Vor dem Hintergrund einer weiter zusammenrückenden, Grenzen verschiebenden und globalisierten Welt ist grundlegend zu fragen, inwieweit in Theorie und Praxis von einem Anpassungsprozess einer Minderheit an die Mehrheitsgesellschaft gesprochen werden kann. Ein zunehmender gesellschaftlicher, medialer und politischer Diskurs über die (Des-)Integration der türkischen Migrant*innen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland ist seit dem Putschversuch des türkischen Militärs im April 2017 zu beobachten gewesen. Im Zuge dieser Debatten offenbaren sich zahlreiche Deutungen und Auffassungen über den Integrationsbegriff, welcher zuweilen als ein einseitiger Anpassungsprozess einer definierten Gruppe an die jeweils andere interpretiert und kommuniziert wird. Nicht zuletzt hatte diese Lesart konkrete Auswirkungen auf die politischen „Integrationsmaßnahmen“. Allerdings zeigen diverse Studien, dass die türkischen Migrant*innen bereits als gut integriert gelten. Die Diskrepanz zwischen diesen Realitäten führt in der vorliegenden Arbeit zu einer Kontroverse, die den Integrationsbegriff historisch aufarbeitet, hinterfragt und eine Alternative für die analytische Auseinandersetzung anbietet.:I. Abkürzungsverzeichnis 5 II. Tabellenverzeichnis 7 1 Integration im Diskurs – eine Einführung 9 2 Bedeutungsebenen zwischen Integration und Assimilation 13 2.1 Integration im Forschungsdiskurs 13 2.1.1 Zwischen Integrations- und Assimilationstheorie 14 2.1.2 Dimensionen, Formen und Indikatoren in der Systemintegration 18 2.2 Integrationspolitik und gesellschaftliche Debatten 23 2.2.1 Genealogie des politischen Integrationsbegriffes 23 2.2.2 Grundzüge der deutschen Integrationspolitik 25 2.3 Das Spannungsverhältnis von Segregation und Integration 27 2.4 Zur Kritik am Integrations- und Assimilationsbegriff 30 3 Transnationalität und Integration 35 3.1 Transnationalität als Antwort auf etablierte soziologische Integrationsdiskurse 35 3.2 Das Verhältnis von Transnationalität und Integration 37 3.3 Zwischenfazit: Return of Assimilation? 40 4 Das soziale Kapital 45 4.1 Theoretische Grundlagen 45 4.1.1 Mikroanalytischer Zugang 45 4.1.2 Makroanalytischer Zugang 46 4.1.3 Resümee 47 4.2 Grundvoraussetzungen für die Schaffung von Sozialkapital 48 4.2.1 Die soziale Beziehung 48 4.2.2 Die soziale Beziehung und das Netzwerk 49 4.2.3 Kontextualität des Sozialkapitals 50 4.2.4 Kritik am Sozialkapitalkonzept 52 4.3 Dimensionen des Sozialkapitals 52 4.3.1 Beziehungskapital 52 4.3.2 Systemkapital 54 5 Die Rolle des Sozialkapitals auf die ‚Inklusion‘ im Kontext der Transnationalität 57 5.1 Transnationalität und Sozialkapital 57 5.2 Zur Bedeutung von Netzwerken 59 5.2.1 Verwandtennetzwerke 59 5.2.2 Freundesnetzwerke 62 5.2.3 Gesellschaftliche Partizipation 64 5.2.4 Transnationale Beziehungsnetzwerke 66 6 Schlussfolgerung 71 Literatur- und Quellenverzeichnis 75

Nesta tese apresento um estudo que parte de um trabalho de campo realizado na Cidade de Nova Iorque em 2016 e 2017. A etnografia se refere a um grupo de mulheres mexicanas vendedoras de comida típica na rua, localizadas principalmente na Roosevelt Avenue, no bairro Jackson Heights, Queens, provenientes na sua grande maioria de pequenas cidades no estado mexicano de Puebla. A migração destas mulheres adquire um papel relevante, pelos fenômenos culturais, sociais e de identidade que gera. Este grupo representa o exemplo de uma sociedade indígena camponesa, que através da sua história tem mantido uma forte tradição cultural, sendo grupos étnicos reconhecidos, com uma forte tradição religiosa, linguística, musical, social, festiva e familiar e que se encontram com a necessidade de emigrar na procura de uma vida melhor. As características assinaladas neste trabalho e as estratégias socioculturais, comunitárias e familiares, construídas pelas imigrantes, são encaminhadas principalmente para conhecer grupos particulares de indivíduos que vão mudando determinados comportamentos no seu processo de adaptação na nova comunidade transnacional. Procuramos entender também a readequação destas mulheres que constroem famílias, gerando novas identidades e novas redes sócio-familiares e que ao mesmo tempo, modificam as relações tradicionais sociais e familiares, em seu entorno migratório assim como com a família e a comunidade que deixaram atrás. Examinaremos, a partir da revisão de teorias e conceptos, em que ponto está posicionado o papel da mulher e da família nesse processo migratório. Ao mesmo tempo, colocaremos as diversas identidades que surgem na trajetória migratória: ser mulher, ser indígena, ser migrante, ser hispana, ser indocumentada, com todas as suas possibilidades, complexidades e limitações, quando enfrentam uma nova sociedade com valores sociais e culturais diferentes. / In this thesis I present a study whose foundation was a field work carried out in New York City in 2016 and 2017. The ethnography refers to a group of Mexican women selling their typical food on the street, mainly located on Roosevelt Avenue, in Jackson Heights neighborhood, Queens, mostly arrived from small towns in the state of Puebla, México. The migration of these women acquires a relevant role, due to the cultural, social and identity phenomena it demonstrates and generates. This group represents an example of an indigenous peasant society, which through its history has maintained a strong cultural tradition, being recognized as one of several ethnic groups with a strong religious, linguistic, musical, social, festive, culinary and family traditions that needed to emigrate in search of a better life. The characteristics pointed out in this study and the sociocultural, community and family strategies built by the immigrants, are directed mainly to know how particular groups of individuals change certain behaviors in their process of adaptation in a new transnational community. We also try to understand the readjustment of these women who build families, generating new identities and new family and social networks that at the same time modify the traditional social and family relations in their migratory environment as well as with the family and the community that they left behind. We examine, through the revision of theories and concepts, the position and roles of women and the family in this female migratory process. At the same time, we analyze and debate the different identities that emerge in the migratory trajectory: being a woman, being indigenous, being a migrant, being Mexican Hispanic, being undocumented, with all its possibilities, complexities and limitations when they face a new society with different social and cultural values.

Nesta tese apresento um estudo que parte de um trabalho de campo realizado na Cidade de Nova Iorque em 2016 e 2017. A etnografia se refere a um grupo de mulheres mexicanas vendedoras de comida típica na rua, localizadas principalmente na Roosevelt Avenue, no bairro Jackson Heights, Queens, provenientes na sua grande maioria de pequenas cidades no estado mexicano de Puebla. A migração destas mulheres adquire um papel relevante, pelos fenômenos culturais, sociais e de identidade que gera. Este grupo representa o exemplo de uma sociedade indígena camponesa, que através da sua história tem mantido uma forte tradição cultural, sendo grupos étnicos reconhecidos, com uma forte tradição religiosa, linguística, musical, social, festiva e familiar e que se encontram com a necessidade de emigrar na procura de uma vida melhor. As características assinaladas neste trabalho e as estratégias socioculturais, comunitárias e familiares, construídas pelas imigrantes, são encaminhadas principalmente para conhecer grupos particulares de indivíduos que vão mudando determinados comportamentos no seu processo de adaptação na nova comunidade transnacional. Procuramos entender também a readequação destas mulheres que constroem famílias, gerando novas identidades e novas redes sócio-familiares e que ao mesmo tempo, modificam as relações tradicionais sociais e familiares, em seu entorno migratório assim como com a família e a comunidade que deixaram atrás. Examinaremos, a partir da revisão de teorias e conceptos, em que ponto está posicionado o papel da mulher e da família nesse processo migratório. Ao mesmo tempo, colocaremos as diversas identidades que surgem na trajetória migratória: ser mulher, ser indígena, ser migrante, ser hispana, ser indocumentada, com todas as suas possibilidades, complexidades e limitações, quando enfrentam uma nova sociedade com valores sociais e culturais diferentes. / In this thesis I present a study whose foundation was a field work carried out in New York City in 2016 and 2017. The ethnography refers to a group of Mexican women selling their typical food on the street, mainly located on Roosevelt Avenue, in Jackson Heights neighborhood, Queens, mostly arrived from small towns in the state of Puebla, México. The migration of these women acquires a relevant role, due to the cultural, social and identity phenomena it demonstrates and generates. This group represents an example of an indigenous peasant society, which through its history has maintained a strong cultural tradition, being recognized as one of several ethnic groups with a strong religious, linguistic, musical, social, festive, culinary and family traditions that needed to emigrate in search of a better life. The characteristics pointed out in this study and the sociocultural, community and family strategies built by the immigrants, are directed mainly to know how particular groups of individuals change certain behaviors in their process of adaptation in a new transnational community. We also try to understand the readjustment of these women who build families, generating new identities and new family and social networks that at the same time modify the traditional social and family relations in their migratory environment as well as with the family and the community that they left behind. We examine, through the revision of theories and concepts, the position and roles of women and the family in this female migratory process. At the same time, we analyze and debate the different identities that emerge in the migratory trajectory: being a woman, being indigenous, being a migrant, being Mexican Hispanic, being undocumented, with all its possibilities, complexities and limitations when they face a new society with different social and cultural values.

Nesta tese apresento um estudo que parte de um trabalho de campo realizado na Cidade de Nova Iorque em 2016 e 2017. A etnografia se refere a um grupo de mulheres mexicanas vendedoras de comida típica na rua, localizadas principalmente na Roosevelt Avenue, no bairro Jackson Heights, Queens, provenientes na sua grande maioria de pequenas cidades no estado mexicano de Puebla. A migração destas mulheres adquire um papel relevante, pelos fenômenos culturais, sociais e de identidade que gera. Este grupo representa o exemplo de uma sociedade indígena camponesa, que através da sua história tem mantido uma forte tradição cultural, sendo grupos étnicos reconhecidos, com uma forte tradição religiosa, linguística, musical, social, festiva e familiar e que se encontram com a necessidade de emigrar na procura de uma vida melhor. As características assinaladas neste trabalho e as estratégias socioculturais, comunitárias e familiares, construídas pelas imigrantes, são encaminhadas principalmente para conhecer grupos particulares de indivíduos que vão mudando determinados comportamentos no seu processo de adaptação na nova comunidade transnacional. Procuramos entender também a readequação destas mulheres que constroem famílias, gerando novas identidades e novas redes sócio-familiares e que ao mesmo tempo, modificam as relações tradicionais sociais e familiares, em seu entorno migratório assim como com a família e a comunidade que deixaram atrás. Examinaremos, a partir da revisão de teorias e conceptos, em que ponto está posicionado o papel da mulher e da família nesse processo migratório. Ao mesmo tempo, colocaremos as diversas identidades que surgem na trajetória migratória: ser mulher, ser indígena, ser migrante, ser hispana, ser indocumentada, com todas as suas possibilidades, complexidades e limitações, quando enfrentam uma nova sociedade com valores sociais e culturais diferentes. / In this thesis I present a study whose foundation was a field work carried out in New York City in 2016 and 2017. The ethnography refers to a group of Mexican women selling their typical food on the street, mainly located on Roosevelt Avenue, in Jackson Heights neighborhood, Queens, mostly arrived from small towns in the state of Puebla, México. The migration of these women acquires a relevant role, due to the cultural, social and identity phenomena it demonstrates and generates. This group represents an example of an indigenous peasant society, which through its history has maintained a strong cultural tradition, being recognized as one of several ethnic groups with a strong religious, linguistic, musical, social, festive, culinary and family traditions that needed to emigrate in search of a better life. The characteristics pointed out in this study and the sociocultural, community and family strategies built by the immigrants, are directed mainly to know how particular groups of individuals change certain behaviors in their process of adaptation in a new transnational community. We also try to understand the readjustment of these women who build families, generating new identities and new family and social networks that at the same time modify the traditional social and family relations in their migratory environment as well as with the family and the community that they left behind. We examine, through the revision of theories and concepts, the position and roles of women and the family in this female migratory process. At the same time, we analyze and debate the different identities that emerge in the migratory trajectory: being a woman, being indigenous, being a migrant, being Mexican Hispanic, being undocumented, with all its possibilities, complexities and limitations when they face a new society with different social and cultural values.

De manière générale, ma thèse examine les mécanismes des processus sociaux, économiques et politiques ayant contribué, souvent de manière contradictoire, à la (re)définition des critères d’adhésion au sein de la nation et de l’Etat. Elle le fait par le dialogue au sein de deux grands corps de littérature intimement liés, la citoyenneté et le transnationalisme, qui se sont penchés sur les questions d’appartenance, d’exclusion, de mobilité et d’accès aux droits chez les migrants transnationaux tout en soulignant la capacité accrue de l’Etat à réguler à la fois les déplacements de personnes et l’accès des migrants aux droits. Cette thèse remet en question trois principes qui influencent la recherche et les programmes d’action publique ayant trait au transnationalisme et à la citoyenneté des migrants, et remet en cause les approches analytiques hégémoniques et méthodologiques qui les sous-tendent. L’étude a été menée à deux niveaux distincts d’analyse empirique et analytique. D’une part, nous examinons les « technologies de la citoyenneté » (Ong 2003, Fujiwara 2008) qui ont été développées par le gouvernement pour transformer l’Argentine en une nation latino-américaine diverse et inclusive pendant la dernière décennie, en nous intéressant particulièrement à la création, par le Kirchnerisme, d’une « nouvelle légalité » pour les Paraguayens, les Boliviens et les Péruviens résidant dans le pays. D’autre part, nous analysons la « dimension horizontale des processus de citoyenneté » (Neveu 2005, Pickus and Skerry 2007, Gagné and Neveu 2009) chez ces migrants dans des aires urbaines, périphériques et rurales du partido de La Plata. Plus spécifiquement, nous examinons dans quelle mesure les conditions socioéconomiques des migrants ont changé suite à leur nouveau statut légal (en tant que ressortissants du MERCOSUR en Argentine, dont les droits sont égaux à ceux des citoyens) et aux politiques de « citoyenneté inclusive » déployées par le gouvernement. Cette thèse se penche particulièrement sur les fondations et l’incarnation (« embodiment ») des droits en examinant comment le nouveau statut légal des migrants se manifeste au quotidien en fonction de a) où ils vivent et travaillent, et b) leur statut social perçu par les autres migrants et non-migrants. D’une part, nous examinons les aires urbaines, périphériques et rurales de La Plata en tant que « zones de souveraineté graduée » (Ong 1999), où des régimes de gouvernementalité locaux spécifiques se sont développés en lien avec l’installation de groupes ethniques souvent distincts, et dont les droits et devoirs diffèrent de ceux d’autres zones. D’autre part, nous étudions la façon dont le statut social est produit à travers les interactions sociales quotidiennes en transposant des distinctions construites socialement telles que race, classe, genre et origine nationale, en systèmes d’exclusion formels (Gregory 2007). Notre analyse ethnographique de ce que nous appelons les « expériences de légalité » des migrants démontre que leur égalité formelle vis-à-vis des Argentins, loin d’être simplement donnée comme un nouveau statut légal uniformément garanti pour tous, est à la fois inégalement vécue par les divers migrants, et différemment respectée dans les zones géographiques dirigées par divers régimes de gouvernementalité (Foucault 1978). / Broadly speaking, my thesis examines the workings of grounded social, economic and political processes that have contributed, often in a conflicting manner, to the (re)definition of membership criteria in both the nation and the state. It does so in dialogue with two broad, interrelated bodies of literature, those on citizenship and transnationalism, which have examined issues of belonging, exclusion, mobility and access to rights among transnational migrants, while highlighting the renewed capacity of the state to regulate both people’s movements and migrants’ actual access to public entitlements. My dissertation challenges three sets of claims shaping research and policy agendas on migrant transnationalism and citizenship, and questions the hegemonic analytical and methodological approaches underlying them. My research has been carried out at two distinctive analytical and empirical levels. On the one hand, I examine the “technologies of citizenship” (Ong 2003, Fujiwara 2008) deployed by the government to transform Argentina into a diverse, inclusive and Latin American nation over the past decade, paying particular attention to Kirchnerismo’s creation of a “new legality” for the Paraguayans, Bolivians and Peruvians in the country. On the other hand, I analyze the “horizontal dimensions of citizenship processes” (Neveu 2005, Pickus and Skerry 2007, Gagné and Neveu 2009) among these migrants in urban, peripheral and rural areas of the partido of La Plata. Namely, I study the extent to which migrants’ socio-economic circumstances have changed in tandem with their new legal status (as nationals of the MERCOSUR in Argentina with rights equal to those of its citizens) and the “inclusive citizenship” policies deployed by the government. My dissertation pays particular attention to the grounding and embodiment of rights by examining how migrants’ new legal status translates into everyday life depending on a) where they live and work, and b) their perceived social status by other migrants and non-migrants. On the one hand, I look at urban, peripheral and rural areas of La Plata as zones of graduated sovereignty (Ong 1999) where particular governmentality regimes have emerged in tandem with the settlement of often ethnically marked groupings, whose entitlements and obligations differ from those in other zones. On the other hand, I examine how social status is produced through everyday social interaction by transposing socially constructed distinctions, such as race, class, gender and national origin, into formal systems of exclusion (Gregory 2007). My ethnographic analysis of what I shall call limítrofes’ experiences of legality demonstrates that their formal equality vis-à-vis Argentinians, far from being merely given as a new legal status evenly guaranteed to all, is both unequally experienced by diverse migrants and differently enforced in geographic areas governed by distinctive governmentality regimes (Foucault 1978).

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2015-10-21T14:23:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LENARA GIRON DA SILVA_.pdf: 1909752 bytes, checksum: 7fde4282ff8b81097a6a1684da9efdec (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-21T14:23:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LENARA GIRON DA SILVA_.pdf: 1909752 bytes, checksum: 7fde4282ff8b81097a6a1684da9efdec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-31 / Nenhuma / Quando se fala genericamente em globalização, surgem inúmeros temas desafiadores -muitos envolvendo o foco de interesse do Direito. Presentemente, não se podem ignorar as irritações do Sistema Econômico ao Sistema do Direito, em especial no direito do trabalho. Esta dissertação tem como objetivo analisar de que forma as relações laborais estão sendo regulamentados na sociedade mundial. A busca constante de lucro pelo sistema econômico que através das organizações empresariais estão se estruturando, cada vez mais,para alcançar o baixo custo da produção, bem como a falta de parâmetro dos direitos laborais acarretam problemas na sociedade e provocam a necessidade dereprodução do sistema do direito. O sistema político, com os avanços da sociedade mundial, passa ter dificuldades para regulamentar os direitos laborais, pois o Estado da forma que está organizado não se mostra efetivo para resolução de relações de trabalho que ultrapassam suas fronteiras. Em um primeiro momento, surge a busca pela regulamentação dos direitos laborais no âmbito da Organização Internacional do Trabalho (OIT), todavia, ainda que de suma importância, esta não possui estrutura efetiva para lidar com a complexidade dos direitos laborais, devido à sua dificuldade de apresentar mecanismos que permitam aplicação de suas convenções, sua aceitação e, assim, sua reafirmação. Com o intuito de fornecer uma resposta à sociedade, a OIT se reproduz prevendo o direito à liberdade sindical e a negociação coletiva, como princípios fundamentais. Portanto, o trabalho proposto pretende responder: de que forma os direitos laborais estão sendo regulados em uma sociedade mundial, diante da não efetividade da OIT? Acerca disso, constatou-se que uma das soluções decorre do acoplamento estrutural do Sistema do Direito do Trabalho e do Sistema Econômico, através de Tratados Internacionais com a previsão de cláusulas sociais em uma atuação conjunta da Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC) e OIT. Para além da referida solução, e de forma mais efetiva, tem-se a negociação coletiva promovida pelas Organizações Sindicais e Empresas Transnacionais. As Centrais Sindicais estão efetuando um constante trabalho pela regulamentação mundial dos direitos laborais sociais, visando ao respeito e à dignidade ao trabalhador. Utilizou-se, para tanto, como aporte teórico ao estudo em questão, a Teoria dos Sistemas. O método adotado foi o sistêmico. / When speaking generally, about globalization, many challenging issues arise, many involving the Law’s focus of interest. Presently, the exasperations of the economic system cannot ignore the Labor Law, which has been deeply affected by the effects and requirements of this worldwide phenomenon. This paper aims to analyze how the transactional labor rights are being regulated in the global society. Labor relations are increasingly widespread and without parameters, due to the constant pursuit of profit by multinational companies that are organized in seeking low production cost, directly impelling the worker’s human rights.The State, before this overview, no longer suffices to regulate labor rights, as labor relations go beyond its borders. At first comes the search for the regulation of labor rights in the International Labor Organization (ILO), however this organization, although extremely important, does not have enough structures to deal with the complexity of labor rights, due to its failure power of coercion and punishment. In order to reply to society, the International Labor Organization reproduces providing a right to freedom of association and collective bargaining as fundamental principles. Thus the suggested work aims to answer: How labor rights are being regulated in a global society facing the failure of the ILO? One of the solutions can be found in the structural coupling of labor law system and the economic system through International Treaties with the prediction of social clauses in a joint effort of the World Trade Organization and the International Labor Organization. In addition to this solution, and more effectively, there is the collective bargaining promoted by the unions and transactional companies. The Trade Unions are doing a constant effort in search of a worldwide regulation of social labor rights aiming to respect a worthy job to the worker. The provided theoretical support used is the Luhmann’s Theory of Social Systems. The method used is the deductive, because it will start from general premises to specific assumptions.

De manière générale, ma thèse examine les mécanismes des processus sociaux, économiques et politiques ayant contribué, souvent de manière contradictoire, à la (re)définition des critères d’adhésion au sein de la nation et de l’Etat. Elle le fait par le dialogue au sein de deux grands corps de littérature intimement liés, la citoyenneté et le transnationalisme, qui se sont penchés sur les questions d’appartenance, d’exclusion, de mobilité et d’accès aux droits chez les migrants transnationaux tout en soulignant la capacité accrue de l’Etat à réguler à la fois les déplacements de personnes et l’accès des migrants aux droits. Cette thèse remet en question trois principes qui influencent la recherche et les programmes d’action publique ayant trait au transnationalisme et à la citoyenneté des migrants, et remet en cause les approches analytiques hégémoniques et méthodologiques qui les sous-tendent. L’étude a été menée à deux niveaux distincts d’analyse empirique et analytique. D’une part, nous examinons les « technologies de la citoyenneté » (Ong 2003, Fujiwara 2008) qui ont été développées par le gouvernement pour transformer l’Argentine en une nation latino-américaine diverse et inclusive pendant la dernière décennie, en nous intéressant particulièrement à la création, par le Kirchnerisme, d’une « nouvelle légalité » pour les Paraguayens, les Boliviens et les Péruviens résidant dans le pays. D’autre part, nous analysons la « dimension horizontale des processus de citoyenneté » (Neveu 2005, Pickus and Skerry 2007, Gagné and Neveu 2009) chez ces migrants dans des aires urbaines, périphériques et rurales du partido de La Plata. Plus spécifiquement, nous examinons dans quelle mesure les conditions socioéconomiques des migrants ont changé suite à leur nouveau statut légal (en tant que ressortissants du MERCOSUR en Argentine, dont les droits sont égaux à ceux des citoyens) et aux politiques de « citoyenneté inclusive » déployées par le gouvernement. Cette thèse se penche particulièrement sur les fondations et l’incarnation (« embodiment ») des droits en examinant comment le nouveau statut légal des migrants se manifeste au quotidien en fonction de a) où ils vivent et travaillent, et b) leur statut social perçu par les autres migrants et non-migrants. D’une part, nous examinons les aires urbaines, périphériques et rurales de La Plata en tant que « zones de souveraineté graduée » (Ong 1999), où des régimes de gouvernementalité locaux spécifiques se sont développés en lien avec l’installation de groupes ethniques souvent distincts, et dont les droits et devoirs diffèrent de ceux d’autres zones. D’autre part, nous étudions la façon dont le statut social est produit à travers les interactions sociales quotidiennes en transposant des distinctions construites socialement telles que race, classe, genre et origine nationale, en systèmes d’exclusion formels (Gregory 2007). Notre analyse ethnographique de ce que nous appelons les « expériences de légalité » des migrants démontre que leur égalité formelle vis-à-vis des Argentins, loin d’être simplement donnée comme un nouveau statut légal uniformément garanti pour tous, est à la fois inégalement vécue par les divers migrants, et différemment respectée dans les zones géographiques dirigées par divers régimes de gouvernementalité (Foucault 1978). / Broadly speaking, my thesis examines the workings of grounded social, economic and political processes that have contributed, often in a conflicting manner, to the (re)definition of membership criteria in both the nation and the state. It does so in dialogue with two broad, interrelated bodies of literature, those on citizenship and transnationalism, which have examined issues of belonging, exclusion, mobility and access to rights among transnational migrants, while highlighting the renewed capacity of the state to regulate both people’s movements and migrants’ actual access to public entitlements. My dissertation challenges three sets of claims shaping research and policy agendas on migrant transnationalism and citizenship, and questions the hegemonic analytical and methodological approaches underlying them. My research has been carried out at two distinctive analytical and empirical levels. On the one hand, I examine the “technologies of citizenship” (Ong 2003, Fujiwara 2008) deployed by the government to transform Argentina into a diverse, inclusive and Latin American nation over the past decade, paying particular attention to Kirchnerismo’s creation of a “new legality” for the Paraguayans, Bolivians and Peruvians in the country. On the other hand, I analyze the “horizontal dimensions of citizenship processes” (Neveu 2005, Pickus and Skerry 2007, Gagné and Neveu 2009) among these migrants in urban, peripheral and rural areas of the partido of La Plata. Namely, I study the extent to which migrants’ socio-economic circumstances have changed in tandem with their new legal status (as nationals of the MERCOSUR in Argentina with rights equal to those of its citizens) and the “inclusive citizenship” policies deployed by the government. My dissertation pays particular attention to the grounding and embodiment of rights by examining how migrants’ new legal status translates into everyday life depending on a) where they live and work, and b) their perceived social status by other migrants and non-migrants. On the one hand, I look at urban, peripheral and rural areas of La Plata as zones of graduated sovereignty (Ong 1999) where particular governmentality regimes have emerged in tandem with the settlement of often ethnically marked groupings, whose entitlements and obligations differ from those in other zones. On the other hand, I examine how social status is produced through everyday social interaction by transposing socially constructed distinctions, such as race, class, gender and national origin, into formal systems of exclusion (Gregory 2007). My ethnographic analysis of what I shall call limítrofes’ experiences of legality demonstrates that their formal equality vis-à-vis Argentinians, far from being merely given as a new legal status evenly guaranteed to all, is both unequally experienced by diverse migrants and differently enforced in geographic areas governed by distinctive governmentality regimes (Foucault 1978).

Выпускная квалификационная работа состоит из трёх глав и заключения. Объем работы составляет 123 страница. Темой диссертационной работы «Факторы повышения конкурентоспособности международных компаний в современных условиях». Исследование является актуальным, так как энергетика находится на этапе всеобщего перехода к возобновляемым источникам энергии. Enel глобализирует распространение новых технологий и нуждаются в иностранных инвестициях стран потенциального будущего присутствия. Целью выпускной квалификационной работы является разработка рекомендаций для компании, находящейся в стадии подготовки к привлечению иностранных инвесторов. Объектом научно-исследовательской работы является итальянская энергетическая компания Enel s.p.a. Предметом – особенности стратегического планирования компании энергетической отрасли. Проведена оценка энергетической отрасли в ситуации пандемии COVID-19. Высказаны предположения по поводу последствий влияния пандемии на рынок энергетики. Описаны особенности деятельности компании-объекта, организационная структура, а также риски и корпоративное управление. Проведена оценка основных производственноэкономических показателей̆компании, а также оценка стоимости компании. Далее проведен анализ рынка конкурентов путем оценки результатов деятельности четырех основных конкурентов. Проведена оценка позиции Enel S.P.A на энергетическом рынке на основании положения крупнейших конкурентов. Разработана стратегия повышения инвестиционного потенциала международной энергетической компании. Проанализирована эффективность деятельности компании путем выявления рисков. Привлечены такие методы, как «Three Pillars of Electricity industry sustainability», The 3A Framework», SWOT анализ. Далее проведена оценка глобальной деятельности компании путем вычисления Индекса транснациональности. Выявлены аспекты ключевой стратегии Enel. Завершающей частью работы стало разработка рекомендаций для повышения возможности трансформации внутренней̆ среды Enel S.P.A. в целях повышения привлекательности общества в свете интересов иностранных инвесторов. / The study is relevant, as the energy sector is at the stage of universal transition to renewable energy sources. Enel is globalizing the spread of new technologies and needs foreign investment from countries with a potential future presence. The purpose of the final qualification work is to develop recommendations for a company that is in the process of preparing to attract foreign investors. The object of the research work is the Italian energy company Enel s. p.a. The subject is the peculiarities of strategic planning of the company in the energy industry. An assessment of the energy industry in the situation of the COVID-19 pandemic was carried out. Suggestions have been made about the impact of the pandemic on the energy market. The features of the target company's activity, organizational structure, as well as risks and corporate governance are described. The assessment of the main production and economic indicators of the company, as well as the assessment of the company's value, was carried out. Further, the analysis of the competitors ' market is carried out by evaluating the performance of the four main competitors. The assessment of Enel S. P. A's position in the energy market is based on the position of its largest competitors. A strategy has been developed to increase the investment potential of an international energy company. The effectiveness of the company's activities is analyzed by identifying risks. Methods such as "Three Pillars of Electricity industry sustainability", The 3A Framework", SWOT analysis are involved. Further, the assessment of the global activity of the company is carried out by calculating the Index of transnationality. Aspects of Enel's key strategy are identified. The final part of the work was the development of recommendations to increase the possibility of transforming the internal environment of Enel S. P. A. in order to increase the attractiveness of the company in the light of the interests of foreign investors.

Migration ist eines der präsentesten und prägendsten Themen unserer Zeit. In dieser Ethnographie richtet sich der Blick exemplarisch auf die Akteur*innen der (‚Gastarbeits‘-)Migration, hier konkret auf mehrgenerationelle Familien im transnationalen sozialen Migrations- und Verflechtungsraum Türkei-Deutschland. Im Fokus stehen dabei ihre Identitätsprozesse, In- und Exklusionserfahrungen und Empowermentpraxen nicht nur während der ‚Gastarbeits‘-, sondern auch in der Prä- und Postmigrationsphase. Migration wird in dieser Forschungsarbeit akteurszentriert aus dem konkreten sozialen, hier familiär eingebetteten Alltagshandeln und den Narrationen ihrer Subjekte in dichter teilnehmender Beobachtung beschrieben. Auf den Fersen der Familien(angehörigen) und ihren Identitäten in Bewegung erweiterte sich die Feldforschung zu einer multilokalen, -methodischen und -lingualen Ethnographie. Als Proband*innen traten dabei zwei Familien aus der ostanatolischen Dersim-Region der Türkei mit zwei Spezifika hervor; zum einen durch ihre ursprünglich familiäre Sprache Zazaki und zum anderen ihre Zugehörigkeit zur alevitischen (Glaubens-)Gemeinschaft, wobei innerhalb des alevitischen Glaubenssystems die eine einer Ocak- und die andere einer Talip-Familie angehört. Migration und darin auch Identitätsarbeit zeigen sich in dieser Familienethnographie als ein geistig, körperlich wie auch emotional konflikthafter und komplexer individuell-sozialer Prozess der permanenten Aushandlung und Veränderung unter Bedingungen von Diversität und intersektionaler Differenz. In ihrer Ambivalenz ist dieser Prozess somit Herausforderung und Chance zugleich. Resümierend lässt sich Identitätsarbeit im transnationalen Migrations- und Familienraum auch als Empowerment- und Powersharingarbeit beschreiben, als einem kreativ-interaktiven Handeln im „dritten Raum“, dem „Zwischenraum“ (BHABHA), in dem jenseits von Norm und Abweichung bzw. Insider- und Outsider-Positionalitäten (ELIAS/SCOTSON) „hybride“ bzw. „transkulturelle“ Identitäten und Lebensentwürfe möglichen werden und damit als dritte Positionalität die transformative Positionalität des Transsiders entsteht. / Migration is one of the most prominent and formative issues of our time. In this ethnography, the analytical gaze is trained on the actors of (guest work) migration, specifically on multi-generational families in the interwoven transnational migration space of Turkey-Germany. The focus is on their identity processes, experiences of inclusion and exclusion, and empowerment practices not only during the ‚guest work‘ phase, but also during the pre- and post-migration phases. In this study, migration is described in actor-centered fashion through the close participant-observation of concrete social actions embedded in the families’ everyday lives as well as the narratives of the research subjects. Following the family members and their identities in motion, the field research constitutes a multi-local, multi-method, and multi-lingual ethnography. The main research subjects are two families from the eastern Anatolian Dersim region of Turkey with two specific characteristics. On the one hand, the families speak Zazaki as their original native language. On the other, they belong to the Alevi (faith) community, whereby one belongs to an Ocak family within the Alevi belief system while the other belongs to a Talip family. Migration and the identity work associated with it emerge in this family ethnography as a mentally, physically, and emotionally complex individual and social process that requires constant negotiation and change under conditions of diversity and intersectional difference. In its ambivalence, this process is both a challenge and an opportunity. In sum, identity work in the transnational migration and family space can also be described as empowerment and power-sharing work, as creative, interactive action in the „third space“ or „in-between space“ (BHABHA). Beyond the positionalities of the norm and the exception, the insider and the outsider (ELIAS/SCOTSON), „hybrid“ or „transcultural“ identities and life plans become possible, and the transformative third positionality of the transsider emerges.