Abstrakt  Bakgrund: En allmän uppfattning är att stretching kan påskynda musklernas förmåga till återhämtning, underlätta inlärning av rätt teknik samt minska risken för överbelastningsskador i vissa idrotter (1). Det har presenterats motstridiga resultat om hur statisk stretch påverkar senor samt på de muskulära komponenterna i muscle-tendon unit (MTU). En del studier har visat att statisk stretching (SS) minskar styvheten i MTU och/eller ökar senans slakhet (4,5), vilket i sin tur leder till sämre kraft produktion och en långsammare muskelaktivering (6). Syfte: Syftet med studien var att systematiskt granska vetenskapliga artiklar gällande effekten av hur statisk stretch kombinerat med uppvärmning påverkar höjden i ett vertikalhopp hos friska unga vuxna, mätt i centimeter med hjälp av hoppmatta. Metod: Litteratursökningen genomfördes via databasen PubMed och nio artiklar inkluderades enligt kriterierna för PICO (Population, Intervention, Control & Outcome). Artiklarna granskades sedan via granskningsmallen PEDro-scale i syfte att skatta studiekvaliteten. Därefter betygsattes evidensstyrkan via SBU:s metod GRADE. Resultat: Tre av studierna konkluderar en minskning av vertikalhöjden efter stretching medan resterande sex studier fann ingen signifikant skillnad. Den sammanlagda evidensgraden av vilken effekt statisk stretchs har på vertikalhopp bedöms som begränsad. Konklusion: Efter granskning av de nio inkluderande artiklarna går det ej att säkerställa att statisk stretching påverkar utfallet av ett vertikalhopp. Hur durationen av statisk stretch kombinerat med uppvärmning påverkar höjden i vertikalhopp är ett område där det behöver bedrivas ytterligare forskning. / Abstractz Background: The general perception is that stretching can accelerate the muscles ability to recover, facilitate the learning of correct technique and reduce the risk of overuse injuries in certain sports (1). Conflicting results have been presented on the effects of static stretching on the tendons as well as on the muscular components on the muscle-tendon unit (MTU). Some studies have shown that static stretching (SS) reduces the stiffness of the MTU and/or increases the tendon slackness (4,5), which in turn results in poorer force production and slower muscle activation (6). Purpose: The purpose of this study was to systematically review scientific articles regarding the effect of how static stretching combined with a warm-up effects the height in a vertical jump in healthy young adults, measured in centimeters using a jumping mat.  Method: The literature search was performed on the database PubMed and nine articles were included according to the criteria for PICO (Population, Intervention, Control & Outcome). The articles were reviewed by PEDro-scale in order to assess the study quality. Thereafter the strength of evidence was assessed by SBU's method GRADE. Results: Three of the included studies conclude a reduction in vertical height after static stretching while the remaining six studies found no significant difference in jump height. The total evidence grading on the effect of static stretch on vertical jumps I assessed as a limited basis. Conclusion: After a review of the nine included articles it is not possible to come to a definitive conclusion that static stretching affects the outcome of a vertical jump. How duration of static stretching combined with warm-up affects the height in vertical jumps is an area where further research needs to be conducted.

Background: To perform general warm-up prior to athletics is widely recognized and has adocumented effect on performance. Lower extremity injuries are commonly occurring forsoccer, handball, volleyball, and floorball players. Injury prevention exercises decreases therisk for musculoskeletal injuries, supposing good compliance exists. Whether injurypreventive exercises may increase performance is to this day unclear. Aim: The aim of the study was to compare performance measured in vertical jump height ofathletes after injury preventive exercises and general warm-up. Methods: Experimental study with a cross-sectional design. 17 active soccer, handball,volleyball, and floorball players between 20-32 years were recruited through conveniencesampling. Data was collected occurred by measurement of maximal vertical height done bycountermovement jump (CMJ) on an electronic contact mat. Results: No statistically significant differences regarding vertical jump height wereidentified when comparing injury preventive exercises and general warm-up. Conclusion: The result from the study suggests that male soccer and handball players maybenefit from performing injury prevention exercises instead of general warm-up prior tomaximal vertical jumps due to the decreased risk for injury while the effects of general warmup still emerges. Further research within the subject is necessary to investigate whetherinjury prevention exercises may replace general warm-up prior to more complexperformances such as sports. Further research on others than male handball and soccerplayers should be conducted.

Den här studien har som syfte att utforska betydelsen och effekterna av uppvärmningar i musik. Syftet bärs upp av två frågeställningar: 1) Hur erfar jag min lärandeprocess när jag värmer upp utan instrument? 2) Hur erfar jag min lärandeprocess när jag värmer upp med instrument? Studien undersöker två olika aspekter av en uppvärmning på musikinstrumentet trombon, genom två olika uppvärmningar: en uppvärmning med instrument och en annan utan instrument. Genom fyra olika sorters övningspass granskar studien hur dessa två uppvärmningar påverkar lärandeprocessen av två olika etyder. Studien baseras på självobservationer i form av loggboksanteckningar och har ett fenomenologiskt livsvärldsperspektiv. Resultatet av de fyra olika övningspassen presenteras som fyra rubriker där tre underrubriker utgörs av följande teman: Melodiskt flöde, Koncentration och motivation samt spelteknik. Slutligen förs en diskussion kring resultatet av den här studien i relation till liknande tidigare forskning och metodböcker riktat till brassinstrument. / The purpose of this study is to explore the meaning and effects of warm-ups in music. The purpose is supported by the two following research questions: 1) How do I experience my learning process when I warm up without my instrument? 2) How do I experience my learning process when I warm up with my instrument? The study examines two different aspects of a warm-up on the instrument trombone, through two different warm-ups: one warm-up with my instrument and another without my instrument. Through four different types of practice sessions, the study examines how these two warm-ups affect the learning process of two different etudes. The study is based on self-observations in the form of logbook notes and has a phenomenological life-world perspective. The results of the four different practice sessions are presented as four headings where three sub-headings consist of the following themes: Melodic flow, Concentration and motivation as well as playing technique. Finally, a discussion is conducted about the results of this study in relation to similar previous research and method books aimed at brass instruments.

Title Influence of dynamic and static warm-up on muscle strength in climbers. Objective The aim of the thesis is to assess the influence of dynamic warm-up with Thera-Band and static stretching on maximal muscle strength and its time parameters of finger flexors in dominant upper extremity in climbers. Methods Eight active climbers participated in this testing (age 32.4 ± 5.5, body weight 69.4 ± 6.5, height 176 ± 6.4). Actual performance RP was according to the French scale ranging 6b to 8a. Probands' measurements proceeded in three different days. After a specific warm-up on "boulder wall" and static stretching and dynamic warm-up with Thera-Band without stretching, there was maximal muscle strength of fingers flexors on dominant (preferred) upper limb measured by using a specific climbing test on hangboard. The second measurement assessed maximal strength of finger flexors muscle and its time parameters while proceeding of the maximum hand-grip using a hand dynamometer. Results In the experiment, none of the hypotheses came to be confirmed. There was no significant influence of static stretching and dynamic warm-up with Thera-Band on maximal muscle strength of finger flexors and the time parameters in climbers. Conclusion Despite the failure to prove the influence of the static stretching and...

TITLE: The impact of static and dynamic stretching on coordination and flexibility in children in primary school AUTHOR: Tereza Plachá DEPARTMENT: Katedra tělesné výchovy SUPERVISOR: Mgr. Lucie Kainová ABSTRACT: In my final thesis I want to deal with two types of warm-up - static stretching and dynamic stretching. Warming up is an important part not only of the sport performance, but also at the beginning of the physical education lesson. In schools, this phase is often neglected. With the help of selected tests, I will observe primary school pupils at primary school to get better results after static or dynamic stretching. I will watch them in coordination and flexibility. I compiled two types of stretching, which I will try in grades 1, 3 and 5. In the first lesson, I will do static stretching with the pupils after the proper warm-up. In the second lesson, I will include dynamic stretching along the busy part. In the main part of the lesson, the pupils then pass three tests for coordination - flamingo, crossing the bench and running with the roll; and three for flexibility - standing forward bend, shoulder joint range, and hip joint range. After dynamic stretching, the children are warmed up, reaching the necessary temperature for further activities. They have a greater range of motion and therefore...

Simulation is a vital tool used by architects to develop new architectures. However, because of the complexity of modern architectures and the length of recent benchmarks, detailed simulation of programs can take extremely long times. This impedes the exploration of processor design space which the architects need to do to find the optimal configuration of processor parameters. Sampling is one technique which reduces the simulation time without adversely affecting the accuracy of the results. Yet, most sampling techniques either ignore the warm-up issue or require significant development effort on the part of the user.In this thesis we tackle the problem of reconciling state-of-the-art warm-up techniques and the latest sampling mechanisms with the triple objective of keeping the user effort minimum, achieving good accuracy and being agnostic to software and hardware changes. We show that both the representative and statistical sampling techniques can be adapted to use warm-up mechanisms which can accommodate the underlying architecture's warm-up requirements on-the-fly. We present the experimental results which show an accuracy and speed comparable to latest research. Also, we leverage statistical calculations to provide an estimate of the robustness of the final results.

The observation was performed in brick buildings for dairy cows breeding. The stabling was created as lose boxes with litter (made from separated slurry) and with grid dung-passage.The aim of the work was assessed evaluation the availability of separated slurry used as a plastic litter from the animal hygiene points of view health, reproduction and milk quality in cosws, and microclimatic parameters of stabling. During experiment was ascertained, that not founded negative impact at the animals health.

Title: Optimization of warm-up before speed-strenght loading Objectives: The aim of this work is to compare three variants of warming up and to determine the most appropriate one before speed-strenght loading. Methods: The test group consisted of 15 male students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sport at The Charles University at the age of 22 -26 years. The tested subjects underwent 4 tests within 4 weeks. The first test was used to determine the 1 RM bench press and leg-press, the results of which we needed for the proper determination of the weights for the following protocols. The other three measurement protocols include three warm-up (base, a speed-strenght and toning), followed by a test of explosive strength in arms and legs. Countermovement vertical jump height with arm swing was used for legs testing and medicine ball shoot-up in supine position was used for arms testing. Results: This research shows that best results in the countermovement vertical jump height with arm swing were achieved after the speed-power warm-up. The best results in medicine ball shoot-up in supine position were achieved after the basic warm up, but results are not statistically significant for these testing. Keywords: Warm-up, dynamic stretching, speed-force loading, toning, explosive force, testing

Title: Effect of toning in warm-up on performance of floorball players Objectives: Find out the influence of toning in warm-up before performance in exercises aimed at determining the action speed, explosive power of legs and agility of floorball players. Methods: A total of 20 floorball player aged 17 - 27 years participated in two measurements, one week apart. On the test day each proband passed one of two types of warm-up, non-toning warm-up and toning warm-up, and the next test day passed the second type of warm-up. The warm-up was follwed by three tests, the 20 m run, the jump from place and the shuttle run. For analysis of results was used statistics methods. Results: The first hypothesis was confirmed for the group of probands aged 17-19 years in the overall performance, 10 m run, 20 m run and jump from place. The second hypothesis was confirmed in the overall performance for all probands, then for the group of probands aged 17-19 years and for the group of probands aged 20-24 years. The second hypothesis was confirmed in the 10 and 20 m run for all probands, in the 10 m, 20 m run and in the jump from the place for the group of probands aged 17-19 years, in the 10 and 20 m run for group of probands aged 20-24 years. According to Cohen's d the results of the 10 and 20 m run were the most...

<div> <div> <div> <p>Commercial vehicles in the United States account for a significant fraction of greenhouse gas emissions and NOx emissions. The objectives of this work are reduction in commercial vehicle NOx emissions through enhanced aftertreatment thermal management via diesel engine variable valve actuation and the reduction of commercial vehicle fuel consumption/GHG emissions by enabling more effective class 8 truck platooning. </p> <p><br></p><p>First, a novel diesel engine aftertreatment thermal management strategy is proposed which utilizes a 2-stroke breathing variable value actuation strategy to increase the mass flow rate of exhaust gas. Experiments showed that when allowed to operate with modestly higher engine-out emissions, temperatures comparable to baseline could be achieved with a 1.75x exhaust mass flow rate, which could be beneficial for heating the SCR catalyst in a cold-start scenario. </p> <p><br></p><p>Second, a methodology is presented for characterizing aerodynamic drag coefficients of platooning trucks using experimental track-test data, which allowed for the development of high-fidelity platoon simulations and thereby enabled rapid development of advanced platoon controllers. Single truck and platoon drag coefficients were calculated for late model year Peterbilt 579’s based on experimental data collected during J1321 fuel economy tests for a two-truck platoon at 65 mph with a 55’ truck gap. Results show drag coefficients of 0.53, 0.50, and 0.45 for a single truck, a platoon front truck, and a platoon rear truck, respectively. </p> <p><br></p><p>Finally, a PID-based platoon controller is presented for maximizing fuel savings and gap control on hilly terrain using a dynamically-variable platoon gap. The controller was vetted in simulation and demonstrated on a vehicle in closed-course functionality testing. Simulations show that the controller is capable of 6-9% rear truck fuel savings on a heavily-graded route compared to a production-intent platoon controller, while increasing control over the truck gap to discourage other vehicles from cutting in. </p></div></div></div>