<p>Self-destructive behaviour is a more and more occurring phenomenon in today’s society and there are mostly young girls who are affected by this behaviour. There are different explanations to why the phenomenon appears. The purpose of this research essay is to give a literature overview of the phenomenon of self-harming behaviour of young girls. Two research questions have been used to study this phenomenon; How can groups of friends contribute to reinforce an identity with the self-destructive behaviour among young girls? How can Internet contributes to reinforce an identity with the self- estructive behaviour among young girls? For the analysis this research essay uses the social constructive theoretical perspective. The method used in this study is based on systematic searching of relevant literature and research. The findings indicate that groups of friends and the Internet constitute a forum where young people can create and develop their own identity. Therefore these two components can also have an important role in developing an identity with the self-destructive behaviour among young girls especially when they have a tendency to seek help from one another.</p>

Self-destructive behaviour is a more and more occurring phenomenon in today’s society and there are mostly young girls who are affected by this behaviour. There are different explanations to why the phenomenon appears. The purpose of this research essay is to give a literature overview of the phenomenon of self-harming behaviour of young girls. Two research questions have been used to study this phenomenon; How can groups of friends contribute to reinforce an identity with the self-destructive behaviour among young girls? How can Internet contributes to reinforce an identity with the self- estructive behaviour among young girls? For the analysis this research essay uses the social constructive theoretical perspective. The method used in this study is based on systematic searching of relevant literature and research. The findings indicate that groups of friends and the Internet constitute a forum where young people can create and develop their own identity. Therefore these two components can also have an important role in developing an identity with the self-destructive behaviour among young girls especially when they have a tendency to seek help from one another.

Kroppen, i termer av kroppsliga vardagserfarenheter och unga tjejers kroppsliga gestaltning av lik- eller olikartade erfarenheter, som uppvisas inom en nätkultur på bloggar om hälsa och träning har använts som empirisk och analytisk grund. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur heteronormativ femininitet iscensätts, förhandlas och görs normerande i populära bloggar inom träning och hälsa samt varför de konsumeras av unga tjejer. Inledningsvis redogörs för en beskrivande bakgrund av moderna västerländska konsumtionssamhället och vad det kan innebära för individers identitetsarbete. Tidigare forskning inom området berör ungas förhållningssätt till kroppen, ideal och femininitet, kulturella framställningar av normer samt medier som verktyg för identitetsskapande. En netnografisk undersökning med text- och bildanalys har genomförts av tre stycken bloggar för både publicerat material och interaktiva delar, det vill säga bloggarens inlägg och läsarnas frågor och kommentarer. Tre grundläggande teman var specifikt framträdande i den funna empirin; tämjandet av kroppen, iscensättningen av heteronormativ femininitet samt konsumtion och klasskillnader. Vidare har analyser utgått ifrån grundläggande genusteorier som berör performativitet, klass, queerteorin, normalisering och makt och stereotyper och sociomentala relationer. Resultaten visar att tjejernas föreställningar om och iscensättningen av femininitet inom nätkulturen strukturerar såväl tankar som handlingar. Deras kroppar är eller strävar efter att vara bärare av viss slags ideal heteronormativ femininitet och kroppen fungerar som medium varigenom denna kan verka. Konsumtion och markörer visar sig vara medel som möjliggör iscensättningen och den ideala livsstilen. Relationen mellan skribenten och läsarna diskuteras i termer av makt, klass och expertkunskap. Diskussioner har även förts kring vilken betydelse och mening bloggarnas diskurser om femininitet och kroppsnormer kan ha för unga tjejers föreställningar om vad som krävs för att vara kvinna ”på rätt sätt” i dagens samhälle. / The human body, in terms of everyday experiences and young women’s body staging of similar or unequal experiences that is exposed among an Internet culture on lifestyle blogs about health and fitness has based the empiric analyses. The study aims to examine how young women practice and negotiate hetero normative femininity on popular blogs about health and fitness and what conveys girls’ interest to read and interact in these type of online communities. The main questions of the study concern what type of feminine body standards are negotiated and orchestrated in blogs consumed by young women, what messages and ideals about health are conveyed and communicated through text and images, what kind of femininity do the girls strive to achieve by active consumption of and communication in blogs and why is it desirable, what enables the staging and what legitimizes the writers position as a role model and how can young girl’s health as a discursive practice be analysed and related to a broader social perspective concerning norms and ideals. The theoretical framework of the study is based on gender theories such as performativity, class, queer theory, normativity, power and social control, stereotypes and sociomental relationships. The methodology for the study is a netnographic observation of three blogs with further text- and image analysis both for published material and interactive fragments - blog posts and readers’ comments and questions. The three main themes that were specifically disclosed in the results are modifying of the body, the implementation of hetero normative femininity according to ideal images and consumption and class disparities. The results are illustrating the girls’ notions and staging of a specific heteronormative femininity among the Internet culture. The ideas about the ideal female body and lifestyle can structure thoughts as well as actions. Consumption and various types of labels and markers are used as tools for enabling the staging of the ideal lifestyle. The relation between the writer and the readers has been discussed in aspects of power, class and expertise. Further analyses and discussions has been held in terms of the theoretical framework of the study.

The purpose of this study was to chart and analyze the level of knowledge among the professionals who in their line of work meet young girls who have been exposed for cyber bullying, also to identify what the consequences that cyber bullying has for young girls in the age of 13-15 years old, focusing on their wellbeing. In this study four semi-structured interviews were used. The theories chosen for the analysis of our results were symbolic interactionism and objectification theory. Results from this study showed that girls were mostly exposed to cyber bullying because of the way they look. That results in negative consequences for the young girls’ wellbeing, in terms of lower self-esteem, questioning of their self, unease and anxiety. All our participators in this study were unanimous that education within the subject was important, but that the education they currently had wasn’t good enough. / Denna studie syftade till att kartlägga och analysera hur kunskapsläget såg ut hos professionella som i sitt arbete kommer i kontakt med unga tjejer som blivit utsatta för nätmobbning, samt att utifrån de professionellas synvinkel se konsekvenser som nätmobbningen fått med avseende på välmående för unga tjejer i 13–15-årsåldern. I denna studie genomfördes fyra halvstrukturerade intervjuer. För att analysera resultatet använde vi oss av symbolisk interaktionism och objektifieringsteorin. Studien visade att unga tjejer mestadels blev utsatta för nätmobbning rörande deras utseende. Detta resulterade i negativa konsekvenser för de unga tjejernas välmående såsom en sämre självkänsla, ett ifrågasättande av sig själva, oros- och ångestproblematik. Samtliga informanter i studien var eniga om att utbildning inom ämnet var viktigt, men att den utbildning de hittills fått inte var tillräcklig.

Våld i ungas parrelationer är ett problem som fått ökad uppmärksamhet bland annat ur ett politiskt perspektiv de senaste åren. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka socialarbetares erfarenheter av att arbeta med våld i ungas heterosexuella parrelationer med ett fokus på unga tjejers våldsutsatthet. Studien ämnar undersöka hur socialarbetare beskriver sin egen samt unga tjejers kunskap kring och syn på våld, vilken form av våld socialarbetare beskriver att unga tjejer blir utsatta för samt om socialarbetare ser några särskilda utmaningar i arbetet med unga våldsutsatta tjejer. Studien grundar sig på en kvalitativ metod och tematisk analys av tio semistrukturerade intervjuer med socialarbetare från olika verksamheter. Studien behandlar även teorier såsom kunskap i socialt arbete, normaliseringsprocessen, strukturell feministisk förklaringsmodell samt ett intersektionellt perspektiv. Resultatet visade att intervjupersonerna upplever att de själva besitter god kunskap kring ämnet men att det finns en avsaknad av kunskap bland unga tjejer samt andra professionella som arbetar med målgruppen. Vidare framkommer det i resultatet att fysiskt, psykiskt, sexuellt samt digitalt våld är de våldsformer som unga tjejer främst blir utsatta för. Utmaningar som intervjupersonerna beskriver samt som återfinns i resultatet är att identifiera samt nå ut till unga våldsutsatta tjejer. Ytterligare beskrivs machokultur och normer vara en utmaning i intervjupersonernas arbete. / Violence in young people’s relationships is a problem which has received an increased amount of awareness in the last years, especially in a political sense. The purpose of this study is to investigate social workers experiences of working with violence in young people’s heterosexual relationships, focusing on young girls’ exposure to violence. This study aims to examine how social workers describe their own knowledge of and view on violence, as well as how they experience the knowledge of young girls. Furthermore, this study aims to see which type of violence young girls are exposed to according to social workers and if social workers identify any challenges in their work with these young girls. A qualitative method has been used and a thematic analysis of ten semi structured interviews with social workers from different establishments has been performed. The study also makes use of knowledge in social work, normalization process theory, structural feminist theory and an intersectional perspective. The results revealed that the social workers who were interviewed experience that they themselves have good knowledge on the topic. However, they described a lack of knowledge among young girls as well as among other professionals who work with the target group. Furthermore, the result showed that physical, psychological, sexual, and digital violence are the most common types of violence which young girls are exposed to in their relationships. Challenges which are described by the social workers who were interviewed, and which are presented in this study’s result, is to identify and reach out to young girls who are exposed to violence. Macho behavior and attitude and social norms are furthermore described as challenges by the interviewees.

<p>Today several things point to the fact that many young women are being abused and sexual harassed. Despite that there is no knowledge about how the girls handle the violence or how the battering affects them. For that reason the purpose of this study is to describe and give a picture of some girl’s experiences of being battered of men they have or have had a relationship with. In focus is also how these girls identities are affected of the battering. These girls were between 16-24 years old when the battering started. </p><p>One important conclusion in this study is that if the attitudes of women battering can change, the power structure between the sexes be evident and the knowledge about women battering increase it might be easier for a lot of women. It could increase the possibility for girls and women to counter men’s power and for battered girls and women to change their situation at an earlier stage than they are able to today.</p>

The purpose of this study is that through a discourse theoretical perspective, analyze young girls 'statements about living with self-injuring by sexual behavior. The aim is to locate the discourses that surround them, visualize how discursive constructions affect these young girls' identity as victims and/or actors in relation to self-injury, the sexual violence and in meetings with the professionals within the health authorities. In addition discourse theory as an analyze method, the authors also use Nils Christie's (2001) theory of the ideal victim and Ingrid Landers (2003) theoretical perspectives on normative femininity. The authors of the study show a diversity of discourses that surround the young girls. All discourses contain normative actor- and victim’s positions that young girls constantly are obliged to relate to, which partially conflict with social constructions of the idea of victim and femininity. These positions are assigned, claimed or opposition to, and characterizes not only the young girls self-image, but also how professionals within the health authorities look at them and what support and assistance that’s offered or deprived. Finally, the authors argue for a broader approach to young girls who self-injuring by sexual behavior, they can be both victims and actors and advocates a questioning of oppressive norms to detect and identify the young girls who self-injure by sexual behavior, when it is a prerequisite to widen their options and discretion.

Today several things point to the fact that many young women are being abused and sexual harassed. Despite that there is no knowledge about how the girls handle the violence or how the battering affects them. For that reason the purpose of this study is to describe and give a picture of some girl’s experiences of being battered of men they have or have had a relationship with. In focus is also how these girls identities are affected of the battering. These girls were between 16-24 years old when the battering started. One important conclusion in this study is that if the attitudes of women battering can change, the power structure between the sexes be evident and the knowledge about women battering increase it might be easier for a lot of women. It could increase the possibility for girls and women to counter men’s power and for battered girls and women to change their situation at an earlier stage than they are able to today.

The aim of this qualitative study was to investigate professionals' perception of young girls' particular vulnerability to digital violence, its consequences, and professional approaches to digital violence. Four professionals working in women’s and girl’s shelters were interviewed in a semi-structured format. The results indicate that young girls are particularly vulnerable because of their gender, age, and the power structure in society. The consequences of being affected by digital violence are described as among others mental illness and problems to establish other healthy relations. Both youth’s and adult’s lack of knowledge about digital violence may contribute to its perpetuation. The work with digital violence is limited because of a generation gap that leads to the fact that adults lack understanding of young girls' particular vulnerability. The study identifies a need for increased education about digital violence for both young people and adults. / Denna kvalitativa intervjustudie syftar till att undersöka hur yrkesverksamma inom tjej- och kvinnojourer upplever och arbetar med unga tjejers utsatthet för digitalt våld i nära relationer och dess konsekvenser. Studien grundar sig i fyra semistrukturerade intervjuer med fyra informanter från tjej- eller kvinnojourer i Sverige. Resultaten tyder på att unga tjejer är särskilt sårbara till följd av faktorer som könstillhörighet, ålder och maktstrukturer i samhället. Konsekvenser av att utsättas för digitalt våld beskrivs bland annat som psykisk ohälsa och problem att etablera andra sunda relationer. Otillräcklig kunskap om digitalt våld för både unga och vuxna underlättar potentiellt dess fortsättning. Arbetet med digitalt våld sker i mindre utsträckning på grund av ett generationsglapp som innebär att vuxna saknar en förståelse för unga tjejers särskilda utsatthet. Utvecklingsområden som diskuterats berör kunskapshöjning för både unga och vuxna.

Cette étude porte sur l’histoire de l’éducation physique des jeunes filles canadiennes-françaises à Montréal de 1860 à 1920, c’est-à-dire des premières manifestations d’une éducation corporelle dans le réseau éducatif privé jusqu’à la période dite de « l’âge d’or » des sports féminins au Canada. Dans une première partie, le mémoire analyse les discours des hommes de science canadiens-français de manière à saisir leur réflexion théorique sur le corps féminin en mouvement et les prescriptions qu’ils ont formulées à ce sujet. Dans une seconde partie, il présente l’évolution des pratiques gymnastiques et sportives dans les grands pensionnats catholiques de Montréal tenus par les Sœurs de la Congrégation de Notre-Dame et les Sœurs des Saints Noms de Jésus et de Marie. Il apparaît que les promoteurs de l’éducation physique féminine font face à certains défis : comment encourager l’exercice pour les jeunes filles sans trop les exposer dans l’espace public ? Comment concilier l’entraînement physique et l’idéal esthétique de la féminité ? Enfin, comment promouvoir davantage de mouvements pour le corps féminin juvénile sans risquer de nuire à sa capacité reproductive ? Médecins et pédagogues, face à ce dilemme, définirent les contours d’une éducation physique et sportive féminine acceptable. Cependant, bien que les normes diffusées par la littérature prescriptive essentiellement masculine aient été contraignantes, des pratiques innovantes, répondant à des objectifs précis, apparaissent dès les années 1860 dans les grands pensionnats montréalais et se diversifient au début du XXe siècle sous l’impulsion des actrices historiques — religieuses enseignantes, professeures de gymnastique et couventines. / This study examines the history of the physical education of Montreal’s young French Canadian girls from 1860 to 1920; from the first manifestations of corporal education in the private education network to the so-called « golden age » of women’s sports in Canada. Firstly, the discourses of French Canadian scientists are analyzed in such a way as to capture their theoretical reflections on the female body in movement and the prescriptions they formulated. Subsequently, this study presents the evolution of sport and gymnastic practices in the Catholic female boarding schools of Montreal held by the Sisters of the Congregation of Notre-Dame and the Sisters of the Holy Names of Jesus and Mary. Proponents of women’s physical education faced certain challenges: how to promote exercise for young women without exposing them to the public space? How to reconcile physical training with the aesthetic ideal of femininity? Finally, how to promote more movement for the juvenile female body without risking its reproductive capacity? Doctors and educators, faced with this dilemma, defined the contours of an acceptable female physical and sports education. However, although the norms disseminated by the predominantly male prescriptive literature were restrictive, innovative practices that met specific objectives started to appear in Montreal’s boarding schools in the 1860s. These practices diversified in the first decades of the twentieth century under the impetus of historical actresses – teaching sisters, gymnastic professors and students.