<p> Skilled trades are in demand across many industries and many countries. Skilled trades refer to occupations that require training and proficiency in a specialized field, such as weld?ing, carpentry, or mechanics. The challenge is upskilling workers to become suited for these positions. One way training might be made more accessible is through low cost VR applica?tions as they can provide a ’learn by doing’ modality that is effective for learning motor skills, and also engaging for providing a holistic training experience. In this thesis, design guide?lines and a methodology for creating training programs that target hand tool based skills are laid out, tested, and refined for future usage. Working with content experts, a learning plan was developed via the backward design methodology, evaluated in a user study, and then applied to a second use case. The results of the user study showed that those who trained with VR were able to perform the prescribed task more quickly and with less mistakes. The implication of the second use case is that the established guidelines are versatile enough to be applied to other industries and simple enough to adapt industry specific knowledge to. The hope is that this work can help bridge the gap between the theoretical possibilities of VR training, effective training methodology, and real world application. </p>

befattningsutbildningen för skolledare. Studiens syfte är att undersöka hur deltagare i rektorsprogrammet beskriver att professionsutvecklande handledning bidragit till utveckling av deras rektorskap. Den handledning som undersöks har genomförts i lärgrupper med en utbildningsledare som handledare. Studiens empiriska underlag består av kvalitativa intervjuer med skolledare under deras sista år på utbildningen. Habermas teori om kommunikativt handlande används som teoretisk utgångspunkt då ett särskilt intresse riktas mot rektorers kommunikativa förmåga. För att relatera kommunikativ förmåga till rektorskap tillämpas vid analysen även Saarukkas modell för beskrivning av rektorskapet, med fokus på personlig dynamik. Genom analys av studiens resultat är min slutsats att studien bidragit till ökad förståelse kring hur den professionsutvecklande handledningen på olika sätt har bidragit till utveckling av rektorskapet hos de intervjuade deltagarna i rektorsprogrammet. Analysen av skolledarnas beskrivningar visar att erfarenheter från den professionsutvecklande handledningen varit betydelsefulla för tanke och handling i deras praktik. Utsagor indikerar en fördjupad förståelse för vikten av gemensam reflektion samt kraften i frågandet som verktyg för att bredda sitt eget och andras perspektiv vid hantering av komplexa problem. I deras beskrivningar finns också tecken på utveckling inom kommunikativ förmåga, genom ökad självkännedom, större förståelse för andra och bättre förståelse för hur deras ledarskap påverkar kommunikation och interaktion i verksamheten. Studien antyder också att metareflekterande samtal kring professionsutvecklande handledningen i relation till deltagarnas verksamhet, kan bidra ytterligare till transferering från utbildning till rektorskap i praktiken. / This study is about supervision for professional development that forms an element of the Swedish national training program for school leaders. The aim of this study is to investigate how participants in the training program describe that supervision for professional development contributed to the development of their principalship. The supervision under investigation has been carried out in learning groups with an education leader as facilitator. The empirical basis consists of qualitative interviews with school leaders during their last year on the program. Habermas' theory of communicative action is used as a theoretical framework due to a particular interest in school leaders’ communicative skills. In order to relate communicative skills to principalship, the analysis also applies Saarukka's model for describing principalship, with a focus on personal dynamics. Through analysis of the study's results, my conclusion is that the study has contributed to an increased understanding of how the supervision for professional development has contributed in different ways to the development of the principalship of the interviewed participants in the principal's program. The analysis of the school leaders' descriptions shows that experiences from the supervision were significant for thought and action in their practice. Statements indicate a deepened understanding of the importance of joint reflection and the power of questioning as a tool to broaden their own and others' perspectives when dealing with complex problems. Furthermore, there are signs of development in communicative skills, through increased self-awareness, greater understanding of others and better understanding of how their leadership affects communication and interaction in the organisation. Moreover, the study suggests that meta-reflective conversations can contribute to transfer from education to principalship in practice.

No description available.

Hintergrund. - Internationale Studien zeigen, dass die Maßnahmen zur Eindämmung der COVID-19-Pandemie verstärkt zu psychischen Auffälligkeiten bei Kindern und Jugendlichen führen können. Insgesamt gibt es zu diesem Themenbereich viele Studienaktivitäten, jedoch nur wenige repräsentative Untersuchungen für Deutschland. - Ziel der Arbeit. Es soll untersucht werden, welchen Einfluss die COVID-19-Pandemie auf die psychische Gesundheit von Kindern und Jugendlichen in Deutschland nimmt und welche Risiko- und protektive Faktoren für das mentale Wohlbefinden während der Pandemie existieren. Im Anschluss wird ein EU-weites Projekt skizziert, welches die psychische Gesundheit von SchülerInnen durch ein Schulungsprogramm für Lehrkräfte und andere PädagogInnen fördern will. - Methoden. Unter Nutzung der Literaturdatenbanken PubMed und Medline fand eine unsystematische Literaturrecherche im Sinne eines narrativen Reviews statt. Die in dieser Arbeit einbezogenen Studien wurden anhand ihres thematisch passenden Abstracts ausgewählt. - Ergebnisse. Die Zahl der Kinder, die psychische Auffälligkeiten oder Verhaltensstörungen zeigen, stieg rapide an. Vor allem die soziale Isolation, Ängste und Unsicherheit, sowie Konflikte innerhalb der Familie aufgrund von Überforderung oder finanziellen Sorgen führen zu einer Verschlechterung der psychischen Situation von Kindern und Jugendlichen. Die Folgen sind depressive Verstimmungen, Verhaltensauffälligkeiten und psychosomatische Beschwerden. Schlussfolgerung. Die Auswirkungen der COVID-19-Pandemie auf die psychische Gesundheit von Kindern und Jugendlichen dürfen nicht unterschätzt werden. Auch in den kommenden Jahren ist ein besonderer Unterstützungsbedarf gefordert. / Background. International studies show that measures to contain the COVID-19 pandemic can lead to increasedmental health problems in children and adolescents. Overall, there are many study activities on this topic, but only a few representative studies for Germany. - Objectives. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of children and adolescents in Germany will be investigated, as well as the risk and protective factors for mental well-being during the pandemic. Subsequently, an EU-wide project will be outlined, which aims to promote the mental health of students through a training programfor teachers and other educators. - Methods. Using literature databases PubMed andMedline, an unsystematic literature search was carried out in the sense of a narrative review. The studies included in this work were selected based on their thematically appropriate abstract. - Results. The number of children showing mental or behavioral problems increased rapidly. Above all, social isolation, fears and insecurity, as well as conflicts within the family due to excessive demands or financial worries, lead to a deterioration in the psychological situation of children and young people. The consequences are depressive moods, behavioral problems and psychosomatic complaints. - Conclusion. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of children and adolescents should not be underestimated. There will also be a special need for support in the coming years.

Thèse de doctorat présenté en vue de l'obtention du doctorat en psychologie - recherche intervention, option psychologie clinique (Ph.D) / Par leur façon d’interagir avec les athlètes, les parents et les entraîneurs contribuent à la création d’un environnement social plus au moins favorable à leur développement sportif. La théorie de l’autodétermination (TAD) propose qu’en adoptant un style interpersonnel composé de soutien à l’autonomie, de structure et d’implication, jumelés à peu de comportements contrôlants, ces figures d’autorité favoriseraient le bien-être et la performance des athlètes. Or, un nombre restreint d’études s’est intéressé au rôle simultané de différentes figures d’autorité. De plus, les façons dont il est possible d’aider les entraîneurs à adopter un style interpersonnel favorisant le développement sportif des athlètes demeurent peu étudiées. En effet, bien que quelques programmes de formation, dont le programme reROOT, existent, ceux-ci comportent certaines limites ou en sont à leurs premières validations. Les objectifs de la présente thèse étaient donc de (1) vérifier si le soutien à l’autonomie des entraîneurs et des parents permettent de prédire le bien-être et la performance des athlètes de manière indépendante ou en interaction (article 1), (2) tester l’impact du programme de formation reROOT sur le style interpersonnel des entraîneurs ainsi que sur le développement sportif des athlètes à l’aide d’un essai pilote contrôlé randomisé (article 2) et (3) évaluer l’appréciation et l’utilité perçue de ce programme par les entraîneurs à l’aide de groupes de discussion (article 3). L’article 1 incluait deux études par questionnaire : l’une menée auprès de 143 athlètes de sports et de niveaux variés et l’autre, auprès de 109 joueurs de soccer masculin de haute performance. Cet article suggère que les parents et les entraîneurs auraient des rôles indépendants dans le développement sportif des athlètes. En effet, les résultats des deux études montrent que le soutien à l’autonomie des parents et des entraîneurs étaient associés au bien-être des athlètes. Or, contrairement aux résultats des études antérieures, ces effets étaient additifs plutôt qu’interactifs. Quant à la performance des athlètes, seul le soutien à l’autonomie des entraîneurs y était associé. L’article 2 présente les résultats de l’essai pilote contrôlé randomisé testant l’efficacité du programme de formation reROOT un programme visant l’enseignement d’un style interpersonnel propice au développement sportif des athlètes, tel que défini par la TAD. Les entraîneurs et athlètes de 23 équipes sportives universitaires ont été distribués aléatoirement à deux conditions : la condition expérimentale, où les entraîneurs étaient invités à suivre le programme immédiatement, et la condition témoin, où ils étaient plutôt placés sur une liste d’attente. Les résultats montrent un niveau plus élevé du style interpersonnel auto-rapporté chez les entraîneurs ayant participé au programme un an après la fin du programme. De plus, les athlètes de la condition expérimentale rapportaient davantage de motivation autonome et tendaient à avoir de meilleures performances deux mois après la fin du programme, contrairement aux athlètes de la condition témoin. Or, aucune différence significative n’a été trouvée entre les deux conditions en ce qui concerne la perception des athlètes du style interpersonnel de leurs entraîneurs ou au niveau de leur bien-être et de leur motivation contrôlée. Les analyses de modérations suggèrent enfin que le programme pourrait s’avérer plus efficace dans certains contextes, soit lorsque les entraîneurs avaient initialement un style interpersonnel moins optimal, lorsqu’ils étaient moins stressés et pour les sports individuels. L’article 3 documente l’appréciation et l’utilité perçue du programme par les entraîneurs (ceux ayant participé à l’essai pilote contrôlé randomisé déjà mentionné). L’analyse de contenu des groupes de discussion suggère que les entraîneurs ont apprécié le contenu et la structure du programme, qu’ils étaient en mesure de mettre en pratique les habiletés apprises et qu’ils ont observé des effets bénéfiques du programme sur eux-mêmes (p. ex., connaissance de soi) et pour leurs athlètes (p. ex., engagement). De plus, des obstacles à l’utilisation des habiletés ont été nommés, dont la pandémie et les contextes de groupe. Enfin, les entraîneurs ont mentionné différents facteurs facilitant l’implantation des habiletés, dont leurs expériences passées, le fait que plusieurs entraîneurs d’une même équipe participent au programme en même temps et l’inclusion d’aspects théoriques de la TAD dans le programme. Mis ensemble, les résultats de la présente thèse suggèrent qu’il est possible de créer des environnements sportifs dans lesquels les athlètes peuvent performer tout en ayant un niveau élevé de bien-être. En soutenant l’autonomie (tout en offrant une structure, en étant impliqués et en évitant l’utilisation de comportements contrôlants), les entraîneurs pourraient, en effet, contribuer positivement au développement sportif des athlètes. Davantage d’études demeurent toutefois nécessaires afin de mieux comprendre le rôle simultané du style interpersonnel de différentes figures d’autorité et l’efficacité du programme reROOT. / Through their interactions with athletes, parents and coaches contribute to the creation of social environments that may benefit (or thwart) their sport development. Self-Determination Theory (SDT) proposes that by adopting an interpersonal style that includes autonomy support, structure, and involvement, paired with few controlling behaviors, these authority figures could promote athletes' well-being and performance. However, few studies have examined the simultaneous role of different authority figures. In addition, the ways in which it is possible to help coaches adopt an interpersonal style that promotes athletes’ sport development remains understudied. Indeed, although a few training programs exist, such as the reROOT program, these are limited in scope or are in their early stages of validation. The objectives of this thesis were thus to (1) verify whether coach and parent autonomy support predict athlete well-being and performance jointly or independently (article 1), (2) test the impact of the reROOT training program on coaches’ interpersonal style and on athlete well-being and performance using a pilot randomized controlled trial (article 2), and (3) assess coaches' appreciation and perceived usefulness of this program using focus groups (article 3). Article 1 included two questionnaire studies: one with 143 athletes from a variety of sports and levels and the other, with 109 high-performance men's soccer players. This article suggests that parents and coaches have independent roles in athletes’ sport development. Indeed, results of both studies show that parent and coach autonomy support were associated with athlete well-being. However, contrary to results of previous studies, these effects were additive rather than interactive. In addition, only coach autonomy support was associated with athlete performance. Article 2 presents the results of a pilot randomized controlled trial testing the effectiveness of the reROOT program  a training program teaching an interpersonal style favorable to athlete sport development, as defined by SDT. Coaches and athletes from 23 varsity sports teams were randomly assigned to two conditions: the experimental condition where coaches were invited to attend the program immediately, and the control condition where they were rather placed on a waiting list. Results revealed higher levels of self-reported interpersonal style among coaches who participated in the program, one year after the program ended. In addition, athletes in the experimental condition reported more autonomous motivation and tended to perform better two months after the end of the program compared to athletes in the control condition. However, no significant differences were found between the two conditions in terms of athletes' perceptions of their coaches' interpersonal style or in terms of their well-being and controlled motivation. Finally, moderation analyses suggest that the program may be more effective in certain contexts, namely when coaches initially had a less optimal interpersonal style, when they were less stressed, and for individual sports. Article 3 documents coaches' appreciation and perceived usefulness of the reROOT program (those who took part in the previously mentioned pilot randomized controlled trial). Content analysis of the focus groups suggests that coaches appreciated the content and structure of the program, were able to apply the skills they had learned, and observed benefits of the program for themselves (e.g., self-awareness) and their athletes (e.g., commitment). In addition, obstacles to skill implementation were named, including the pandemic and group settings. Finally, coaches mentioned various facilitating factors for skills implementation, including past experiences, having multiple coaches on the same team participating in the program at the same time, and the inclusion of SDT theory in the program. Taken together, results of this thesis suggest that it is possible to create sport environments in which athletes can perform while having a high level of well-being. By supporting autonomy (while providing structure, being involved, and avoiding the use of controlling behaviors), coaches could indeed contribute positively to athletes’ sport development. However, more research is needed to better understand the simultaneous role of different authority figures’ interpersonal style and the effectiveness of the reROOT program.

No description available.

The aim of the study was to investigate the training of school governing bodies in the Free State Province from an education management point of view. Since 1994 the South African government has adopted a number of policy documents aimed at democratizing education in the country. The transformation of education in the new South African context encompasses the idea of partnership in which participants - such as parents, educators, learners (in secondary schools) play an active role in taking decisions on behalf of the school. The State alone cannot control schools, but has to share its power with other stakeholders. However, this can only happen if participants in school governance are trained to have power and the capacity to decide on matters affecting their schools. Hence, training is the cornerstone of affirming governors in the execution of their roles and responsibilities. Since school governing bodies are composed of a cross section of people with different ideologies, expectations and levels of education - training is necessary to prepare then for co-operative governance. Without adequate and on-going in-service training, it is unlikely that school governing body members can make informed decisions. The empirical method, namely qualitative research, was successful in obtaining information from participants about the training offered to them. It also established how participants felt and thought about their experiences and perceptions about the training they received, whether it built capacity or not. A number of recommendations were made with regard to the research findings for stakeholders to note. / Educational Studies / D. Ed. (Comparative Education)

The education ministry has introduced a number of important curriculum forms, including Curriculum 2005 (C2005) in 1998, the National Curriculum Statement (NCS) in 2002, and most recently, the Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statements (CAPS) in 2012 in Grade 10. The latter was aimed at replacing the NCS in order to improve the quality of teaching and learning. The need for replacement was necessitated by problems that teachers experienced concerning understanding and implementing various previous curriculum policies. The literature study and theoretical framework explored scholarly contributions that are relevant to CAPS implementation. The purpose of this study is to determine teachers‟ perceptions, and identify and clarify possible barriers relating to the implementation of CAPS in Grade 10 in selected schools at Ndwedwe in Durban. For sampling purposes, rural disadvantaged schools were selected to explore the knowledge and experiences teachers hold with regard to curriculum implementation. Exploratory qualitative research design was executed with a sample of purposively selected participants which constitute one Head of Department and two teachers from each of the five different schools. Data collection was facilitated by means of interviews. The findings revealed that teachers were at first eager to welcome and accept CAPS. Furthermore, this study indicated that some challenges emerged and impeded teachers from effectively implementing CAPS. The challenges experienced relate to resource shortages, teacher training, resistance to change, class size, lack of time, professional development, workload, administrative support, monitoring and language as a barrier ( on the part of the learners). The study argues that without proper infrastructure, schools can neither hope nor manage to successfully implement CAPS. Based on the findings from literature and interviews, teachers still need immediate assistance with CAPS related matters. Recommendations are made to teachers, head of departments, principals, subject advisors, DBE and parents to aid effective implementation of CAPS. / Curriculum and Instructional Studies / M. Ed. (Curriculum Studies)

本研究目的在探討家長諮詢訓練方案對提昇輔導志工自我效能，以及改善家長教養行為的實驗成效。實驗處理為家長諮詢訓練方案，其內容以諮詢服務的觀點，結合父母效能系統訓練和焦點解決短期治療的理念與技術。研究對象以台北縣家庭教育中心的輔導志工48人（實驗組和控制組各24人），以及接受輔導志工諮詢的家長31人（實驗組18人，控制組13人），研究工具為輔導志工自我效能量表以及父母教養行為量表。資料處理採二因子混合設計變異數分析。研究結果發現，接受訓練方案之實驗組輔導志工較控制組輔導志工在自我效能有顯著的提昇；接受訓練方案之輔導志工較控制組輔導志工，其親職諮詢對父母的教養行為改善有顯著效果。本研究的結論顯示家長諮詢訓練方案確實能提昇輔導志工自我效能及有效改善家長教養行為，並據此對家庭教育中心的親職諮詢、親職教育、諮商實務和未來研究提出具體建議。 / This study aimed at examining the effectiveness of parental consultation training program applied to volunteer counselors and the indirect effect of the training program on parental nurture behaviors. Forty eight participants of volunteer counselors in Taipei Family Education Center were randomly divided into experimental and control groups.Thirty one parents received consultation service participated in this study.The measures were volunteer counselors self-efficacy scale and parental nurture behaviors scale. Analysis of the statistical data utilized two-way mixed ANOVA. Results indicated that the self-efficacy of the volunteer counselors in experimental group were significantly higher than those in control group after the training program and follow-up.The parents of experimental group in parental nurture behaviors was higher than those control group. This study demonstrates that the parental consultation training program is effective in enchancing self-efficacy of volunteer counselors and in improving the parental nurture behaviors. Suggestions regarding parental consultation, parental education, and counseling practice for family education center are proposed in the future research.

Les parents d’enfants aux prises avec un trouble déficitaire de l’attention avec ou sans hyperactivité (TDA/H) sont à risque de dépression. Ces parents rapportent aussi des relations familiales plus problématiques, des expériences plus stressantes, un sentiment d’auto-efficacité plus faible à l’égard de leur rôle parental et des pratiques parentales plus coercitives ou inadéquates en comparaison aux parents d’enfants sans ce diagnostic. Plusieurs recherches ont relevé que les parents d’enfants ayant un TDA/H qui ont participé à un programme d’entraînement aux habiletés parentales (PEHP) rapportent une amélioration générale des difficultés énumérées précédemment. Le changement d’attitude et de pratiques parentales est souvent relié à une diminution des symptômes du TDA/H chez les enfants. L’intervention peut donc contribuer à améliorer la condition du parent et par le fait même celle de son enfant. Toutefois, le TDA/H est un trouble chronique qui peut affecter certaines caractéristiques personnelles du parent pouvant interférer avec la capacité de ce dernier à bénéficier d’une intervention. Peu d’études s’attardent aux caractéristiques du parent pouvant affecter l’efficacité de l’intervention. Le but de la présente étude est d’étudier le lien bidirectionnel entre certaines caractéristiques personnelles (dépression, stress, sentiment d’auto-efficacité) et les pratiques parentales dans un contexte d’intervention qui s’adresse aux parents d’enfants ayant un TDA/H. Les résultats démontrent que le sentiment d’auto-efficacité initial du parent est prédicteur d’une discipline inconstante, et ce, indépendamment de la condition expérimentale. De plus, les pratiques positives initiales sont prédicteurs d’un sentiment d’auto-efficacité élevé au post-test et ce, indépendamment de la condition expérimentale. / When compared to parents of non-diagnosed children, parents of children with ADHD face a higher risk of experiencing parenting stress, depression, and family functioning problems. They also report lower levels of parental self-efficacy, and use more coercive or inadequate parental practices. Some evidence suggests that parental abilities training programs can help offset some of the risks associated with raising a child with ADHD. Changes in attitudes and parental practices are also associated with reductions in child ADHD symptoms. Parent training interventions therefore represent promising strategies for improving both parent and child outcomes. Nevertheless, the personal characteristics of parents can intervene with their ability to benefit from parental training. Few studies have examined how parental characteristics can influence program efficacy. The objective of the present study is to examine the bidirectional link between parental characteristics (depression, stress, self-efficacy) and parental practices within the context of a parent training program. Baseline parent self-efficacy predicted use of inconsistent discipline regardless of whether parents had followed the training program. Furthermore, baseline positive parental practices predicted parent self-efficacy, regardless of experimental condition.