In recent publications it is questioned whether the existing wastewater management system is suitable for future requirements. The today’s wastewater infrastructure is a complex socio-technical system characterized by centralization, very long life-spans and sunk costs. Thus, it appears questionable whether this system is suitable against the background of a context of dynamic conditions as demographic change, climate change and the emerging requirements in terms of sustainability. This paper adds a contribution to the growing body of literature on prospective waste water management systems. Focusing on long term developments this paper aims to build up scenario-modules towards the year 2050. Our approach combines three methodologies which appear to be suitable with each other, namely the method of explorative scenario development, a modified Delphi method and content analysis. As the waste water sector is a very complex system with various impact factors which are characterized by high dynamics and strong uncertainty the scenario technique appears as an appropriate method. Within the scenario building process a modified Delphi method had been applied to generate the input for the scenario-modules. Key drivers and uncertainties in the field of waste water management were identified by interviewing 16 experts who are scientists or practitioners in the waste water sector. The interviews had been transliterated and then evaluated by using the content analysis approach. Afterwards scenario-modules were derived which provide a basis for further procedure towards complete scenarios for future wastewater infrastructure.

La gestion actuelle des eaux usées industrielles présente des problématiques diverses, malgré les précautions prises par l’Europe à travers de nombreux textes règlementaires. L’atteinte des objectifs de qualité des masses d’eau fixés à l’horizon 2015 devra passer par une réelle appropriation des enjeux par l’ensemble des acteurs afin de mettre en place des filières de traitement adaptées à chaque cas. Dans le cadre conceptuel actuel d’écologie industrielle où les déchets deviennent produits, nous nous sommes donc penchés sur les possibilités d’utilisation des principes de gestion de la qualité prescrits par l’ISO 9000 à la gestion des effluents industriels, avec comme clients potentiels des industries (réutilisation), des stations d’épurations communales, mais également les écosystèmes récepteurs. La prise en compte d’écosystèmes comme clients pose néanmoins des questions délicates telles que l’évaluation de leurs besoins. La complexité de cette évaluation nous a poussé à considérer le territoire du point de vue des services écosystémiques (c’est-à-dire les services rendus par les écosystèmes qui contribuent au bien être de l’Homme) afin d’identifier des cibles humaines aptes à exprimer leurs besoins afin d’en tirer des exigences vis-à-vis du milieu. Ces exigences sont ensuite converties, en fonction de données locales et règlementaires, en exigences qualitatives vis-à-vis des rejets. Cette démarche a été matérialisée sous la forme d’un outil destiné aux industriels ou tout autre acteur sans compétence particulière dans le domaine de l’eau. L’apport de ce travail de thèse est donc l’analyse des enjeux environnementaux locaux pour contribuer au cahier des charges des filières de traitement d’effluents aqueux industriels par l’élaboration de seuils de rejet. / Despite the precautions taken by Europe through numerous regulatory texts, the current management of industrial wastewater shows various problems. The achievement of water bodies quality targets set for 2015 will go through a real ownership of the issues by every actor in order to implement customized treatment processes. In the current framework of industrial ecology, waste becomes product; we therefore explored the possibilities of using quality management principles prescribed by the ISO 9000 for industrial wastewater management, with potential customers such as industries (reuse), communal wastewater treatment plants, but also ecosystem receptors. The consideration of ecosystems as customers nevertheless raises sensitive issues such as the assessment of their needs. The complexity of this evaluation led us to consider the territory in terms of ecosystem services (that is to say, services provided ecosystems that contribute to human well-being) to identify human targets able to express their needs concerning their environment. These needs are then converted, according to local and regulatory data, in qualitative requirements for liquid emissions. This approach was materialized as a tool for industrials or other actors with no particular competence in the field of water management. The contribution of this thesis is the analysis of local environmental issues to contribute to the specification of the treatment processes of industrial aqueous effluents by setting release thresholds.

Orientador: Rachel Negrão Cavalcanti / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T21:05:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DuarteNeto_Eurico_M.pdf: 6090574 bytes, checksum: 1ea799889cb80f811241576be1e7b515 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: A sub-bacia do rio Atibaia serve como manancial para duas das principais regiões econômicas do pais, abastecendo 10 milhões de pessoas na Região Metropolitana de Campinas e na Grande São Paulo. Apesar de toda a sua importância, esta sub-bacia vem sofrendo as conseqüências de dois problemas recorrentes: escassez e poluição. A principal fonte de poluição da sub-bacia do Atibaia, no trecho que esta atravessa a Região Metropolitana de Campinas (RMC), é o lançamento de esgotos domésticos in natura por cidades que a utilizam como manancial, contribuindo para a redução na sua disponibilidade. Esta dissertação propõe-se a evidenciar a necessidade das administrações dos municípios presentes na sub-bacia do rio Atibaia investirem recursos em tratamento de esgotos domésticos. Para isto o estudo toma como base a porção da sub-bacia do rio Atibaia inserida na Região Metropolitana de Campinas (RMC) e aqui definida como Área Metropolitana da Sub-Bacia do Rio Atibaia (AMBRA). No desenvolvimento da dissertação abordamos vários aspectos que consideramos fundamentais em relação aos recursos hídricos: a importância do acesso à água de qualidade para a saúde pública, a necessidade de integração entre os sistemas de gerenciamento de recursos hídricos e o planejamento urbano/metropolitano e a necessidade da gestão integrada com a participação de todos os municípios inseridos numa determinada sub-bacia hidrográfica. O trabalho permite concluir que, pelo menos na área analisada, a antiga percepção política de que "investimento em saneamento básico não dá voto" já não é mais verdade, pois nunca a sociedade civil deste conjunto de municípios cobrou tanto dos responsáveis pela melhoria das condições sanitárias / Abstract: The Atibaia river basin serves as fountain to the main economic regions of the country, suplying 10 million people of the Região Metropolitana de Campinas and Grande São Paulo. Even though its importance, this basin has been suffering the consequences of two recurrent problems: polution and scarcity. The main source of Atibaia basin's polution, in the stretch that crosses the Região etropolitana de Campinas (RMC), is the dumping of domestic sewerage system in natura by cities that utilize it as fountain, contributing to the reduction of its availability. The objective of this dissertation is to point out the necessity of investment in domestic sewage systems by the administrations of the cities based on the basin of the Atibaia River. To achieve that the study is focused on the stretch located in the Região Metropolitana de Campinas and defined here as Metropolitan Area of the Atibaia River Basin. Throughout the development of this essay we approach many aspects considered important in relation to water resources: the importance of access to quality water to public health , the necessity of integration among the water resources management systems and the urban / metropolitan planning and the necessity of integrated management with the participation of all cities based on a determined hydro graphic basin. The essay allows the conc1usion that, at least in the area in which the study was developed, the old political perception that "investment in sanitation doesn't convert into votes" is no longer true, because the society / Mestrado / Administração e Politica de Recursos Minerais / Mestre em Geociências

In recent publications it is questioned whether the existing wastewater management system is suitable for future requirements. The today’s wastewater infrastructure is a complex socio-technical system characterized by centralization, very long life-spans and sunk costs. Thus, it appears questionable whether this system is suitable against the background of a context of dynamic conditions as demographic change, climate change and the emerging requirements in terms of sustainability. This paper adds a contribution to the growing body of literature on prospective waste water management systems. Focusing on long term developments this paper aims to build up scenario-modules towards the year 2050. Our approach combines three methodologies which appear to be suitable with each other, namely the method of explorative scenario development, a modified Delphi method and content analysis. As the waste water sector is a very complex system with various impact factors which are characterized by high dynamics and strong uncertainty the scenario technique appears as an appropriate method. Within the scenario building process a modified Delphi method had been applied to generate the input for the scenario-modules. Key drivers and uncertainties in the field of waste water management were identified by interviewing 16 experts who are scientists or practitioners in the waste water sector. The interviews had been transliterated and then evaluated by using the content analysis approach. Afterwards scenario-modules were derived which provide a basis for further procedure towards complete scenarios for future wastewater infrastructure.

The handbook presented in this paper summarises the results of the research initiative “International Water Research Alliance Saxony” (IWAS). The subproject “IWAS Vietnam” (Phase I, October 2008 – December 2010) focuses on the model region “South-East Asia” with emphasis on Vietnam. The project started as a joint research initiative between German and Vietnamese organisations and included contributions from academic, private and public sector in both countries. The handbook was compiled by the Technische Universität Dresden (project coordination), the Institute for Technical and Scientific Hydrology and Dresden Drainage and Sewerage Company, with substantial contributions from Vietnamese partners. / Sổ tay hướng dẫn trong bài viết này tóm lược các kết quả của sáng kiến nghiên cứu từ “Liên minh Nghiên cứu ngành nước quốc tế bang Saxony” (IWAS). Dự án nhánh “IWAS Việt Nam” (giai đoạn 1, 10/2008 - 12/2010) tập trung vào khu vực Đông Nam Á với trọng tâm là Việt Nam. Dự án khởi động như một sáng kiến liên kết nghiên cứu giữa các tổ chức của CHLB Đức và Việt Nam với sự đóng góp từ các đơn vị tư nhân, nhà nước và trường đại học của cả hai quốc gia. Quyển sổ tay này được biên soạn bởi Đại học Kỹ thuật Dresden (cơ quan điều phối dự án), Viện Công nghệ và Khoa học Thủy văn, và Công ty Thoát nước Dresden, cùng với sự đóng góp quan trọng của các đối tác Việt Nam.

Weserdomen 2015 resulterade i en strängare tolkning av EU:s ramdirektiv för vatten vilket bland annat innefattade att inga exploateringar får tillåtas om dessa medför att minst en kvalitetsfaktor i vattnet får en sämre statusklass, oavsett hur övriga kvalitetsfaktorer påverkas. Den strängare tolkningen, i kombination med en ökad urbaniseringsgrad, ställer högre krav på samhällets hantering av spill- och dagvatten. Ett vanligt sätt att säkerställa ovanstående krav är att tillämpa olika lösningar för lokalt omhändertagande av dagvatten (LOD). Syftet med dessa lösningar är att hantera dagvattnet så nära uppkomstkällan som möjligt. I vissa fall kan det dock tänkas att det finns mer effektiva åtgärder för att säkerställa god vattenstatus.   En åtgärd som syftar till att kompensera för frånvarandet av en annan åtgärd kallas för kompensationsåtgärd. I det här examensarbetet har fallet med att spåra och åtgärda felkopplingar i ledningsnätet (spillvatten kopplat på dagvattennätet) undersökts som kompensationsåtgärd för LOD. Den specifika LOD-lösning som använts i arbetet har varit dagvattendammar. Examensarbetet har utrett rådande lagstiftning vad gäller kompensationsåtgärder samt gjort en fallstudie för Bällstaån med en kostnads-nyttoanalys där åtgärdandet av felkopplingar jämförts med anläggandet av dagvattendammar.   Resultatet av undersökningarna visade att kompensationsåtgärder idag är ett begrepp som kan tolkas olika, där det även i domstolen genom åren har tolkats olika. Nuvarande praxis är dock att en kompensationsåtgärd inte kan åberopas för att tillåta en exploatering som annars hade funnit avslag. Att kunna nyttja åtgärdandet av felkopplingar som kompensationsåtgärd för LOD är således, med dagens regelverk, väldigt osannolikt.   Fallstudien visade att åtgärdandet av felkopplingar, med avseende på vattenkvalitet är en betydligt mer kostnads-nyttoeffektiv åtgärd i jämförelse med anläggandet av dagvattendammar. Bristen på studier och utredningar på felkopplingar av denna typ är, mot bakgrund av fallstudien, förmodligen en indikator på att mer resurser bör läggas inom detta område. / In 2015 the Weser Case resulted in a more stringent interpretation of the EU Water Framework Directive. For instance, the ruling stated that no projects should be given permission if even as little as one quality factor ends up with a lower status, regardless of how the other quality factors are affected. The stricter interpretation, combined with an increasing grade of urbanization, places higher demands on society’s management of wastewater and stormwater. One common way of ensuring the above requirements is to apply different solutions of best management practices for stormwater (BMP). The purpose of these solutions is to process the water as close to the source of origin as possible. However, in some cases it may be that there are more effective measures to ensure good water quality.   A measure taken with the purpose of compensating for the absence of a different action is called a compensatory measure. In this thesis, the case of fixing incorrect connection of sewage pipes (where wastewater pipes have been incorrectly connected to stormwater pipes) was investigated as a compensatory measure for stormwater ponds (a common BMP). The prevailing legislation regarding compensatory measures was analysed and a case study has been conducted for Bällstaån. The case study included a cost-benefit analysis where the fixing of incorrectly-connected sewage pipes was compared with the implementation of stormwater ponds.   The investigation regarding the legislative aspect showed that compensatory measures are a concept that can be interpreted somewhat differently. This has also been the case in the court over the years. However, current practice shows that a compensatory measure cannot be invoked to allow a project that otherwise would have been refused. Being able to use the fixing of incorrect connections as a compensation for BMP is thus, with today’s regulation, very unlikely.   The case study showed that fixing incorrect connections in sewage pipes is, with regard to water quality, a far more cost-beneficial measure compared to the construction of stormwater ponds. Furthermore, the lack of studies regarding this kind of incorrect connections is, in the light of the results from the case study, probably an indication that this is a problem that fairly few people work with and where more resources could be a good investment for future water quality.

Denna rapport har delats in i två delar, där den första delen fokuserar på den praktiskatillämpningen av konstruktionen och den andra delen fokuserar på skolans design ochfunktion. Detta för att designen ska byggas på vetenskapliga grunder, där det är bevisat attprocessen är genomförbar och har ett syfte.Ett av världens största hälsoproblem idag är bristen på rent dricksvatten. Globalt saknar entredjedel av befolkningen tillgång till rent vatten. Ett av de 17 globala målen som FN arbetarmot i Agenda 2030 är mål nummer sex, att alla ska ha tillgång till rent vatten och sanitet.Denna studie belyser hur man kan arbeta för att uppnå detta mål.En stad där vattenkvaliteten är dålig är i Surabaya, Indonesien. Surabaya är en stad med nästantio miljoner invånare i stor-Surabaya, belägen i Östra Java. Trots att Indonesien har en avvärldens största tillgångar på färskvatten genom sjöar och floder i världen är Brantasfloden,som är huvudkällan till vattenförsörjningen för staden, långt ifrån drickbart. Förutom att tafärskvatten från sjöar och floder kan regnvatten vara en bra källa till säkert dricksvatten.Ett bra exempel är Bermuda som med flera hundra års erfarenhet samlar in och renar vattnetgenom deras vita kalkstensbelagda tak. Studien har fokuserat på möjligheterna attimplementera denna struktur i Surabaya, placerad på en skola, eftersom barnen är en prioritet.Denna konstruktion skulle kunna göra det möjligt att få rent dricksvatten rakt ur kran medhjälp av landets egna naturresurser. Nederbörd är inte det enda landet har att tillgå för att enskola ska kunna bli självförsörjande. Studierna för del ett visar att en skola kan blisjälvförsörjande på både el och vatten med hjälp av naturtillgångarna som finns. Det finnstillräckligt med soltimmar och nederbörd för att kunna täcka försörjningen av en skola. Genomatt studera miljön, tillgången på material, risker och möjligheter samt hanteringen avavloppsvatten och ytterligare filtreringsmetoder kan man dra slutsatsen att uppfinningen ävenkan användas i Surabaya.Del två visar att det går att utforma en skola med denna takkonstruktion i beaktande, förSurabayas kultur och förhållanden. / This report has been divided into two parts where the first one is focused on the practicalapplicability of the construction and the second part is focused on the design and function ofthe school. This is to ensure that the design is based on scientific principles, where it is proventhat the process is feasible and serves a purpose.One of the world's biggest health problems today is the lack of clean drinking water.Worldwide, a third of the population do not have access to clean water. It is on the UN agendato reach the goal of clean water and sanitation by the year 2030. This study highlightsstrategies and approaches to work towards achieving this goal.One city where the water quality is poor is Surabaya, Indonesia. Surabaya is a city with almostthree million people, located in East Java. Even though Indonesia has one of the biggest assetsof fresh water through lakes and rivers in the world, the Brantas river, which is the mainsource of water supply for the city, is far from drinkable. Aside from taking fresh water fromlakes and rivers, rainwater can be a great source for safe drinking water.A good example with hundred years of experience is Bermuda with their white limestoneroofs that collect and cleans the water. The focus of the report has been the possibilities toimplement this structure in Surabaya placed on a school, as the children are a priority.Studying the environment, access of materials, risks and possibilities as well as wastewaterhandling and additional filtration methods, it can be concluded that the invention can be usedin the proximity of Surabaya as well with some minor changes to the construction. Thecountry's precipitation is not the only resource available for a school to become self-sufficient.The results for part one indicate that a school can achieve self-sufficiency in both electricityand water by harnessing the existing natural resources. The country has an abundance ofsunlight hours and precipitation to sufficiently meet the needs of a school.Part two demonstrates that it is possible to design a school considering this roof structure,considering Surabaya's culture and conditions.

In this research, the adsorptive capacities of kenaf in the forms of chopped whole stalk, chopped core, and bast materials were evaluated for the removal of lead, zinc, and toluene from contaminated synthetic waste streams using traditional adsorption isotherm techniques. The effect of surface oxidation using ozone was observed with respect to the adsorption of metals. Hydraulic conductivity experiments were conducted to evaluate the head loss associated with packing a column with kenaf fibers and to determine the suitability of its use in dynamic packed column systems. B.E.T. surface areas were determined as well. Under increasingly stringent regulatory requirements, even low level organic and inorganic contamination (under 100 ppm) in surface and ground waters must be treated. This study is part of an ongoing multi-year research effort aiming to develop a kenaf-based biosorptive process to improve treatment of contaminated aqueous streams at reduced costs and technical complexity.

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La gestió de l'aigua residual és una tasca complexa. Hi ha moltes substàncies contaminants conegudes però encara moltes per conèixer, i el seu efecte individual o col·lgectiu és difícil de predir. La identificació i avaluació dels impactes ambientals resultants de la interacció entre els sistemes naturals i socials és un assumpte multicriteri. Els gestors ambientals necessiten eines de suport pels seus diagnòstics per tal de solucionar problemes ambientals.Les contribucions d'aquest treball de recerca són dobles: primer, proposar l'ús d'un enfoc basat en la modelització amb agents per tal de conceptualitzar i integrar tots els elements que estan directament o indirectament involucrats en la gestió de l'aigua residual. Segon, proposar un marc basat en l'argumentació amb l'objectiu de permetre als agents raonar efectivament. La tesi conté alguns exemples reals per tal de mostrar com un marc basat amb agents que argumenten pot suportar diferents interessos i diferents perspectives. Conseqüentment, pot ajudar a construir un diàleg més informat i efectiu i per tant descriure millor les interaccions entre els agents. En aquest document es descriu primer el context estudiat, escalant el problema global de la gestió de la conca fluvial a la gestiódel sistema urbà d'aigües residuals, concretament l'escenari dels abocaments industrials. A continuació, s'analitza el sistema mitjançant la descripció d'agents que interaccionen. Finalment, es descriuen alguns prototips capaços de raonar i deliberar, basats en la lògica no monòtona i en un llenguatge declaratiu (answer set programming).És important remarcar que aquesta tesi enllaça dues disciplines: l'enginyeria ambiental (concretament l'àrea de la gestió de les aigües residuals) i les ciències de la computació (concretament l'àrea de la intel·ligència artificial), contribuint així a la multidisciplinarietat requerida per fer front al problema estudiat. L'enginyeria ambiental ens proporciona el coneixement del domini mentre que les ciències de la computació ens permeten estructurar i especificar aquest coneixement. / Wastewater management is a very complex task. There is a high number of known and an increasing number of unknown pollutants whose individual and collective effects are very difficult to predict. Identifying and evaluating the impacts of environmental problems resulting from the interactions between our social system and its natural environment is a multifaceted critical issue. Environmental managers require tools to support their diagnoses for solving these problems. The contributions of this research work are twofold: first, to propose the use of an agent-based modelling approach in order to conceptualize and integrate all elements that are directly or indirectly involved in wastewater management. Second, to propose a framework based on argumentation that allows to reason effectively. The thesis provide some real examples to show that an agent-based argumentation framework can deal with multiple interests and different agents' perspectives and goals. This help to build a more effective and informed dialog in order to better describe the interaction between agents. In this document we first describe the context under study, scaling down the global river basins system to the urban wastewater systems and giving some more details for the specific scenario of industrial wastewater discharges. Then, we analyze the system in describing intelligent agents that interact. Finally, we propose some reasoning and deliberation prototypes by using an argumentation framework founded on non-monotonic logics (i.e. permitting to learn things that were previously not known) and the answer set programming specification language (i.e. a declarative programming language). It is important to remark that this thesis links two disciplines: environmental engineering (specifically the area of wastewater management) and computer science (specifically the area of artificial intelligence), contributing to the required multidsciplinarity needed to confront the complexity of the problem under study. From environmental engineering we obtain the domain knowledge whereas the computer science field permits us to structure and specify this knowledge.