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Workplace violence is reported to be on the increase, and within the South African Police Service, the inherently stressful nature of policing leads to high rates of suicide and violent behaviour. Contemporary investigations of workplace violence reveal epistemological, methodological and theoretical biases towards positivistic, rational-empirical approaches resulting in partial understandings and limited scope. This study aimed to qualitatively explore workplace violence as a socially embedded act. In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with a primary participant and three others directly related to him in order to supplement existing understandings from a social constructionist perspective. Discourse analysis allowed for discovery of socio-historically located discursive networks, while an ethnographic or empathic technique was used to gain insight into the life worlds of participants. Discourses of organisational negligence, betrayal and concurrent discourses of group solidarity and cohesion and organisational culpability reveal a reliance on external locus of control and avoidance coping. Discourses of absolution due to another‟s involvement, retribution, justice, and innocence perverted by a stronger agency relied on strategies of justification, denial, disclaimer, excuse or apology to negotiate positive participant identities. Discourses of masculinity allowed for a corroboration, justification and maintenance of male violence in general, and social discourses of female subjugation and commodification were used as a means to deflect responsibility and as justifications for actions of violence towards women. Inherent in all discourses was a deep socially and historically embedded conception that facilitates violent action as an expression of maleness in all spheres of life. From an ethnographic or empathic perspective, participants‟ world views were polarised around masculinity and femininity, suggesting that an ability to remain unemotional in situations of turmoil is a highly-prized characteristic of maleness, especially in a hypermasculine setting such as the police. The implicit and explicit approbation for the expression of masculine stoicism, as opposed to feminine or „weaker‟ emotions, causes recruits to experience isolation and shame if unable to face traumatic situations with the requisite dispassion, leading to negative coping mechanisms, depression, and suicide or violence. The conclusion can be drawn that prevention of violence relies on extrication of the concept of violence from masculinity at ideological, cultural and social levels within the SAPS, and the concurrent reduction in justificatory discourses reliant on an external locus of control. This has considerable implications, including the radical transformation of the organisation through the development of a clear vision of the future that can be supported by management, members and the community; the empowerment of employees through active participation in decisions and development of skills through training; rigorous modification of the practices that generate inequitable social conditions; and the revolution of cultural practices that venerate and enforce gendered inequalities. / Psychology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Consulting Psychology)

Submitted by Fernando Souza (fernandoafsou@gmail.com) on 2017-09-04T12:54:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3420693 bytes, checksum: 1b7abd760b78825cd88f019ca3f10a42 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-04T12:54:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3420693 bytes, checksum: 1b7abd760b78825cd88f019ca3f10a42 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-24 / Introduction: bullying is a type of violence in a repetitive and prolonged way, capable of promoting physical and psychological damage to its victims. This dissertation is composed of two articles. Article 1 - Scientific production on bullying and nursing: bibliometric study. Aim: to verify bibliometric indicators of scientific production available in online journals that deal with bullying and nursing. Method: bibliometric study. Bradford’s law was used, and the Zipf’s law was combined with textual statistics (Iramutec). Sample consisting of 111 publications in Portuguese, English and Spanish, available in national and international databases, from 2000 to 2016. Results: production predominantly published in the last ten years and prepared in co-authorship. Main authors linked to 91 institutions, distributed in 24 countries. The United States of America, Brazil and Australia were the countries that published the most. Nursing staff and nursing students made up the main research populations, and the hospital environment was the most investigated scenario. The journals with the largest number of publications (Bradford Nucleus) have international scientific influence. The terms with the highest semantic power and high frequency in the abstracts were bullying, assédio moral and acoso moral. Conclusion: the indicators point out that bullying occurs in the nursing work environment in several countries, and that the number of publications in this area tends to grow. However, it is necessary to expand research involving diverse scenarios, including professionals and nursing students, which will contribute to the better knowledge and face this phenomenon. Article 2 - Workplace bullying: study with members of Nursing Councils about ethical processes. Aim: to investigate bullying based on the positioning of nursing counselors about ethical processes in this topic. Method: exploratory-descriptive study with quantitative approach. Data collection performed through online platform. The sample consisted of 80 counselors from the Federal Nursing Council/Regional Councils, from the five geographic regions of Brazil. Results: from the obtained data, it was observed that 86.25% of the counselors performed judgments of nursing professionals denounced for the practice of workplace bulling. Regarding the processes in this thematic area, 77.5% of the participants mentioned finding some difficulty, among the main ones are the absence of witnesses and evidence of the acts denounced, being the latter, the main (68.52%) reason for filings and acquittals in some cases. The characterization of the phenomenon was not consensual in relation to the frequency of the aggressions and the total time of exposure of the victim to the violence. However, 95% consider that the aggressor can manifest through various behaviors. To prove the assaults, victims can use witness reports, record-keeping, virtual messages, and psychological statements, as they are widely accepted by counselors. The warning penalty for the harasser was considered as insufficient by 68.7% of the counselors. All participants consider important the proposal to create an instrument to assist in the investigation of complaints involving the practice of bullying. Conclusion: ethical processes actively collaborate in tackling workplace bullying, however, it is important that the Nursing Councils support new prevention strategies and adopt instruments that guide the investigation of denouncements, providing greater support for the formation of conviction of counselors in the judgments involving this practice. / Introducción: El acoso moral es un tipo de violencia de modo repetitivo y prolongado, capaz de promover daños físicos y psíquicos en sus víctimas. Esta tesis se compone de dos artículos. Artículo 1 - Producción científica sobre acoso moral y enfermería: estudio bibliométrico. Objetivo: verificar indicadores bibliométricos de la producción científica disponible en periódicos en línea que abordan acoso moral y enfermería. Método: estudio bibliométrico. Se utilizó la Ley de Bradford, y la Ley Zipf combinada a la estadística textual (Iramutec). La muestra consta de 111 publicaciones en portugués, inglés y español, disponibles en bases de datos nacionales e internacionales, en el período 2000 a 2016. Resultados: producción predominantemente publicada en los últimos diez años y elaborada en coautoria. Autores principales vinculados a 91 instituciones, distribuidas en 24 países. Estados Unidos, Brasil y Australia fueron los países que más publicaron. Profesionales y estudiantes de enfermería compusieron las principales poblaciones de las investigaciones, y el ambiente hospitalario fue el escenario más investigado. Los periódicos con mayor número de publicaciones (Núcleo de Bradford) tienen influencia científica internacional. Los términos con mayor poder semántico y alta frecuencia en los resúmenes fueron bullying, assédio moral y acoso laboral. Conclusión: los indicadores apuntan que el acoso moral ocurre en el ambiente de trabajo de enfermería en varios países, y que el número de publicaciones en esta temática tiende a crecer. Sin embargo, es necesaria la ampliación de investigaciones involucrando escenarios diversificados, incluyendo profesionales y estudiantes de enfermería, lo que contribuirá para el mejor conocimiento y enfrentamiento de ese fenómeno. Artículo 2 - Acoso moral en el trabajo: estudio con miembros de Consejos de Enfermería acerca de procesos éticos. Objetivo: investigar el acoso moral a partir del posicionamiento de consejeros de enfermería acerca de procesos éticos en la referida temática. Método: estudio exploratorio-descriptivo con enfoque cuantitativo. Recolección de datos realizada a través de una plataforma en línea. La muestra fue compuesta por 80 consejeros del sistema Consejo Federal de Enfermería / Consejos Regionales, provenientes de las cinco regiones geográficas de Brasil. Los resultados obtenidos, a partir de los datos obtenidos, se observó que el 86,25% de los consejeros realizaron juicios de profesionales de enfermería denunciados por práctica de acoso moral. En cuanto a los procesos en esa temática, el 77,5% de los participantes mencionó encontrar alguna dificultad, destacándose las ausencias de testigos, y de comprobación de los actos denunciados. Siendo ésta última, el principal (68,52%) motivo de archivados y absolviciones en algunos procesos. La caracterización del fenómeno no fue consensuada con relación a la frecuencia de las agresiones y al tiempo total de exposición de la víctima a la violencia. Sin embargo, el 95% considera que el agresor puede manifestarse a través de conductas variadas. Para comprobar las agresiones, las víctimas pueden utilizar los relatos de testigos, registro en el libro de ocurrencia, mensajes virtuales, y atestados psicológicos, ya que son ampliamente aceptados por los consejeros. La penalidad de advertencia para el acosador fue considerada como insuficiente por el 68,7% de los consejeros. Todos los participantes consideran importante la propuesta de creación de instrumento para auxiliar la averiguación de denuncias involucrando la práctica del acoso moral. Conclusión: los procesos éticos colaboran activamente en el enfrentamiento del acoso moral, sin embargo, es importante que los Consejos de Enfermería apoyen nuevas estrategias de prevención y adopten instrumentos que orienten la averiguación de denuncias, proporcionando mayor respaldo para la formación de convicción de los consejeros en los juicios involucrando esta práctica. / Introdução: O assédio moral é um tipo de violência de modo repetitivo e prolongado, capaz de promover danos físicos e psíquicos em suas vítimas. Esta dissertação é composta por dois artigos. Artigo 1 - Produção científica sobre assédio moral e enfermagem: estudo bibliométrico. Objetivo: verificar indicadores bibliométricos da produção científica disponível em periódicos online que abordam assédio moral e enfermagem. Método: estudo bibliométrico. Utilizou-se a lei de Bradford, e a lei de Zipf combinada à estatística textual (Iramutec). Amostra constituída por 111 publicações em português, inglês e espanhol, disponibilizadas em bases de dados nacionais e internacionais, no período de 2000 a 2016. Resultados: produção predominantemente publicada nos últimos dez anos e elaborada em coautoria. Autores principais vinculados a 91 instituições, distribuídas em 24 países. Estados Unidos da América, Brasil e Austrália foram os países que mais publicaram. Profissionais e estudantes de enfermagem compuseram as principais populações das pesquisas, e o ambiente hospitalar foi o cenário mais investigado. Os periódicos com maior número de publicações (Núcleo de Bradford) possuem influência científica internacional. Os termos com maior poder semântico e alta frequência nos resumos foram bullying, assédio moral e acoso laboral. Conclusão: os indicadores apontam que o assédio moral ocorre no ambiente de trabalho de enfermagem em vários países, e que o número de publicações nesta temática tende a crescer. Entretanto, é necessária a ampliação de pesquisas envolvendo cenários diversificados, incluindo profissionais e estudantes de enfermagem, o que contribuirá para o melhor conhecimento e enfrentamento desse fenômeno. Artigo 2 - Assédio moral no trabalho: estudo com membros de Conselhos de Enfermagem acerca de processos éticos. Objetivo: investigar o assédio moral a partir do posicionamento de conselheiros de enfermagem acerca de processos éticos na referida temática. Método: estudo exploratório-descritivo com abordagem quantitativa. Coleta de dados realizada por meio de plataforma online. A amostra foi composta por 80 conselheiros do sistema Conselho Federal de Enfermagem/Conselhos Regionais, provenientes das cinco regiões geográficas do Brasil. Estudo com autorização administrativa (Cofen), e aprovação ética (CAAE) nº: 48398215700005183. Resultados: a partir dos dados obtidos, observou-se que 86,25% dos conselheiros realizaram julgamentos de profissionais de enfermagem denunciados por prática de assédio moral. Em relação aos processos nessa temática, 77,5% dos participantes mencionaram encontrar alguma dificuldade, entre as principais, destacam-se as ausências de testemunhas, e de comprovação dos atos denunciados. Sendo esta última, o principal (68,52%) motivo de arquivamentos e absolvições em alguns processos. A caracterização do fenômeno não foi consensual com relação à frequência das agressões e ao tempo total de exposição da vítima à violência. Contudo, 95% consideram que o agressor pode se manifestar através de condutas variadas. Para comprovar as agressões, as vítimas podem utilizar os relatos de testemunhas, registro em livro de ocorrência, mensagens virtuais, e atestados psicológicos, visto que são amplamente aceitos pelos conselheiros. A penalidade de advertência para o assediador foi considerada como insuficiente por 68,7% dos conselheiros. Todos os participantes consideram importante a proposta de criação de instrumento para auxiliar a averiguação de denúncias envolvendo a prática do assédio moral. Conclusão: os processos éticos colaboram ativamente no enfrentamento do assédio moral, contudo, é importante que os Conselhos de Enfermagem apoiem novas estratégias de prevenção e adotem instrumentos que norteiem a averiguação de denúncias, proporcionando maior respaldo para a formação de convicção dos conselheiros nos julgamentos envolvendo essa prática.

Ainda são incipientes os estudos que abordam os obstáculos enfrentados pelos profissionais da Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF) para executar suas atribuições no cotidiano do trabalho, porém, a violência comunitária já tem sido apontada como um desafio por alguns estudos, principalmente nos grandes centros urbanos. Este estudo tem como objetivo estimar a prevalência da exposição à violência no local de trabalho e investigar a sua associação com as alterações na prática profissional (deixar de realizar visitas, circular pelo território, notificar casos de violência, seguir pacientes agendados e abordar temas em saúde), em uma amostra representativa dos trabalhadores das equipes da ESF do município de São Paulo. Foi realizado um estudo transversal, que utilizou os dados do estudo PANDORA-SP (Panorama of Primary Health Care Workers in São Paulo, Brazil: Depression, Organizational Justice, Violence at Work, and Burnout Assessments), que avaliou 2.940 trabalhadores da ESF. A exposição à violência nos últimos doze meses (vitimização direta, indireta ou ambas) e as alterações na prática profissional foram avaliadas por meio de dois questionários estruturados. Após análise descritiva e bivariada, analisamos a associação entre exposição à violência e alteração na prática profissional por meio de modelos de Regressão de Poisson brutos e ajustados com cálculo da Razão de Prevalência e Intervalos de 95% de confiança. A prevalência de exposição à violência no trabalho foi de 57,8%(n=1.699), sendo que 17,11%(n=503) dos trabalhadores relataram ter sido vítimas direta e indireta de violência nos últimos doze meses. Referiram alteração na prática profissional 34,9% dos trabalhadores entrevistados. Ser exposto à violência no local de trabalho mostrou-se associado à alteração na prática profissional, sendo que a magnitude da associação aumentou com o acúmulo de exposição. Profissionais expostos à violência direta e indireta deixaram de notificar casos de violência (RPaj= 3,00; IC95%:2,22-4,04), de realizar visita domiciliar (RPaj=2,98;IC95%: 2,40-3,69), de circular pelo território (RPaj=4,23;IC95%: 3,15- 5,67), de abordar temas em saúde (RPaj=2,66;IC95%: 1,99-3,55) e de seguir a sequência de pacientes agendados (RPaj=4,73;IC95%: 2,78-8,05) mais frequentemente do que os não expostos. Para \"qualquer alteração na prática\", a RP ajustada foi de 2,56 (IC95%: 2,20-2,98) quando expostos a ambos os tipos de vitimização. As elevadas razões de prevalência encontradas em cada um dos desfechos revelam o impacto da exposição à violência no processo de trabalho dos profissionais da APS. As alterações na prática profissional diminuem a qualidade da assistência prestada à comunidade e, por fim, podem ser um obstáculo para a consolidação dos princípios do SUS / Although the studies regarding the challenges faced by Primary health care professionals are still inceptives, some of them already point out community violence as an issue, mainly at the large urban centers. This study main goal is to estimate the workplace violence exposure and the impacts over professional practices (stop making home visits, stop walking on neighbourhood, stop notifying violence situations, stop following scheduled patients sequence and stop discussing health topics) with a relevant FHS\'s teams data sample from São Paulo city at Brazil. A cross-sectional study was made with data from the PANDORA-SP study (Panorama of Primary Health Care Workers in São Paulo, Brazil: Depression, Organizational Justice, Violence at Work, and Burnout Assessments), which has evaluated 2,940 primary care workers from the FHS. Violence exposure in the previous 12 months and the impact on professional practice has been assessed with 2 structured surveys. After descritive and bivariate analysis the association between exposure to violence and professional practice was assessed using crude and adjusted Poisson Regression Models. Prevalence Ratios and 95% Confidence Intervals were calculated. The prevalence of exposure to violence at work was 57.8% (n=1,699), and 17.11% (n=503) reported suffered both direct and indirect violence at last 12 months. 34.9% workers reported impacts over professional practices. An association was found between exposure to violence and impacts over professional practices, with higher association magnitudes directly related to higher exposures. Professionals exposed to direct and indirect violence failed to report cases of violence (RPaj = 3.00, 95% CI: 2.22-4.04), to carry out home visits (RPaj = 2.98, 95% CI: 2.40- (RPaj = 4.23, 95% CI: 3.15-5.67), to address health issues (RPaj = 2.66, 95% CI: 1.99-3.55) and to follow the sequence of scheduled patients (RPaj = 4.73, 95% CI: 2.78-8.05) more frequently than the nonexposed. For \"any change in practice\" the adjusted PR was 2.56 (95% CI: 2.20-2.98) when exposed to both types of victimization. The Primary Health Care professionals had their work\'s processes impacted due to violence exposure, which can be noted on the high prevalence ratio found on each outcome. Those impacts degrades the community care service quality and therefore can represent an obstacle to SUS\' principles consolidation

This PhD thesis compared incidents of violence in two Malaysian hospitals and two English hospitals. Using a model of workplace violence, the aims of the thesis were to explore and compare six constructs: extrinsic, intrinsic, triggers, experiences, moderators, and consequences of workplace violence as perceived by Malaysian and English hospital staff. This study used data on experiences of violence gathered in 2005 for incidences in hospitals that occurred up to one year before the survey. The 2004 data from the Incident Report database (IRD) of the English hospitals was also used. Two instruments were developed for this thesis. First was the General Violence Victimization Questionnaire (GVQ), an instrument to identify the types, prevalence, nature, consequences, post-incident support, and reporting trends of violence in hospitals. The second instrument was the Violence Victimization Semi-structured Interview (VicQ) which explored factors leading to the violent incident, the violent incident itself, and psycho-social issues relating to the violent incident. Both instruments were translated into the Malay language for use in Malaysia. 227 people participated in the quantitative survey: 162 people from the Malaysian Government Hospitals (MGH) and 115 people from the National Health Service (NHS). A total of 25 people volunteered to be interviewed as part of the qualitative aspect of the study: 15 from the MGH and 10 from the NHS. Six categories of violence were compared: verbal, nonverbal, threat, physical, sexual, and psychologically-based. A total of 4118 violent incidents (1402 in MGH and 2716 in NHS) were reported. The most common type of violence was psychologically-based violence in the MGH and verbal violence in the NHS. Both samples perceived that the major source of workplace violence was from patients and involved one male perpetrator. There were differences between the two samples indicative of cultural differences. Of those interviewed, the Malaysian participants perceived that offenders were intrinsically motivated to offend. The English participants perceived that offenders had either intrinsic or extrinsic motivation for perpetuating violence. Differences were noted for substance abuse and customer relations as triggers of organisational violence. Comparisons of moderators were different for the two country samples. Comparisons of consequences were not significantly different. Comparisons across several demographic variables (gender, age, and occupational groupings) were not significant between the two country samples with regards to workplace violence victimisation. However, a comparison of length of service was found to be significant. The final path model differed from the original model of workplace violence. Additional findings include a difference between the established definition and participants‘ definition of workplace violence, a lack of anti-violence policies in Malaysian hospitals, under reporting, and unforeseen direct and direct relationships among the six constructs.

The purpose of this study was to determine employees' attitudes and perceptions toward the effectiveness of workplace violence prevention training within a U.S. Government service agency with 50 offices located in Minnesota and Wisconsin. Chapter 1 presents an overview of the phenomenon of workplace violence, the movement toward prevention programs and policies and the implementation of prescreening processes during hiring and violence prevention training. Chapter 2 contains a thorough review of pertinent literature related to violence prevention training and the impact of occupational violence on organizations. This topic was worthy of research in an effort to make a significant contribution to training literature involving organizational effectiveness due to the limited amount of research literature covering the area of corporate violence prevention training and its effect on modifying attitudes and behaviors of its customers. The primary methodology involved the assessment of 1000 employees concerning their attitudes and perceptions toward the effectiveness of workplace violence prevention training. The research population were administered a 62 item online assessment with responses being measured, assessed, and compared. Significant differences were found calling for the rejection of the three study hypotheses. Chapter 4 described the findings of the population surveyed and recommendations were identified in Chapter 5.

Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate associations between workplace violence and sleep disturbances in the Swedish working population, and to estimate potential dose-response relationships. Methods: Data were derived from two waves (2014 and 2016) of the Swedish Longitudinal Occupational Survey of Health (n=9364). Sleep disturbances were measured with four items of the Karolinska Sleep Questionnaire and one question asked whether the participants were exposed to violence or threats of at the workplace in the past six months. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed. Results: Exposure to workplace violence was associated with higher odds of concurrent sleep disturbances (cross-sectional approach). Workplace violence was also associated with higher odds of subsequent sleep disturbances, but only when covariates were not adjusted for (prospective approach). Sleep disturbances were associated with higher odds of subsequent workplace violence (reverse approach). A dose-response relationship was found in the cross-sectional approach but not in the prospective and reverse approach. Conclusion: The findings suggested that there was a cross-sectional association between workplace violence and sleep disturbances, and that sleep disturbances were prospectively associated with exposure to workplace violence, but the results did not support a statistically significant prospective association between workplace violence and sleep disturbances.

In the United States Armed Forces, 30% of women in the military suffer physical assault each year; in 2009, there were 22 reported cases of sexual assault in the U.S. Central Command. Aggravated assault, gang violence, sexual assault, homicide, and suicide can damage the morale of military personnel at a deployed site and collectively cost millions of dollars over time. Interpersonal violence in the United States military is destructive to the military system and directly diminishes mission readiness. This study was designed to illuminate the environmental, cultural, and political influences that affect interpersonal safety among military women in the deployed environment of Afghanistan with the goal of discovering mechanisms to improve interpersonal safety for that population. Grounded theory was used to analyze data obtained from U.S. military women in Bagram, Afghanistan and their environment concerning interpersonal safety. This information was used to generate a relational social theory based on themes, patterns, and relationships; the theory of US Military Interpersonal Safety, Violence Prevention, and Response. This theory is intended to improve interpersonal safety as well as prevent and counter violence in the deployed setting. Applying this theory is expected to promote better assessment, development, implementation, and evaluation of violence prevention and response healthcare programs meant to mitigate violence and assist military members who have been victims of violence. This study promotes positive social change by identifying precursors of interpersonal violence in a deployed environment and creating a strong foundation for understanding how to prevent interpersonal violence and create response programs to address this issue.

The aim of this study was to understand how violence and threats of violence are constructed in social work, more specific among financial aid. We also want to investigate whether threats and violence are normalized in meetings with clients. We have three framing questions which we wish to be able to answer with the help of answers from interviews. The first question is how do social workers view threats and violence in the workplace in financial aid. The second question is when are threats and violence presented according to social workers as a problem and the last question is, is it possible to trace a normalization of violence and threats in the interview. The method for this study is qualitative interviews and we interviewed seven participants working in financial aid. The empirical material was analyzed using previous research and the concept “normalization”. The results of the study showed that the first framing question is answered by the interviews defining threats and violence as mental and physical violence and that it is present at work. The second framing question is answered by the interviews stating that threats and violence become a problem if they feel scared or anxious after they have been exposed to threats and violence. The third framing question is answered by the interview's reasoning that there is a normalization of threats and violence at work and it is based on the fact that social workers have begun to tolerate more and more threats and violence and have begun to accept that threats and violence against social workers. It would have been interesting to investigate further about normalization around threats and violence in the workplace, as in our opinion there is not much research on the subject.

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