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Workplace violence is reported to be on the increase, and within the South African Police Service, the inherently stressful nature of policing leads to high rates of suicide and violent behaviour. Contemporary investigations of workplace violence reveal epistemological, methodological and theoretical biases towards positivistic, rational-empirical approaches resulting in partial understandings and limited scope. This study aimed to qualitatively explore workplace violence as a socially embedded act. In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with a primary participant and three others directly related to him in order to supplement existing understandings from a social constructionist perspective. Discourse analysis allowed for discovery of socio-historically located discursive networks, while an ethnographic or empathic technique was used to gain insight into the life worlds of participants. Discourses of organisational negligence, betrayal and concurrent discourses of group solidarity and cohesion and organisational culpability reveal a reliance on external locus of control and avoidance coping. Discourses of absolution due to another‟s involvement, retribution, justice, and innocence perverted by a stronger agency relied on strategies of justification, denial, disclaimer, excuse or apology to negotiate positive participant identities. Discourses of masculinity allowed for a corroboration, justification and maintenance of male violence in general, and social discourses of female subjugation and commodification were used as a means to deflect responsibility and as justifications for actions of violence towards women. Inherent in all discourses was a deep socially and historically embedded conception that facilitates violent action as an expression of maleness in all spheres of life. From an ethnographic or empathic perspective, participants‟ world views were polarised around masculinity and femininity, suggesting that an ability to remain unemotional in situations of turmoil is a highly-prized characteristic of maleness, especially in a hypermasculine setting such as the police. The implicit and explicit approbation for the expression of masculine stoicism, as opposed to feminine or „weaker‟ emotions, causes recruits to experience isolation and shame if unable to face traumatic situations with the requisite dispassion, leading to negative coping mechanisms, depression, and suicide or violence. The conclusion can be drawn that prevention of violence relies on extrication of the concept of violence from masculinity at ideological, cultural and social levels within the SAPS, and the concurrent reduction in justificatory discourses reliant on an external locus of control. This has considerable implications, including the radical transformation of the organisation through the development of a clear vision of the future that can be supported by management, members and the community; the empowerment of employees through active participation in decisions and development of skills through training; rigorous modification of the practices that generate inequitable social conditions; and the revolution of cultural practices that venerate and enforce gendered inequalities. / Psychology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Consulting Psychology)

The aim of the theses is to elaborate on the problematics of theoretical aspects of victims of criminal acts. The work's main concern is the area of problematics of workplace victimization. This topic shall therefore be investigated deeply in the theoretical part of the theses as well. The practical part of the work will depict and process the specific characteristics of the mentioned problematics and in relation to it workplace victimization of employees of Czech Republic's Employment Bureau will be further looked on. In the theses we mention and define the basic terms connected to the chosen problematics. The aim of that is to point out their importance in relation to other disciplines, especially those which are related to victimological research and problematics of victims of criminal acts. Nowadays, the topic of workplace victimization, in other words victimization undergone when in work, is more and more frequently researched and looked up by laics, academic people and even the media. The dominant of the second part of the theses is a focus on employees of Czech Republic's Employment Bureau. In the work we analysed, from the data provided by the Bureau, the criminal or violent incidents which happened on the workplace there. The data set chosen originated from the Moravskoslezský region, as...

Forskning visar att hot och våldshandlingar mot socialsekreterare är vanligt förekommande. De som utsätts för hot- eller våldshandlingar upplever hoten eller våldet som något som hör till deras arbete som myndighetsutövare. Den här studien syftar till att undersöka upplevelsen av hot och våld hos socialsekreterare. Studien utgår från en kvalitativ metod där semistrukturerade intervjuer har använts, vilka är genomförda i ett län i södra Sverige. Studien har en fenomenologisk ansats då den syftar till att undersöka upplevda fenomen vilket i denna studie är hot och våld. Genom en fenomenologisk ansats kan vi fånga socialsekreterarnas upplevelse av hot- och våldssituationer. För att analysera arbetet har tidigare forskning inom området hot och våld mot socialarbetare använts tillsammans med valda teorier. Teorierna innefattar symbolisk interaktionism samt copingstrategin. Studiens resultat visar att det är hot i olika former som är mest förekommande bland de medverkande socialsekreterarna. Hot upplevs även olika beroende på om hoten riktas mot den enskilde socialsekreteraren eller om det riktas mot dennes familj. Det framkommer även att socialsekreterare ser hot som något som sker i situationen. Klienterna ses befinna sig i en påfrestande situation vilket bidrar till att socialsekreterarna inte upplever hoten som riktade mot dem som person. / Research shows that threats and acts of violence against social workers are common. Those who are subjected to acts of threats or violence, sees these issues as something that belongs to their work as public authorities. This study aims to investigate the experience of threats and violence among social workers. The study is based on a qualitative method in which semi structured interviews have been used, which have been carried out in a county in southern Sweden. The study has a phenomenological approach as it aims to investigate the experiences of a phenomena, which in this study are threats and violence. Through a phenomenological approach, we can capture the social workers experience of threats and violent situations. In order to analyse the work, previous research in the field of threats and violence against social workers has been used together with selected theories. Theories includes symbolic interactionism and the coping strategy. The result of the study shows that various threats are the most common of threats and acts of violence. Threats are also experienced differently, depending on whether the threats are targeted directly against the individual social worker or if it is directed against his family. It also appears that the social workers’ experiences threats as something that happens in the situation. The clients are perceived to be in a stressful situation, which contributes to the social workers not experiencing the threats directed at them as a person.

Introdução: A implantação da Atenção Primária à Saúde tem sido prioridade em países de baixa e média renda. No Brasil, a estratégia saúde da família (ESF) foi criada para reorganizar o modelo de Atenção Primária e, atualmente, cerca de 39 mil equipes de saúde da família são responsáveis pelo cuidado de 121 milhões de pessoas no país. Apesar do grande contingente de trabalhadores da saúde na ESF, pouco se pesquisou sobre a saúde mental desses trabalhadores. Esses trabalhadores atuam dentro das comunidades e estão na porta de entrada do sistema de saúde, sendo submetidos a grandes pressões, com repercussões na sua saúde mental, como depressão e esgotamento profissional (burnout), que afetam o trabalhador e a qualidade do cuidado prestado, podendo ameaçar a sustentabilidade da Atenção Primária. Objetivos: Investigar a prevalência de depressão e de esgotamento profissional em trabalhadores da ESF do município de São Paulo e examinar características individuais e relacionadas ao trabalho que podem estar associadas a essas condições. Método: Foi realizado um estudo transversal no município de São Paulo [PANDORA-SP (Panorama of Primary Health Care Workers in São Paulo, Brazil: Depression, Organizational Justice, Violence at Work, and Burnout Assessments)], que avaliou 2.940 trabalhadores da ESF. Sintomas depressivos foram avaliados através do Patient Health Questionnaire - 9 (PHQ-9) e, para investigar esgotamento, utilizou-se o Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). Foi analisada a associação de depressão com as seguintes variáveis de exposição: violência no trabalho e estresse no trabalho (modelo demanda-controle). A regressão logística multinomial foi utilizada para investigar as associações entre sintomas depressivos e as variáveis individuais e do trabalho. As associações do esgotamento profissional com as características fatores individuais e as contextuais foram avaliadas através da análise multinível, que examinou as relações entre três níveis: nível 1(variáveis individuais), nível 2 (variável relacionada à da equipe) e nível 3 (características da Unidade Básica de Saúde). Resultados: As prevalências de sintomas depressivos intermediários e provável depressão maior foram, respectivamente, 36,3% (IC95%: 34,6-38,1) e 16,0% (IC95%:14,6-17,2). De acordo com a análise multinomial, as variáveis associadas a maior odds ratio para sintomas depressivos/provável depressão maior foram: sexo feminino, pertencer ao grupo etário 18 a 29 anos, ter vivenciado um ou mais eventos de vida relacionado ao estresse nos últimos 12 meses, ser agente comunitário de saúde, exposição à violência no trabalho, não receber feedback dos superiores, ter apoio social baixo, e ter tipo de trabalho passivo, ativo ou de alto desgaste. Em relação ao esgotamento profissional, 47,7% (IC95%: 45,9-49,5) dos participantes apresentaram nível moderado e 11,7% (IC95%: 10,5-12,8) nível grave. A regressão multinível mostrou que as variáveis individuais (idade, tempo de trabalho na ESF, trabalhar em área vulnerável, profissão e feedback dos supervisores) e as variáveis do contexto (UBS) contribuíram de forma independente para explicar a variância na prevalência de esgotamento nos participantes. Conclusões: As elevadas prevalências de depressão e esgotamento têm implicações para os profissionais da ESF e para os gestores. Os profissionais que apresentam depressão e/ou esgotamento precisam ser reconhecidos e tratados. As estratégias para prevenir essas condições devem incluir intervenções nas condições de trabalho / Introduction: The implementation of Primary Care has been a priority in lowmiddle- income countries. In Brazil, the Ministry of Health created the Family Health Strategy (FHS) in order to reorganize the primary care model. The FHS currently comprises over 39,000 primary care teams, and covers more than 121 million people across the country, and is still expanding. Although lots of health workers are involved in the FHS, research studying the mental health of these professionals is scarce. Primary care workers regularly perform activities outside health centers, and work directly within the communities. They are the \'gatekeepers\' of health systems, responsible for guaranteeing accessibility. Considering this context, these workers are often under high pressure, which can have repercussions on their mental health, such as depression and burnout. These conditions may affect workers and their jobs, and can threaten primary care sustainability. Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of depressive symptoms, probable major depression and burnout in primary care workers in the city of São Paulo, and also, to investigate whether individual characteristics and job variables are associated with these conditions. Method: A cross-sectional study was carried out in the city of São Paulo [PANDORA-SP (Panorama of Primary Health Care Workers in São Paulo, Brazil: Depression, Organizational Justice, Violence at Work, and Burnout Assessments)], that evaluated 2,940 primary care workers from the FHS. Depressive symptoms and major depression were investigated using the nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), and burnout was assessed using the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). The associations of violence at work, job strain (demand-control model), and covariates with depression were analyzed using multinomial regression. The associations of participants\' characteristics and contextual variables with burnout were analyzed using multilevel regression, which had three levels. The first level of the analyses was participants\' characteristics, the second level was teams\' variables and the third level was the primary care centers\' characteristics. Results: The prevalence of depressive symptoms and probable major depression were 36.3% (CI95%: 34.6-38.1) and 16.0% (CI95%: 14.6-17.2), respectively. According to the multinomial regression, the variables that were independently associated with higher odds ratios for depressive symptoms and probable major depression were gender (female), age group from 18 to 29 years old, had one or more stressful life events in the previous 12 months, type of profession (community health agents), length of employment in FHS, those who reported exposure to violence at work, not receiving performance feedback from their supervisor, and currently having a passive, active or high strain job. Regarding burnout, 47.7% (CI95%: 45.9-49.5) of participants presented moderate burnout, and 11.7% (CI95%: 10.5-12.8) severe burnout. Multilevel regression showed that variables in the first and third levels were independently associated with burnout. In the first level (individual), these variables were age group, length of employment in FHS, working in deprived areas, type of profession, and performance feedback from supervisor. In the third level (primary care center), burnout variance within the sample was partially explained by the contextual variables. Conclusions: High rates of depressive symptoms, probable major depression, and moderate/severe burnout have implications for primary care workers and for health system managers. Workers with depression and/or burnout need to be recognized and assisted. Strategies to prevent these conditions should include interventions to modify job characteristics associated with burnout and depression

Ainda são incipientes os estudos que abordam os obstáculos enfrentados pelos profissionais da Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF) para executar suas atribuições no cotidiano do trabalho, porém, a violência comunitária já tem sido apontada como um desafio por alguns estudos, principalmente nos grandes centros urbanos. Este estudo tem como objetivo estimar a prevalência da exposição à violência no local de trabalho e investigar a sua associação com as alterações na prática profissional (deixar de realizar visitas, circular pelo território, notificar casos de violência, seguir pacientes agendados e abordar temas em saúde), em uma amostra representativa dos trabalhadores das equipes da ESF do município de São Paulo. Foi realizado um estudo transversal, que utilizou os dados do estudo PANDORA-SP (Panorama of Primary Health Care Workers in São Paulo, Brazil: Depression, Organizational Justice, Violence at Work, and Burnout Assessments), que avaliou 2.940 trabalhadores da ESF. A exposição à violência nos últimos doze meses (vitimização direta, indireta ou ambas) e as alterações na prática profissional foram avaliadas por meio de dois questionários estruturados. Após análise descritiva e bivariada, analisamos a associação entre exposição à violência e alteração na prática profissional por meio de modelos de Regressão de Poisson brutos e ajustados com cálculo da Razão de Prevalência e Intervalos de 95% de confiança. A prevalência de exposição à violência no trabalho foi de 57,8%(n=1.699), sendo que 17,11%(n=503) dos trabalhadores relataram ter sido vítimas direta e indireta de violência nos últimos doze meses. Referiram alteração na prática profissional 34,9% dos trabalhadores entrevistados. Ser exposto à violência no local de trabalho mostrou-se associado à alteração na prática profissional, sendo que a magnitude da associação aumentou com o acúmulo de exposição. Profissionais expostos à violência direta e indireta deixaram de notificar casos de violência (RPaj= 3,00; IC95%:2,22-4,04), de realizar visita domiciliar (RPaj=2,98;IC95%: 2,40-3,69), de circular pelo território (RPaj=4,23;IC95%: 3,15- 5,67), de abordar temas em saúde (RPaj=2,66;IC95%: 1,99-3,55) e de seguir a sequência de pacientes agendados (RPaj=4,73;IC95%: 2,78-8,05) mais frequentemente do que os não expostos. Para \"qualquer alteração na prática\", a RP ajustada foi de 2,56 (IC95%: 2,20-2,98) quando expostos a ambos os tipos de vitimização. As elevadas razões de prevalência encontradas em cada um dos desfechos revelam o impacto da exposição à violência no processo de trabalho dos profissionais da APS. As alterações na prática profissional diminuem a qualidade da assistência prestada à comunidade e, por fim, podem ser um obstáculo para a consolidação dos princípios do SUS / Although the studies regarding the challenges faced by Primary health care professionals are still inceptives, some of them already point out community violence as an issue, mainly at the large urban centers. This study main goal is to estimate the workplace violence exposure and the impacts over professional practices (stop making home visits, stop walking on neighbourhood, stop notifying violence situations, stop following scheduled patients sequence and stop discussing health topics) with a relevant FHS\'s teams data sample from São Paulo city at Brazil. A cross-sectional study was made with data from the PANDORA-SP study (Panorama of Primary Health Care Workers in São Paulo, Brazil: Depression, Organizational Justice, Violence at Work, and Burnout Assessments), which has evaluated 2,940 primary care workers from the FHS. Violence exposure in the previous 12 months and the impact on professional practice has been assessed with 2 structured surveys. After descritive and bivariate analysis the association between exposure to violence and professional practice was assessed using crude and adjusted Poisson Regression Models. Prevalence Ratios and 95% Confidence Intervals were calculated. The prevalence of exposure to violence at work was 57.8% (n=1,699), and 17.11% (n=503) reported suffered both direct and indirect violence at last 12 months. 34.9% workers reported impacts over professional practices. An association was found between exposure to violence and impacts over professional practices, with higher association magnitudes directly related to higher exposures. Professionals exposed to direct and indirect violence failed to report cases of violence (RPaj = 3.00, 95% CI: 2.22-4.04), to carry out home visits (RPaj = 2.98, 95% CI: 2.40- (RPaj = 4.23, 95% CI: 3.15-5.67), to address health issues (RPaj = 2.66, 95% CI: 1.99-3.55) and to follow the sequence of scheduled patients (RPaj = 4.73, 95% CI: 2.78-8.05) more frequently than the nonexposed. For \"any change in practice\" the adjusted PR was 2.56 (95% CI: 2.20-2.98) when exposed to both types of victimization. The Primary Health Care professionals had their work\'s processes impacted due to violence exposure, which can be noted on the high prevalence ratio found on each outcome. Those impacts degrades the community care service quality and therefore can represent an obstacle to SUS\' principles consolidation

Introdução: A implantação da Atenção Primária à Saúde tem sido prioridade em países de baixa e média renda. No Brasil, a estratégia saúde da família (ESF) foi criada para reorganizar o modelo de Atenção Primária e, atualmente, cerca de 39 mil equipes de saúde da família são responsáveis pelo cuidado de 121 milhões de pessoas no país. Apesar do grande contingente de trabalhadores da saúde na ESF, pouco se pesquisou sobre a saúde mental desses trabalhadores. Esses trabalhadores atuam dentro das comunidades e estão na porta de entrada do sistema de saúde, sendo submetidos a grandes pressões, com repercussões na sua saúde mental, como depressão e esgotamento profissional (burnout), que afetam o trabalhador e a qualidade do cuidado prestado, podendo ameaçar a sustentabilidade da Atenção Primária. Objetivos: Investigar a prevalência de depressão e de esgotamento profissional em trabalhadores da ESF do município de São Paulo e examinar características individuais e relacionadas ao trabalho que podem estar associadas a essas condições. Método: Foi realizado um estudo transversal no município de São Paulo [PANDORA-SP (Panorama of Primary Health Care Workers in São Paulo, Brazil: Depression, Organizational Justice, Violence at Work, and Burnout Assessments)], que avaliou 2.940 trabalhadores da ESF. Sintomas depressivos foram avaliados através do Patient Health Questionnaire - 9 (PHQ-9) e, para investigar esgotamento, utilizou-se o Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). Foi analisada a associação de depressão com as seguintes variáveis de exposição: violência no trabalho e estresse no trabalho (modelo demanda-controle). A regressão logística multinomial foi utilizada para investigar as associações entre sintomas depressivos e as variáveis individuais e do trabalho. As associações do esgotamento profissional com as características fatores individuais e as contextuais foram avaliadas através da análise multinível, que examinou as relações entre três níveis: nível 1(variáveis individuais), nível 2 (variável relacionada à da equipe) e nível 3 (características da Unidade Básica de Saúde). Resultados: As prevalências de sintomas depressivos intermediários e provável depressão maior foram, respectivamente, 36,3% (IC95%: 34,6-38,1) e 16,0% (IC95%:14,6-17,2). De acordo com a análise multinomial, as variáveis associadas a maior odds ratio para sintomas depressivos/provável depressão maior foram: sexo feminino, pertencer ao grupo etário 18 a 29 anos, ter vivenciado um ou mais eventos de vida relacionado ao estresse nos últimos 12 meses, ser agente comunitário de saúde, exposição à violência no trabalho, não receber feedback dos superiores, ter apoio social baixo, e ter tipo de trabalho passivo, ativo ou de alto desgaste. Em relação ao esgotamento profissional, 47,7% (IC95%: 45,9-49,5) dos participantes apresentaram nível moderado e 11,7% (IC95%: 10,5-12,8) nível grave. A regressão multinível mostrou que as variáveis individuais (idade, tempo de trabalho na ESF, trabalhar em área vulnerável, profissão e feedback dos supervisores) e as variáveis do contexto (UBS) contribuíram de forma independente para explicar a variância na prevalência de esgotamento nos participantes. Conclusões: As elevadas prevalências de depressão e esgotamento têm implicações para os profissionais da ESF e para os gestores. Os profissionais que apresentam depressão e/ou esgotamento precisam ser reconhecidos e tratados. As estratégias para prevenir essas condições devem incluir intervenções nas condições de trabalho / Introduction: The implementation of Primary Care has been a priority in lowmiddle- income countries. In Brazil, the Ministry of Health created the Family Health Strategy (FHS) in order to reorganize the primary care model. The FHS currently comprises over 39,000 primary care teams, and covers more than 121 million people across the country, and is still expanding. Although lots of health workers are involved in the FHS, research studying the mental health of these professionals is scarce. Primary care workers regularly perform activities outside health centers, and work directly within the communities. They are the \'gatekeepers\' of health systems, responsible for guaranteeing accessibility. Considering this context, these workers are often under high pressure, which can have repercussions on their mental health, such as depression and burnout. These conditions may affect workers and their jobs, and can threaten primary care sustainability. Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of depressive symptoms, probable major depression and burnout in primary care workers in the city of São Paulo, and also, to investigate whether individual characteristics and job variables are associated with these conditions. Method: A cross-sectional study was carried out in the city of São Paulo [PANDORA-SP (Panorama of Primary Health Care Workers in São Paulo, Brazil: Depression, Organizational Justice, Violence at Work, and Burnout Assessments)], that evaluated 2,940 primary care workers from the FHS. Depressive symptoms and major depression were investigated using the nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), and burnout was assessed using the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). The associations of violence at work, job strain (demand-control model), and covariates with depression were analyzed using multinomial regression. The associations of participants\' characteristics and contextual variables with burnout were analyzed using multilevel regression, which had three levels. The first level of the analyses was participants\' characteristics, the second level was teams\' variables and the third level was the primary care centers\' characteristics. Results: The prevalence of depressive symptoms and probable major depression were 36.3% (CI95%: 34.6-38.1) and 16.0% (CI95%: 14.6-17.2), respectively. According to the multinomial regression, the variables that were independently associated with higher odds ratios for depressive symptoms and probable major depression were gender (female), age group from 18 to 29 years old, had one or more stressful life events in the previous 12 months, type of profession (community health agents), length of employment in FHS, those who reported exposure to violence at work, not receiving performance feedback from their supervisor, and currently having a passive, active or high strain job. Regarding burnout, 47.7% (CI95%: 45.9-49.5) of participants presented moderate burnout, and 11.7% (CI95%: 10.5-12.8) severe burnout. Multilevel regression showed that variables in the first and third levels were independently associated with burnout. In the first level (individual), these variables were age group, length of employment in FHS, working in deprived areas, type of profession, and performance feedback from supervisor. In the third level (primary care center), burnout variance within the sample was partially explained by the contextual variables. Conclusions: High rates of depressive symptoms, probable major depression, and moderate/severe burnout have implications for primary care workers and for health system managers. Workers with depression and/or burnout need to be recognized and assisted. Strategies to prevent these conditions should include interventions to modify job characteristics associated with burnout and depression

The media during the past ten years has given considerable attention to the workplace violence in factories, service organizations, and the public school systems throughout the United States. This study compared patterns of workplace violence in the 23 member institutions of the Virginia Community College System (VCCS) with the patterns of workplace violence in selected for-profit service and manufacturing employers in Virginia, to determine if workplace violence incidents occurring in the VCCS's member institutions reflect the workplace violence incidents experienced by business and industry within each member institution's service region. Chi-square analysis showed a significant difference in non-violent conflict training provided to employees and the use of written policies and workplace violence prevention plans. There was not a significant difference in the types and frequencies of workplace violence incidents occurring in community colleges and in business and industry. Future research should expand this study by comparing community colleges to four-year institutions and reviewing the influence of workplace violence prevention plans on the types and frequencies of occurrences.

2006年6月國際勞工組織(ILO)所公佈名為工作暴力(Violence at Work)的調查報告中指出，不論是在開發中或已開發國家中，職場暴力：包括霸凌 (bullying)、聚眾滋擾 (mobbing)及受到精神狀態不穩定的同事威脅、性騷擾和他殺等在全球出現增加的趨勢，因此職場暴力已被認為是職業危害之一，近幾年逐漸受到社會大眾的注意，現今已經是超越國界、超越各種職業，變成一種全球性的問題，各個先進國家針對職場暴力問題進行了各項調查以及研擬了因應的措施與政策，只求降低職場暴力所帶來的經濟損失和勞工傷亡。但是從我國的勞動政策來看，職場暴力尚未受到相關政府行政單位的重視，由於過去我國主要產業以製造業為主，製造業的職業危害來自於機械以及化學物質，因此職場暴力這一種較容易發生於服務業的職業危害，在實務上缺乏相關研究報告以及調查數據，近年來我國產業逐漸轉向服務業以及高科技產業，職場壓力和職業暴力的隱憂逐漸浮現出來，令人無法輕視以及疏忽。 本研究透過蒐集國際勞工組織、世界衛生組織等國際性機構，有關職場暴力之研究與數據，並且配合美國、英國、加拿大和澳洲等國家的資料進行比較研究，對於職場暴力的定義和類型等基本要素，做了詳細的介紹；另外更是針對職場暴力的事前預防、過程控制以及事後處理等多方面步驟，整理出主要的應變措施。最後針對我國職場暴力政策不足之處，提出了些許的建議，希望透過這些不同的數據以及文獻，能夠對我國職場安全以及勞工安全衛生有些微的助益，並且能讓我國政府開始重視職場暴力的影響，不要讓高職場暴力風險行業的勞工獨自承受暴力的威脅，終日生活在恐懼的陰影之下，讓我國勞工可以享受工作所帶來的充實感，而非冒著生命財產安全受到威脅進入職場。 / International Labour Organization published the report(Violence at Work) in June 2006 , in the report , it mentioned whether in developed and developing countries, workplace violence (include: bullying, mobbing, sexual harassment and threat from co-worker with mental illness) increases exponentially over the world. Workplace violence becomes an occupational hazard and receives attention from the community; the issue has already beyond borders and race. All advanced countries survey and draft measures and policy of workplace violence for reduce economic losses and labour casualties. But in our labour policy, workplace violence didn’t receive attention from government agencies. In the past, our country had developed manufacturing industry and noticed the occupational hazard of mechanical and chemical substances, so we don’t do more study and survey with workplace violence. In recent years, our country’s industry toward the service industry and high-tech industry, the worry of workplace stress and workplace violence has surfaced and we can’t despise or neglect it. This study collects the international agencies’ research and data about workplace violence, and takes the data of United States, United Kingdom, Canada and Australia etc. country to compare. To introduce the definition and type of workplace violence in detail, and summarize the emergency measures for preventing, controlling and redeeming to workplace violence. Finally, to provide the suggestion of the deficiencies in our country’s workplace violence policy. To hope can supply some help to our country’s occupational safety and health, and then the government can start paying attention to the effect from workplace violence. Don’t let the labour face the threat from workplace violence alone and life under the shadow, let them can enjoy the happy from working really.

Bakgrund: Våld är ett problem inom vården och på akutmottagningar finns en stor risk att våldsincidenter uppstår. Våld kan skapa fysiska och psykiska konsekvenser, medföra osäker arbetsmiljö och försämrad omvårdnad. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva sjuksköterskors uppfattningar om vilka faktorer som kan ge upphov till våld på akutmottagningar. Metod: Litteraturöversikt baserat på kvalitativa och kvantitativa vetenskapliga artiklar. Resultat: I resultatet framkom olika faktorer som kan ge upphov till våld, såsom väntetider och stressande arbetsklimat. Sjuksköterskors beteende, attityder och kroppsspråk är andra faktorer. Medicinska och psykiska sjukdomar kan göra att patienter blir våldsamma, liksom användande av droger eller andra substanser. Slutsats: Genom att uppmärksamma faktorer som kan ge upphov till våld kan preventiva åtgärder vidtas vilket kan göra att sjuksköterskor på akutmottagningar får en säker arbetsplats och kan utföra en säker vård till patienter. / Background: Violence is a problem within the care and there is a risk for violence incidents at emergency departments. Violence can bring physical and psychological consequences, cause an unsafe work environment and impair the care. Aim: The aim was to describe nurses’ perceptions about which factors that can generate violence in emergency departments. Method: A literature review based on qualitative and quantitative scientific articles. Result: The result revealed different factors which can generate violence, such as waiting times and a stressful work. Nurses´ behaviours, attitudes and body language are other factors. Medical and psychological diseases can make the patient violent, as well as drug use or other substance abuse. Conclusion: By paying attention to factors which can give rise to violence can preventive actions be taken which can lead to that nurses in emergency departments get a safe workplace and can perform a safe health care to patients.