicação de 118 questionários; 120 entrevistas realizadas no chão da fábrica; como também importantes observações diretas, dentro da fábrica e fora dela. Dedicamos especial atenção ao que ocorre nos sábados e domingos, quando procuramos perceber as práticas de lazer fora da fábrica. Além disso, utilizamos documentos disponibilizados pelos diretores da fábrica com os quais mantivemos conversas, bem como com chefes de seção, operários e pessoas da cidade. O interesse por este estudo, e o emprego da conexão trabalho e lazer, justifica-se na medida em que existe uma opinião geral afirmando ser a base produtiva desenvolvida tecnologicamente o que promove lazer, bem como a presença de uma exercitação corporal dentro do horário de trabalho; aliamos a esses motivos o desconhecimento de pesquisas a terem contemplados essa problemática a partir de análises de dados empíricos. Neste sentido percebemos, a partir dos dados coletados, que a ginástica na empresa evidencia o corpo que produz e o corpo que brinca. Todavia, constatamos que esta prática se configura como uma tecnologia organizadora do trabalho ao garantir produtividade com a restauração do equilíbrio e descanso do corpo, embora se realize com a presença do elemento lúdico. A base teórica a sustentar a análise contempla aspectos que procuram desvelar as mudanças recentes no processo de trabalho. A reestruturação produtiva engendra a ginástica na empresa e expressa a adequação de formas toyotistas ao processo industrializante no Brasil. A rigor, a assimilação desse modelo realiza-se, nessa empresa, de maneira híbrida e ocorre desde a década de setenta do século XX. Na vida fora do âmbito do trabalho das pessoas do grupo estudado constata a ausência do corpo que brinca. Nessas condições conclui que falta um tempo aos trabalhadores para si mesmos, um tempo a ser usado para exercitarem lazer. Constatamos ainda que existe uma contradição no processo de organização do trabalho, pois este inclui a ginástica na empresa evidenciando o corpo que brinca, ainda que este esteja fora dela. Vimos dessa maneira que o processo de organização no qual estão inseridos estes trabalhadores limita a existência de um tempo livre com lazer em suas vidas, sendo que o tempo cronometrado do trabalho comanda toda a existência concreta dessas pessoas, dentro e fora da fábrica; o tempo livre com lazer e não com desemprego, pode acenar como uma promessa de felicidade, possível de realizar, embora, ainda distante de uma realização concreta. / This research detects relations and contradictions between labor and leisure. It points out some factors, in the present conditions of paid labor, that are showing the limits and possibilities for the existence of free time with leisure in the life of the workers in the historically established reality of a metal-mechanics industry located in the town of Jaraguá do Sul, State of Santa Catarina, Brazil. This XX company was chosen as the locus for investigation because it had a production base with advanced technology and has adopted gymnastics in the company during its internal work period. One group of workers in one of its factories is also part of this investigation. The data was gathered by means of 118 questionnaires and 120 interviews held on the factory floor, in addition to some important direct observations, within and outside the factory. We have devoted special attention to what occurs on Saturdays and Sundays, when we seek to perceive the leisure practiced outside the factory. Furthermore, we utilize documents that were made available by the factory directors, with whom we have conversed on several occasions, as well as section heads, workers and other people in the town. The interest in this study concerning the utilization of the labor-leisure connection, is justified inasmuch as there exists a general opinion that technologically developed basis of production, along with the presence of bodily exercise during the working hours, promotes leisure, and that up to now there has been no known research on this problem based on analyses of empirical data. In this way we perceive, from the data that was collected that gymnastics in the company gives evidence of the body that produces and the body that plays. However, we found that this practice serves as a work organization technology, which guarantees productivity by restoring the equilibrium and rest of the body. The theoretical basis supporting the analysis considers aspects that provide a clearer understanding of recent changes that have taken place in labor process. Production restructuring engenders gymnastics in the company and expresses the adaptation of the toyotism forms to the industrializing process in Brazil. Actually, the assimilation of the model in that company is carried out in a hybrid manner and has been taking place since the 1970s. In the life of the people in the group that was investigated when they were away from the work environment, we found the absence of the body that plays. In these conditions, the workers have no time for themselves, time to be used for leisure. Furthermore, we found that a contradiction in the labor organization process, since it includes gymnastics in the company and shows the body that plays, even though the body is absent or the worker is outside his body. In this way we could see that the organization process in which these workers are inserted limits the existence of free time with leisure in their lives, and that the clocked time of their factory commands the entire concrete existence of these people, both inside and outside the factory. Free time with leisure but without unemployment constitutes a promise of happiness, which is possible, although it still has no concrete existence.

A maior parte das emissões de CO2 do concreto origina-se na produção do cimento. A estratégia tradicional de minimização da pegada de CO2 tem privilegiado o grau de substituição do clínquer. O trabalho examina o impacto dessa estratégia e também a influência da escolha do fornecedor de cimento sob a ótica de sua matriz energética, a variação do consumo de cimento para concretos de mesma resistência e do desvio padrão do processo produtivo de acordo com o controle do processo de produção do concreto. O método de trabalho inclui dados de revisão bibliográfica, normalização técnica e dados de central de concreto. A estratégia tradicional de escolha do tipo de cimento baseando-se em seu teor de clínquer mostra-se incompleta, pois há uma grande variação e sobreposição dos teores de clínquer permitidos nas normas técnicas brasileiras. No momento atual estima-se que a indústria cimenteira nacional utilize praticamente toda a escória de alto forno gerada no país e a quase totalidade das cinzas de melhor qualidade. Dessa forma, aumentando a demanda de cimento, a produção de clínquer aumenta, e o teor de adições no clínquer diminui dentro das extensas faixas permitidas pelas normas técnicas. Nesse cenário, a seleção de um tipo de cimento em detrimento de outro pode reduzir o impacto de uma obra específica, embora não traga necessariamente benefícios ambientais para o país. A troca da matriz energética por carvão vegetal de madeira de florestas plantadas pode minimizar a parcela de emissões provenientes de combustíveis do cimento, diminuindo a emissão de 350 kg para 10 kg de CO2 por tonelada de clínquer produzida. A eficiência do processo de formulação do concreto apresenta grande potencial para diminuir a quantidade de cimento utilizada no concreto, diminuindo, assim, as emissões totais de CO2 do concreto. Os dados levantados apontam uma variação de consumo de cimento de mais de 100% para concretos de mesma resistência. A influência do desvio padrão das condições de produção apresenta potencial menor para a diminuição das emissões, diminuindo no máximo 13% o consumo de cimento no concreto. A combinação das quatro estratégias estudadas demonstra a complexidade da emissão do concreto e o grande potencial para mitigar suas emissões de CO2. A necessidade de informações específicas sobre a emissão dos cimentos, seu teor de clínquer e sua matriz energética, uma técnica de dosagem otimizada e um controle das condições de produção do concreto demonstram que há, tanto para fornecedores de matérias primas do concreto quanto para os usuários e produtores do concreto, muito a ser feito para minimizar as emissões deste material tão consumido. / Most of concretes CO2 emissions originate from cement production. The traditional strategy for minimizing the CO2 footprint of concrete has favored the degree of clinker replacement. This paper examines the impact of this strategy and also the influence of the choice of the cement supplier based on the fuel composition in cement production, the variation of cement usage in concretes of the same strength and the standard deviation of the production process of concrete based on the control of its production process. The method of work uses data from literature, technical standards and data from a concrete central. The traditional strategy of the choice of cement type based on its clinker content is insufficient due to the extensive and overlapping clinker content range of different cement types allowed in Brazilian technical standards. At the present time, it is estimated that the cement industry utilizes all of the blast furnace slag generated in the country and nearly all quality fly ash. Consequently, if there is an increase in the demand for cement, there is an increase in clinker production, and the rate of additions to the clinker decreases, respecting the extensive limits permitted by technical standards. In this scenario, the selection of blast furnace slag cement and fly ash cement does not necessarily offer environmental benefits to the country as a whole and does not demonstrate a global impact, despite the possibility of benefiting specific construction sites. The substitution of the fuel mix for coal from planted forest wood can lower the portion of cement emissions due to fuel burning from 350 kg to 10 kg of CO2 per tonne of clinker produced. The efficiency of the concrete mix formulation shows great potential to lower the amount of cement usage in concrete, thus lowering the total CO2 emissions of concrete. The data presented point to a variation of more than 100% of cement content in concretes of the same strength. The influence of the standard deviation of the production process shows smaller impact on lowering concrete CO2 emissions shows that there is a maximum potential of 13% of lowering cement content in concrete. The combination of the four strategies studied demonstrates the complexity of concretes emissions and the great potential for mitigating its CO2 emissions. The need for information on cements specific emissions, its clinker content and fuel mix, the concrete mix formulation and the variability of the production process of concrete show that there is, for concrete raw material suppliers as well as concrete producers and users, a lot to be done to minimize the emissions of this widely consumed material.