It is common knowledge that owing to their particular vulnerability children worldwide falls prey to physical and/or sexual violence in the home and/or community or witness criminal acts. Consequently children are called upon to testify in a court of law to cruelties or acts of violence. As a result of their developmental shortcomings and immaturity, children find the criminal justice system extremely intimidating and challenging. The importance of realising a justice system that not only affords an accused person the right to a fair trial but also protects and safeguards the rights of the child victims of and witnesses to the crime is thus indisputable. The purpose of this research was therefore to assist the South African criminal justice system in its on-going challenge to find a balance between the right of the accused person to a fair trial and the protection and safeguarding of the rights of child victims and child witnesses. The protection and safeguarding of the rights of child victims and child witnesses in terms of the South African Constitution, applicable domestic law and international instruments relating thereto were extensively discussed and shortcomings identified. Possible solutions to ensure that child witnesses and child victims are adequately protected and supported during the trial stage of the criminal process were advanced. Particular emphasis was placed on the role of an intermediary in assisting child victims and child witnesses during the court process. Comparative research on the protection of child victims and child witnesses in the criminal justice systems of New Zealand and Namibia were also conducted. Conclusions drawn from comparative studies were used to recommend appropriate changes to the current system. It is submitted that the adequate protection and safeguarding of the rights of child victims and child witnesses are dependent not only on sound legal principles but also on governmental and other involved stakeholders’ commitment toward the realisation of these rights. In order to give proper effect to the protection and safeguarding of child victims’ and child witnesses’ rights, it is proposed that the recommendations made throughout this study should be adopted and implemented. In this regard the role of an intermediary is crucial and the use of intermediaries should be promoted. / Private Law / LL.D.

No description available.

This study focuses on the previous beliefs of persons who are active in Jehovas Witnesses. It also focuses on the circumstances which made the person enter the organisation. Seven persons, four women and three men were subjects for my question in this study. The question formulations are as follows: How does the person’s previous beliefs look like? Are there any circumstances which may have made the person enter Jehovas Witnesses? How does the membership in the organisation give the person meaning?  The persons are all living in the area of Småland, in south of Sweden. The conclusion is that all of the informants have in some way expressed some sort of faith, weather it consists of a believe in God, a guardian angel or something else.

One of the problems in eyewitness recognition of offenders is their different ethnicity from the persons identifying them. This has been the subject of several scientific papers worldwide. Although the number of other ethnic groups in the Czech Republic grows, research into this area remains insufficient. Therefore, the present thesis focuses on ethnicity of offenders in the recognition process. Using video footage of an assault with Czech and Vietnamese offenders and subsequent mugshot facial recognition, the present thesis seeks to highlight the problem of a higher number of false identifications with persons having different ethnicity. Based on previous international research, the offenders' ethnicity is expected to have a negative impact on the ability to correctly identify perpetrators in the Czech Republic alike. The research showed a higher rate of false identifications of offenders with foreign nationality, but at the same time, nevertheless, found no relationship between correct identification of perpetrators with our and with foreign ethnicity. Keywords: recognition, eyewitness, testimony of witnesses, offender ethnicity, quantitative research.

Submitted by Luis Ricardo Andrade da Silva (lrasilva@uefs.br) on 2015-07-31T23:55:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o de Mestrado Camila No?mia Rener Santos Bastos.pdf: 6882579 bytes, checksum: ca8c6d836537ed0a07eb8b476d607ba9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-31T23:55:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o de Mestrado Camila No?mia Rener Santos Bastos.pdf: 6882579 bytes, checksum: ca8c6d836537ed0a07eb8b476d607ba9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-09 / The present study analyzes the representations of family among Jehovah's Witnesses in the city of St. Stephen, Bahia, located between the hinterland and Rec?ncavo, 40 km from Feira de Santana, from 1970 to 2001. The time frame of the research is related the beginning of the proselytizing activities of the group and ends with the construction of Kingdom Hall Avenue Teixeira de Freitas, one of the main avenues of the city. The study aimed to examine the tensions and power struggles in the holy - estevense religious field , caused by the insertion of a new group , especially for the strong influence of Catholicism in society of this city. The main tenets of the group , the millenarian character, identity building of the faithful and a new world view guided on the ideas of Jehovah's Witnesses are also discussed in this dissertation. We also analyzed the present among Jehovah's Witnesses , Bible -centered , with well-defined gender roles and differences that manifest in the ecclesiastical hierarchy of the group androcentric discourse, since women do not hold jobs, despite the strong performance of proselytism and in the same Hall of internal activities, such as attending meetings, cleaning, among others. In the family, gender inequalities are also present, because the man is the head of the family, " head " and the woman, her helper, submissive to him. This is the model family that Jehovah's Witnesses are intended to represented by them, which involves the construction of habitus. However, between discourse and practice are the experiences and experiences of individuals who appropriate this discourse. / Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar as representa??es sobre fam?lia entre as Testemunhas de Jeov? na cidade de Santo Estev?o, Bahia, localizada entre o sert?o e o rec?ncavo, a 40 km de Feira de Santana, entre 1970 a 2001. O recorte temporal da pesquisa est? relacionado ao come?o das atividades proselitistas do grupo e termina com a constru??o do Sal?o do Reino na Avenida Teixeira de Freitas, numa das principais avenidas da cidade. O trabalho se prop?s a analisar as tens?es e disputas de poder no campo religioso santo-estevense, causadas pela inser??o de um novo grupo, principalmente pela forte influencia do catolicismo na sociedade desta cidade. As principais doutrinas do grupo, o car?ter milenarista, a constru??o da identidade do fiel e de uma nova vis?o de mundo pautadas sobre as ideias das Testemunhas de Jeov? tamb?m s?o discutidas nesta disserta??o. Analisamos tamb?m o discurso androc?ntrico presente entre as Testemunhas de Jeov?, centrado na B?blia, com pap?is de g?nero bem definidos e diferencia??es que se manifestam na hierarquia eclesi?stica do grupo, pois as mulheres n?o exercem cargos, apesar da forte atua??o das mesmas no proselitismo e nas atividades internas do Sal?o, com assist?ncia ?s reuni?es, limpeza, entre outras. Na fam?lia, as desigualdades entre os sexos tamb?m se fazem presentes, pois o homem ? o chefe da fam?lia, ?a cabe?a? e a mulher, sua auxiliadora, submissa a ele. Este ? o modelo de fam?lia que as Testemunhas de Jeov? se prop?em, que visa a constru??o de habitus. No entanto, entre o discurso e a pr?tica existem as viv?ncias e experi?ncias dos sujeitos que se apropriam desse discurso.

The rapport building phase of child investigative interviewing is referred to in practice guidelines as an essential. Nevertheless, in contrast with other aspects of the interview it has been subject to little empirical examination. There is a lack of information on the rapport phase’s impact on children’s communication and whether this changes across a variety of different circumstances. Finally, few researchers have empirically assessed different styles of rapport building. This thesis investigates the communicative influence of the rapport building phase in child investigative interviews. It also examines the effectiveness of a new collaborative play approach to rapport building with respect to its influence on children’s communication and the rapport levels between the interviewer and child. The investigation began by interviewing practitioners about their perceptions and experiences of rapport building practice, and their opinions on the use of play during the rapport phase. A grounded theory approach to analysis found that interviewers perceive the rapport phase as a tool for facilitating communication with children during the investigative interview. This is achieved in three main ways: (1) assessing the child during the rapport phase, (2) adjusting interview approach based on the child’s presentation during the rapport phase, and (3) producing a psychological outcome in the child that then facilitates communication. The resultant theory and the comments made about play rapport were used in subsequent experimental chapters to design and implement play rapport, and to interpret the empirical findings. The second line of enquiry investigated the communicative impact of a collaborative play approach to rapport building in adult-child interactions. Children across three different age groups (6-7, 8-10 & 12-14 year olds) were more communicative and demonstrated greater rapport with an adult after play rapport than children in a control condition. The findings indicate that a collaborative play format of rapport building is an effective communication facilitator. The third empirical study tested play rapport’s efficacy in a mock investigative interview situation. It was compared with the current open style of rapport building used by practitioners in the UK, and a control condition that involved no rapport phase. Older children (8-10 year olds) who experienced play rapport demonstrated information benefits in comparison with children in the control condition. No differences were found between the open style and the control, and the open style and play rapport for information detail or accuracy. Children (5-7 and 8-10 year olds) were however, more resistance to interviewer suggestion after engaging in a play rapport phase in comparison with children who experienced the open style of rapport building. These results indicate the potential of play rapport as a communication facilitator for children in investigative interview settings. The final empirical chapter examined anxiety data taken from the children during the third study. This was to address the hypothesis that improvements in recall as a result of the rapport phase, and in particular play rapport, were due to a reduction in the children’s anxiety levels. The data showed no differences across the rapport protocols in terms of anxiety for any of the measures. The information benefits found could therefore not be explained with respect to a reduction in anxiety. Alternative theories were then proposed, and future research outlined that could further investigate the psychological underpinnings of the communicative effects of the rapport phase, and the collaborative play rapport approach.

Thesis (MA (Counselling Psychology))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references. Available on the Internet via the World Wide Web.

abstract: This study investigated how young adults communicate their decision to religiously disaffiliate to their parents. Both the context in which the religious disaffiliation conversation took place and the communicative behaviors used during the religious disaffiliation conversation were studied. Research questions and hypotheses were guided by Family Communication Patterns Theory and Face Negotiation Theory. A partially mixed sequential quantitative dominate status design was employed to answer the research questions and hypotheses. Interviews were conducted with 10 young adults who had either disaffiliated from the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints or the Watch Tower Society. During the interviews, the survey instrument was refined; ultimately, it was completed by 298 religiously disaffiliated young adults. For the religious disaffiliation conversation’s context, results indicate that disaffiliated Jehovah’s Witnesses had higher conformity orientations than disaffiliated Latter-day Saints. Additionally, disaffiliated Jehovah’s Witnesses experienced more stress than disaffiliated Latter-day Saints. Planning the conversation in advance did lead to the disaffiliation conversation being less stressful for young adults. Furthermore, the analysis found that having three to five conversations reduced stress significantly more than having one or two conversations. For the communicative behaviors during the religious disaffiliation conversation, few differences were found in regard to prevalence of the facework behaviors between the two groups. Of the 14 facework behaviors, four were used more often by disaffiliated JW than disaffiliated LDS—abuse, passive aggressive, pretend, and defend self. In terms of effectiveness, the top five facework behaviors were talk about the problem, consider the other, have a private discussion, remain calm, and defend self. Overall, this study begins the conversation on how religious disaffiliation occurs between young adults and their parents and extends Family Communication Patterns Theory and Face Negotiation Theory to a new context. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Communication 2015

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In this study we problematize how the witnesses‟ testimonies, which are part of criminal processes, are composed through transcriptions. The objective is to analyze how this discursivity, characterized by Reported Discourse (RD), works, attempting to get the effect of truth through it. The research corpus is composed of four witnesses‟ testimonies which were held in 2009 and integrated different processes that were carried at the First District Court of Santa Maria-RS. The theoretical basis of the study is affiliated with French-Brazilian Discourse Analysis and is based on notions such as discursive memory, conditions of production, explicit and constitutive heterogeneity, which has allowed us to analyze the marks of objectivity and the vestiges of subjectivity which emerge in the linguistic materiality of the transcriptions. Besides, silence, as considered by Orlandi (1997), has made possible for us to identify possibilities of resistance in the discourse of the witnesses. In order to explore the corpus, we have formulated a methodology based on the notion of Reported Discourse (RD), considering three of its following features: the set of questions and answers between judge and witness; the use of dashes and quotation marks. The analysis has made us understand that Law moves the Reported Discourse as a technique for constituting witnesses‟ testimonies which is constituted in two ways: report/orality (RD1) and transcription/writing (RD2). In the analyzed testimonies, we observed marks of subjectivity (RD1) which is intended to indicate authorship under the responsibility of the witness and create an objective effect. On the other hand, we see a fixed structure characterized by a set of questions and answers (RD2) that rules this form of RD, recurrent in all corpuses. In this objective structure however, it was possible to observe the space of resistance through the misconception that brings out the subjectivity in the form of silence. Even with the rigidity of a predetermined order to constitute the witnesses‟ testimonies, there is space of/for the subject and of/for resistance. / Neste estudo, problematizamos como se constituem depoimentos testemunhais que, via transcrição, compõem processos penais. O objetivo é analisarmos como funciona essa discursividade, caracterizada pelo discurso relatado (DR), considerando-se que por meio dela visa-se ao efeito de verdade. O corpus da pesquisa é formado por quatro depoimentos testemunhais realizados no ano de 2009, integrantes de processos distintos que tramitam na 1ª Vara da Comarca de Santa Maria-RS. O aporte teórico do estudo é a Análise de Discurso de orientação franco-brasileira, de modo que o trabalho fundamenta-se em noções como memória discursiva, condições de produção, heterogeneidade mostrada e constitutiva, as quais nos permitiram analisar as marcas de objetividade e os vestígios da subjetividade que emergem na materialidade linguística das transcrições. Além disso, o silêncio, tal como compreendido por Orlandi (1977), tornou possível identificarmos possibilidades de resistência no discurso do sujeito testemunha. Para explorarmos o corpus da pesquisa, formulamos uma metodologia embasada na noção de discurso relatado, considerando três de suas características constituintes: o jogo de perguntas e respostas realizado entre juiz e testemunha; o emprego de travessões; e a utilização de aspas. A análise possibilitou compreendermos como o Direito mobiliza o discurso relatado enquanto técnica para a constituição dos depoimentos testemunhais, o que se estrutura de duas formas: relato/oralidade (DR1) e transcrição/escritura (DR2). Nos depoimentos analisados, observamos marcas de subjetividade mostrada (DR1) que visam a assinalar autoria, no âmbito da responsabilização do sujeito testemunha, criando um efeito de objetividade. Por outro lado, verificamos uma estrutura fixa, caracterizada por um jogo de perguntas e respostas (DR2) recorrente no conjunto do corpus. Nessa estrutura objetiva, contudo, foi possível observarmos o espaço da resistência a partir do próprio dizer da testemunha, que, de algum modo silencia, dizendo diferente do esperado ou não dizendo, e isso se dá por reconhecermos no sujeito interpelado as determinações históricas e da ordem do simbólico. Mesmo diante da rigidez de uma ordem preestabelecida para a constituição dos depoimentos testemunhais, encontra-se o espaço do/para o sujeito e da/para a resistência.

Submitted by João Arthur Martins (joao.arthur@ufpe.br) on 2015-03-12T19:35:36Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese Renata Lucia do Rego.pdf: 9069635 bytes, checksum: b1ae50c257ceadf38ef9b992d5d95e82 (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-12T19:35:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese Renata Lucia do Rego.pdf: 9069635 bytes, checksum: b1ae50c257ceadf38ef9b992d5d95e82 (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-11 / processo de aprendizagem de variedades tem por objetivo recuperar informações sobre uma variedade M não conhecida a partir de um conjunto de pontos L amostrados em M. Neste contexto, sub-complexos da triangulação de Delaunay tem sido utilizados para construir uma aproximação fiel de M a partir de L. Particularmente, provou-se que o complexo Delaunay restrito é uma boa aproximação, tanto topológica quanto geometricamente, de curvas planas ou superfícies no espaço 3D, assumindo que a amostra disponível é suficientemente densa (Amenta e Bern, 1998). Desde então, ela tem sido utilizada por diferentes métodos de reconstrução de superfícies (Amenta et al., 2001; Boissonnat e Oudot, 2006; Dey e Giesen, 2001; Dey e Goswami, 2006, 2003). O aprendizado Hebbiano Competitivo (Competitive Hebbian Learning-CHL) (Martinetz e Schulten, 1994) é um método simples e elegante para aprender a topologia de uma variedade a partir de pontos amostrados, que tem sido amplamente utilizado por variantes do Mapa Auto-organizável com a habilidade de aprender topologias. Martinetz e Schulten (1994) provou que o CHL produz um subconjunto da triangulação de Delaunay. Infelizmente, o CHL só é capaz de produzir grafos, e portanto não pode ser diretamente empregado para produzir malhas de triângulos. Os resultados de Martinetz e Schulten (1994) deram origem a trabalhos relacionados no campo da geometria computacional. Particularmente, De Silva e Carlsson (2004) introduziram o complexo de testemunhas, que pode ser considerado uma aproximação da triangulação Delaunay restrita. O complexo de testemunhas generaliza o grafo de preservação de topologia gerado com o CHL, i.e. ele é um complexo simplicial em vez de um grafo. De Silva e Carlsson (2004) também apresentou definições relaxadas para centros Delaunay e testemunhas. E Boissonnat et al. (2011) mostrou que, sob determinadas condições, o complexo Delaunay relaxado é equivalente ao complexo Delaunay restrito. Neste contexto, investigamos a capacidade dos Mapas Auto-organizáveis com estrutura variante no tempo na solução do problema de reconstrução de superfícies. Em seguida, desenvolvemos algoritmos baseados em aprendizado para reconstrução de superfícies a partir de nuvens de pontos não estruturados, que consistem de Mapas Autoorganizáveis combinando métodos de aprendizado para selecionar os vértices da malha, e métodos de aprendizado de topologia para geração de complexos simpliciais. Basicamente os métodos de aprendizado de topologia introduzidos nesta tese são variantes do CHL inspirados no complexo de testemunhas e no complexo Delaunay relaxado, com a adição de algumas heurísticas para tratar problemas observados em situações práticas.Outros aspecto positivos do uso de Mapas Auto-organizáveis para reconstrução de superfícies são a habilidade para lidar com dados ruidosos e para produzir malhas com diferentes resoluções. Os resultados experimentais mostram que as soluções propostas foram capazes de produzir malhas que são boas aproximações das superfícies alvo. Tais malhas foram avaliadas de acordo com diferentes métricas: distância de Hausdorff, distribuição de vizinhança, regularidade dos polígonos, ângulo minimo. Os resultados foram comparados com outros métodos de reconstrução de superfícies para apontar as vantagens e desvantagens das soluções propostas. Na maioria dos casos as soluções propostas apresentaram melhores resultados com respeito às métricas consideradas. Os experimentos também indicam que as soluções propostas são adequadas para reconstrução de variedades em dimensões mais altas.