The aim is to provide knowledge about educators ' views on physical activity in the transition between preschool and school. The selection consisted of pre-school teachers, teachers, and teachers specializing in sport. In total, six individual interviews were conducted and a focus group with four people. The results of the study show that transitions can be a challenge for both preschool teachers, teachers and children. If there is major change too fast between school forms and unstructured, it can contribute to a precariousness in the transition for children. There may be a risk of a decrease in physical activity without a structured interaction where the staff have an interaction between each other and their respective activities, therefore this study be important for pre-school and school activities in Transitions. Preschool teachers and teachers see synergy as an opportunity to maintain play and physics activity in transitions. It was considered important to take part of each other's experiences and competencies from the different educational contexts. One conclusion in the study is that it can be a challenge to create a sustainable transition structure for children to be able to maintain physical activity with an increased age.

Purpose: Small enterprises (10-49 employees and annual sales of less than 100 million SEK) in the construction industry do not often have the opportunity to develop as easily as large enterprises, often due to lack of knowledge and resources. The startup cost for BIM usage are high and involve the purchase of software licenses, hardware and education. One reason why enterprises do not use BIM is because the construction industry has always been conservative. The aim of the work is to establish simple guidelines for small enterprises, so that they get an effective transition process and can start projecting using BIM. Method: The methods used in the report are literature studies and interviews, therefore this is a qualitative study. The interviews are semi-structured, with a number of questions being determined before the interviews and follow-up questions are set during the interviews. The main theme of the interviews relates to the knowledge level within BIM, which preparations are required for the transition process, problems that may arise, the software used and the education of staff. The scientific literature consists of studies on Building Information Management, BIM in small enterprises, project management and steps to BIM. The literature is examined in a critical, methodical and systematic manner with a scientific purpose. The method was used to obtain trustworthy research around the area. Findings: BIM in the project management is often used in small enterprises for visualization of a construction project. More advanced use is not utilized to the extent that it is possible. None of the interviewees considered that the implementation of BIM was difficult. The most importantstep in the transition process are to make up a decision that BIM is to be used in the company. After the decision is taken, some of the most important steps are to evaluate resources, choose software, acquire hardware and train staff. Implications: BIM is an expensive investment, but in a long-term perspective it is profitable. The biggest obstacle with BIM is the lack of knowledge and low motivation for change. A clear plan must be made for the implementation of BIM and the enterprises management must realize the benefits of BIM before a decision on implementation can take place. BIM design improves communication opportunities between project managers and other stakeholders. Clashes between building components are often discovered during the design process, saving both time and money in the production. It is important that great commitment is being placed in the education of BIM and to review what resources the enterprise already has. Limitations: The report's empirical data is primarily collected and adapted to small enterprises. Only Swedish enterprises with employees who have experience of BIM use in the project management have been interviewed. The results of the research are only for Swedish enterprises who are going to make the transition process to a BIM-based project management. / Syfte: Små företag (10-49 anställda och en årlig omsättning som är mindre än 100 miljoner kr) i byggbranschen har sällan möjlighet till att utvecklas lika lätt som stora företag, vilket ofta beror på bristande kunskaper och resurser. Uppstartkostnaderna för BIM-användning är höga och innebär inköp av mjukvarulicenser, hårdvaror och utbildningar. En av anledningarna till att fler företag inte använder BIM är för att byggbranschen alltid har varit konservativ. Målet med arbetet är att etablera enkla riktlinjer åt små företag, så att de får en effektiv övergångsprocess och kan börja projektera med hjälp av BIM. Metod: De metoder som används i rapporten är litteraturstudier och intervjuer, alltså är rapporten en kvalitativ studie. Intervjuerna är semistrukturerade där ett antal frågor är bestämda innan intervjutillfällena och följdfrågor ställs under intervjuernas gång. Intervjuernas huvudområden och teman berör kunskapsnivå inom området BIM, vilka förberedelser som krävs för övergångsprocessen, problem som kan uppstå, vilka mjukvaror som används och utbildning utav personal. Vetenskaplig litteraturen består av studier om Building Information Management, BIM i små företag, projektledning och steg för BIM-implementering. Litteraturen granskas utifrån ett kritiskt, metodiskt och systematiskt sätt med ett vetenskapligt syfte. Metoden användes för att få fram trovärdig forskning kring området. Resultat: BIM i projektledningen används ofta i små företag för visualisering av ett byggprojekt. Mer avancerad användning utnyttjas inte i den utsträckning som det ges möjlighet till. Ingen av de intervjuade ansåg att implementeringen av BIM var svår. Det viktigaste steget i övergångsprocessen är att ta beslut om att BIM ska användas i företaget. Efter beslutet är taget är några av de viktigaste stegen att utvärdera resurser, välja mjukvaror, införskaffa hårdvaror och utbilda personal. Konsekvenser: BIM är en dyr investering, men i ett långsiktigt perspektiv är det lönsamt. Det största ansedda hindret med BIM är okunskap och låg motivation till förändring. En tydlig plan måste tas fram för implementeringen av BIM och företagets ledning måste inse fördelarna med BIM innan ett beslut om implementering kan ske. BIM-projektering förbättrar kommunikationsmöjligheterna mellan projektledaren och övriga intressenter. Många kollisioner mellan byggdelar upptäcks redan under projekteringen och sparar både tid och pengar i produktionen. Det är viktigt att stort engagemang läggs på utbildningen av BIM och att se över vilka resurser som företaget har. Begränsningar: Rapportens empiri är främst insamlad och anpassad åt små företag. Enbart svenska företag med anställda som har erfarenheter av BIM-användning i projekteringen har intervjuats. Resultatet gäller endast för svenska företag som planerar en övergångsprocess till en BIM-baserad projektledning.

This study describes transitions from preschool to preschool class. The purpose of this study is to contribute with knowledge of preschool teachers perspectives on their work of adapting transition processes to individual children´s needs and conditions. The focus of the study is preschool teachers descriptions/statements of their work. To answer the research questions qualitative interviews were done with five preschool teachers, from five different preschools. The study´s theoretical starting points are attachment theory and co-produced leadership. The results and conclusions show that the preshool teachers´work of adapting transition processes is conducted in different ways. This study contributes with the knowledge that it is complex to adapt transition processes for children individually and how the work is conducted can affect equivalence. / Den här studien beskriver arbetet med övergångar från förskola till förskoleklass. Syftet med studien är att bidra med kunskap om förskollärares perspektiv på sitt arbete med att anpassa övergångsprocesser till enskilda barns behov och förutsättningar. Fokus ligger empiriskt på deras beskrivningar/utsagor av sitt arbete. För att besvara syftet gjordes kvalitativa intervjuer med fem förskollärare, från fem olika förskolor. Studiens teoretiska utgångspunkter är anknytningsteorin och samproducerat ledarskap. Resultat och slutsatser visar att förskollärarnas arbete med att anpassa övergångsprocesser bedrivs på olika sätt. Den här studien bidrar med kunskap om att det är komplext att individanpassa övergångsprocesser för barn och att sättet som arbetet genomförs på kan påverka likvärdigheten.

In recent decades, recruitment and retention efforts to meet workforce demands and broaden participation in colleges of engineering across the country have focused primarily on catering to the needs of first-year, traditional age college students who matriculate from high school into 4-year institutions. While these efforts have moved the needle on enrollment and retention for undergraduate students in engineering, growth and improvement measures have started to taper in recent years. To meet current and future workforce demands for more STEM professionals in the United States, we must be creative about how to move beyond this ceiling effect; and, great potential exists among the growing population of students who begin their pursuit of a higher education at institutions other than 4-year public/private colleges. The purpose of this study is to increase understanding of engineering transfer students and their experiences at both sending and receiving institutions. Part of a larger mixed methods research investigation, this study draws on survey data from a sample of 1,070 engineering transfer students who transferred to one of four 4-year Texas institutions as new engineering students between 2007 and 2014. Research sites include four of the top ten producers of U.S. Hispanic/Latino engineers; and the framework for transfer student capital was used to organize this study's data collection and analytical plan. Structured as a manuscript style dissertation, this investigation offers a synthesis of recent literature on engineering transfer students and yields important findings on engineering transfer student movement through the higher education system at two distinct phases: 1) at the beginning of their higher education pathways in an investigation of students' reasons for starting at another institution and factors that influence their decisions to transfer; and 2) at the phase immediately following transfer in an investigation of the transition experience for students who transfer to a 4-year institution. For each phase, I identify emergent constructs and explore differences across subgroups of engineering transfer students (i.e., type of institution - selective versus open enrollment; type of transfer pathway - lateral versus vertical; student status as Hispanic/Latino; student status as first generation). This research joins and expands the small body of literature on engineering transfer students and brings data to higher education administrators so they can make more informed adjustments to existing institutional policies and practices that impact students as they transfer to engineering programs at 4-year institutions. Last, findings from this study also advance the current state of community college research on transfer students more generally. / PHD

The aim of the study is to investigate a selection of picture books about the start of school to see how children's transitions from preschool to preschool class are depicted. This is to further investigate whether picture books can be used as a complement to transition activities. Through this study, we aim to gain more knowledge about whether the books in the study could serve as a complement to transition activities.  In total, six picture books have been processed using close-up reading as a method and the developmental ecological niche theory. Previous research shows that the transition between preschool and preschool class is a problem area where there are major shortcomings in the interaction between these different activities. Therefore, the study aims to investigate a transitional activity without collaboration requirements for the activities. The results show that the characters in the picture books place the greatest emphasis on the community rather than the teaching and education in school. The social interaction and emotions are close in the plot and are difficult to distinguish as they often reflect each other. / Syftet med studien är att undersöka ett urval av bilderböcker om skolstarten för att se hur barns övergångar från förskola till förskoleklass skildras. Detta för att vidare undersöka om bilderböcker kan användas som komplement till övergångsaktiviteter. Genom denna undersökning strävar vi efter att få mer kunskap kring huruvida böckerna i studien skulle kunna fungera som ett komplement till övergångsaktiviteter. Totalt har sex bilderböcker bearbetats med hjälp av närläsning som metod och den utvecklingsekologiska nischteorin.  Den tidigare forskningen visar att övergången mellan förskola och förskoleklass är ett problemområde där stora brister finns i samverkan mellan dessa olika verksamheter. Därav eftersträvar studien att undersöka en övergångsaktivitet utan samverkanskrav för verksamheterna.  Resultatet visar att karaktärerna i bilderböckerna lägger störst vikt vid gemenskapen snarare än undervisningen och utbildningen i skolan. Det sociala samspelet och känslor ligger nära i handlingen och är svåra att särskilja då de ofta återspeglar varandra.

Hierdie studie is 'n kwalitatiewe ekosistemiese ondersoek van die fenomeen Chroniese Moegheidsindroom (CMS) . Die paradigmaverskuiwing vanaf die Cartesiaans-Newtoniaanse epistemologie na die kubernetiese epistemologie, het 'n aantal belangrike implikasies vir die bestudering en konseptualisering van CMS, soos uiteengesit in hierdie studie. 'n Bespreking van die konseptualisering en behandeling van CMS vanuit die tradisionele, reduksionistiese navorsing word verskaf. Die aannames van twee-orde kubernetika en sosiale konstruksionisme, is bespreek en toegepas op die beskrywing van twee sisteme waarin CMS voorkom. Die navorsingsmetodologie van die studie is gegenereer op grand van die genoemde teoretiese aannames. Die implikasies van die toepassing van die ekosistemiese epistemologie vir die konseptualisering van CMS word uitgewys. Die herkonseptualisering van CMS as 'n transisieproses word bespreek en riglyne vir verdere navorsing en psigoterapie word aangedui. Die huidige studie bied 'n beskrywing van die unieke betekenisse en oplossings wat gesinne genereer tydens die veranderings wat CMS vergesel. / The present study is a qualitative ecosystemic exploration of the phenomenon known as chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). The paradigm shift from the Newtonian epistemology to the epistemology of cybernetics, has important implication for research and the conceptualisation of CFS, as indicated in the study. The traditional, reductionist conceptualisation of CFS in research and treatment methods, is discussed. The suppositions of second order cybernetics and social constructionism, are discussed and applied in the description of two systems where CFS occurs. The research methodology of the present study is generated from the theoretical suppositions. Die implications of the use of the ecosystemic epistemology for the conceptualisation of CFS are indicated. The re-conceptualisation of CFS as a transition process is discussed and guidelines are given for future research and psychotherapy. The present study is a description of the unique meanings and solutions that the families generated during the changes that accompany CFS. / Psychology / M.A. (Kliniese Sielkunde)

<p>Metastasis of primary mammary tumors to vital secondary organs is the primary cause of breast cancer-associated death, with no effective treatment. Metastasis is a highly selective process that requires cancer cells to overcome multiple barriers to escape the primary tumor, survive in circulation, and eventually colonize distant secondary organs. One of the important aspects of metastatic cancers is the ability to undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the reverse process mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) process. Constant interconversion of tumor cells between these phenotypes creates epithelial-mesenchymal heterogeneity (EMH) and interaction between these tumor cell types and the stromal cell compartment is clearly important to metastasis. In healthy tissues, stromal cells maintain the composition and structure of the tissue through the production of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and paracrine signaling with epithelial cells. However, little is known about how EMH promotes changes in the ECM to promote breast cancer progression and metastasis. Cancer cells also secret exosomes, nano-size extracellular vesicles, to establish intercellular communication with distant organs in order to induce metastasis. These exosomes contain a plethora of different proteins including extracellular matrix proteins and matrix crosslinking enzymes. Fibronectin, an important ECM protein, plays an active role in tumor progression and is often crosslinked by tissue transglutaminase 2 (TGM2) to promote fibrosis in cancer. Both FN and TGM2 exist in exosomes and are expressed by heterogenous breast tumors. Although FN and TGM2 have been reported to play essential roles in cancer, their involvement in metastasis remains unclear. This work utilizes a variety of approaches to investigate the role of tumor heterogeneity and ECM proteins in promoting breast cancer metastasis. In this dissertation, we establish that mesenchymal cells expressing intracellular FN are held in a stable non-metastatic mesenchymal phenotype and produce cellular fibrils containing functionalized FN capable of supporting the growth of metastatic competent epithelial cells. We introduce a novel 3D culture system consisting of a tessellated scaffold which is capable of recapitulating cellular and matrix phenotypes <i>in vivo. </i>Further, we also demonstrate breast tumor cells secrete exosomes containing TGM2 crosslinked FN fibrils to promote premetastatic niche formation and induction of metastasis.<i> </i>Using genetic approaches, we establish TGM2 is essential and sufficient to drive metastasis. Finally, we demonstrate pharmacological inhibition of TGM2 offers a potential therapeutic strategy to treat metastatic breast cancer. Altogether, our research provides insights into the mechanism through which TGM2 promotes metastatic breast cancer. This work will help in developing new drugs to target TGM2 aimed at reducing breast cancer metastasis.<br></p>

The linear instability of laterally diverging/converging flows is an important aspect towards understanding the laminar-transition process in many viscous flows. In this work the linear instability of constant pressure laterally diverging/converging flow has been investigated. The laminar velocity field for laterally diverging/converging flows, under the source/sink approximation, has been reduced to two-dimensional flows. This reduction is alternative to the Mangier transformation used earlier. For a constant pressure laterally strained flow, the laminar velocity is found to be governed by the Blasius equation for flow over a flat plate. The non-parallel linear instability of constant pressure laterally strained flows has been examined. The instability equation is found to be same as that for the Blasius flow. This implies that the stability is same as that for the Blasius flow. A lateral divergence/convergence is shown to alter the Reynolds number from that in a two-dimensional flow. The instability of a laterally converging/diverging flow thus can be obtained from the available results for the Blasius flow by scaling the Reynolds numbers. This leads to the result that while a diverging flow is more unstable than the Blasius flow, a converging flow is more stable. Some additional relevant results are also presented.

No description available.

Hierdie studie is 'n kwalitatiewe ekosistemiese ondersoek van die fenomeen Chroniese Moegheidsindroom (CMS) . Die paradigmaverskuiwing vanaf die Cartesiaans-Newtoniaanse epistemologie na die kubernetiese epistemologie, het 'n aantal belangrike implikasies vir die bestudering en konseptualisering van CMS, soos uiteengesit in hierdie studie. 'n Bespreking van die konseptualisering en behandeling van CMS vanuit die tradisionele, reduksionistiese navorsing word verskaf. Die aannames van twee-orde kubernetika en sosiale konstruksionisme, is bespreek en toegepas op die beskrywing van twee sisteme waarin CMS voorkom. Die navorsingsmetodologie van die studie is gegenereer op grand van die genoemde teoretiese aannames. Die implikasies van die toepassing van die ekosistemiese epistemologie vir die konseptualisering van CMS word uitgewys. Die herkonseptualisering van CMS as 'n transisieproses word bespreek en riglyne vir verdere navorsing en psigoterapie word aangedui. Die huidige studie bied 'n beskrywing van die unieke betekenisse en oplossings wat gesinne genereer tydens die veranderings wat CMS vergesel. / The present study is a qualitative ecosystemic exploration of the phenomenon known as chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). The paradigm shift from the Newtonian epistemology to the epistemology of cybernetics, has important implication for research and the conceptualisation of CFS, as indicated in the study. The traditional, reductionist conceptualisation of CFS in research and treatment methods, is discussed. The suppositions of second order cybernetics and social constructionism, are discussed and applied in the description of two systems where CFS occurs. The research methodology of the present study is generated from the theoretical suppositions. Die implications of the use of the ecosystemic epistemology for the conceptualisation of CFS are indicated. The re-conceptualisation of CFS as a transition process is discussed and guidelines are given for future research and psychotherapy. The present study is a description of the unique meanings and solutions that the families generated during the changes that accompany CFS. / Psychology / M.A. (Kliniese Sielkunde)