This dissertation view a sample of projects conducted by two different non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in Dharavi, a slum-area in Mumbai, India, and examines how they con-tribute to children and youth ́s social development and empowerment. Due to the large global population of children and youths, as well as that a large percentage of the world ́s inhabitants reside in slum-areas, it is considered of importance to gain information regarding the social work that isbeing conducted with the focus. The field work is carried out through interviews and observations in the area. The focus is five different projects that are conducted by two different NGOs in Mumbai. This dissertation display how the two theories, empowerment and social development, are connected to each other as well as the positive impact the NGOs have on the participating childrenand youths. The findings of the field work lead to an understand-ing in which ways NGOs can help children and youths to reachempowerment and how they contribute to the social development of the participants. The research shows the impact the organizations activities have on the children and youths lives. / Denna uppsats granskar ett urval av projekt som genomförs av två olika icke-statliga organisationer i Dharavi, ett slumområde i Mumbai, Indien, och undersöker hur de bidrar till barn och ungdomars sociala utveckling och empowerment. Då en stor del av världens befolkning består av barn och ungdomar, samt att en stor del av den globala populationen lever i slumområden, anses det viktigt att inhämta information gällande det sociala arbete som bedrivs i dessa områden. Data till uppsatsen har inhämtats genom intervjuer och observationer från två icke-statliga organisationer i det valda området. Uppsatsen visar hur de två teorierna, empowerment och social utveckling, är kopplade till varandra och påvisar även det positiva inflytande de icke-statliga organisationerna har på sina deltagare. Resultaten av fältarbetet leder till en förståelse för på vilket sätt de enskilda organisationer kan bidra till att barn och ungdomar uppnår empowerment samt hur de bidrar till deltagarnas sociala utveckling. Forskningen visar den effekt organisationerna har på barnen och ungdomarnas liv.

Purpose: The aim of this paper is to investigate whether there are differences between big cities and small cities in adventure tourism. The cities that are studied are Stockholm and Visby. Methodology: The study is based on a qualitative method. We have done interviews and observation. We also used books and internet when collecting information.         Conclusions: The study has shown that differences exist between large and small cities. People seek out the opposite, whether you're from a big city or small town. Those who traveled to Stockholm made ​​the trip to experience and see the big city. Basis of choice has been the large selection, possibilities, events and various attractions. Respondents who chose to visit Visby made ​​their choice primarily because of the beach and the feeling of being overseas that one feels when one is in Visby. They have turned to calm, to relax and get away from their everyday lives. / Syftet med denna uppsats var att undersöka huruvida det finns skillnader i hur upplevelseturismen ser ut i stora och små städer. Städerna som vi valt att studera är Stockholm och Visby. Uppsatsen är skriven utifrån en kvalitativ metod. Vi har använt oss av intervjuer och deltagande observationer. Också internet och böcker har varit primära informationskällor. Slutsats: Studien har visat att skillnader finns mellan stora och små städer. Människan söker sig till det motsatta, vare sig man är från en stor stad eller mindre stad. De som reste till Stockholm gjorde resan för att få uppleva och se storstaden. Grund för valet har varit det stora utbudet, möjligheterna, evenemang och olika attraktioner. Respondenterna som valt att besöka Visby gjorde sitt val främst på grund av stranden och utlandsskänslan som man känner när man är på Gotland. De har sökt sig till lugnet, för att få koppla av och komma bort från sin vardag.

This essay has two aims. The first is to provide a better understanding of how youths in urban Mwanza envision a deepening of the democratic system in regard to the deliberative democracy theory by Jürgen Habermas and the agonistic pluralism by Chantal Mouffe. The second aim is to connect the empirical material – the democratic deepening visions of youths in urban Mwanza – to a theoretical discussion, transforming the democratic models into democratization chains. The theoretical contribution in this essay is to apply these theoretical models to an emerging democracy such as Tanzania, and to to transform the agonistic pluralism and deliberative models into democratization chains. The empirical material in this essay has further been gathered through semi-structured interviews with 19 youths in urban Mwanza. The results presented in the first analytical chapter shows that youths in urban Mwanza leans towards a vision of a deliberative model of democracy rather then an agonistic pluralism, but that a social class dimension could be seen as affecting the lean. Particularly less-educated females raised concerns that a deliberative approach would segment an unsatisfying political status quo. The theoretical discussion showed that the implications visions of a deepened democracy from youths in urban Mwanza theoretically could have on the democratization process changes if the theories are seen as models or chains.

<p>This is a study about gym training young men (age 18-20) and their attitude against anabolic androgenic steroids, AAS. In our study we examine if the muscular ideal in our society have any effect on young men and the young men’s attitude against their body and their training. We want to find out what attitude gym training young men have against AAS, and also what has had the influence to this attitude.</p><p>         The study contains six qualitative performed interviews with young men who are training at the gym, which are based on relevant information about their training habits, nutritional supplement, influence, the muscular ideal, the gym culture and medias effect on young men when it comes to body ideals.  </p><p>         The young men’s attitudes is connected and compared to prior research about gym-training young men and what affects them to have a certain attitude against AAS, body and training. In our study we also use a theory by Giddens about social interaction and the late modern society we live in. </p><p>         The conclusions of the result and analysis is that young men who trains at the gym for the purpose of getting bigger and in relation to the training takes nutritional supplements, have a more liberal attitude against AAS compared to those young men who doesn’t. Media, friends, equals at the gym and the gym culture are all factors that affect young men in their positive attitude in opposition to AAS.</p>

Submitted by Vasti Diniz (vastijpa@hotmail.com) on 2017-12-28T13:32:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3641426 bytes, checksum: 2365c27156ee041b5753ec9138451fbf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-28T13:32:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3641426 bytes, checksum: 2365c27156ee041b5753ec9138451fbf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The objective of this study is to analyze the political participation of young people who are part of or integrate the Northeast Youth Network. It is a question of discussing one of the forms of political participation of youth, which is expressed mainly by networking and opening up to government agencies. The research, of a qualitative nature, is based on reports from the youth themselves, in order to understand how they attribute meaning to their experiences as political actors, whether in organizational and mobilization practices or as representatives of the Network in governmental bodies. The period analyzed is from 2005 to 2011, when the Network is more active in the Northeast and young people were interviewed who participated in different moments of the Network's history. The analysis of the speech talks with the concept of youth, understood as a changeable category that is also signified by young people themselves, from their experiences in the family, work, school, church and politics. Political participation is understood in an expanded sense involving organizational practices, direct action and mediation, as well as the elaboration of representations about the meaning of democracy, participation and citizenship. The results show not only the contribution of the Network, but also a space of insertion and political participation of a part of the youth, but of human formation based on new bonds of solidarity in the construction of a new political culture. / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a participação política de jovens que integram ou integraram a Rede de Jovens do Nordeste. Trata-se de discutir uma das formas de participação política da juventude, que se expressa, sobretudo pela articulação em redes e pela abertura para a atuação em organismos governamentais. A pesquisa, de natureza qualitativa, é feita a partir de relatos dos próprios jovens, no sentido de apreender como atribuem significado a suas experiências como atores políticos, sejam nas práticas organizativas e de mobilização sejam como representantes da Rede em organismos governamentais. O período analisado é de 2005 a 2011, quando a Rede é mais atuante no Nordeste e foram entrevistados jovens que participaram em diferentes momentos da história da Rede. As análises das falas dialogam com o conceito de juventude, entendido como uma categoria mutável que é significada também pelos próprios jovens, a partir de suas experiências na família, no trabalho, na escola, na igreja e na política. A participação política é entendida num sentido ampliado envolvendo práticas organizativas, de ação direta e de mediação, bem como a elaboração de representações sobre o significado da democracia, da participação e da cidadania. Os resultados mostram não só a contribuição da Rede, como espaço de inserção e participação política de uma parcela da juventude, mas de formação humana baseado em novos laços de solidariedade na construção de uma nova cultura política.

A presente tese tem como objetivo compreender a produção do espaço urbano a partir das práticas e representações de jovens do Bairro Guajuviras, espaço representado como uma periferia do município de Canoas, Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre. O estudo parte da relação de coprodução entre juventudes e espaço de um bairro popular. Evidencia os conflitos inerentes às disputas representacionais que constituem, de um lado, imaginários urbanos que generalizam essas juventudes como problema e definem o bairro como espaço periférico e, de outro, produção de representações do espaço que reafirmam tanto o local, quanto os/as jovens. As narrativas e experiências desses/as jovens redirecionam as perspectivas teóricas para a compreensão do espaço no rompimento com as dualidades centro-periferia, desconstruindo os estereótipos embasados nas hierarquias sócio-espaciais e orientando para perspectivas que evidenciam as diferenças, aqui acentuadas na elaboração conceitual do bairro popular. Dessa forma, a pesquisa percorre a produção do Guajuviras nos diálogos a partir das teorias da produção do espaço de Henri Lefebvre (2013), as práticas microbianas de Michel de Certeau (2009) e as concepções de ator e agente de Guy Di Méo e Pascal Buléon (2007). As práticas espaciais identificadas nas narrativas dos/as jovens do Guajuviras orientam pelo reconhecimento de práticas de apropriação do espaço urbano no bairro, através das relações de convivência e dos usos de ruas e praças como espaços de permanência e sociabilidade e, nos espaços metropolitanos mais distantes, nas relações de trabalho e comunidades de sentido (BERGER; LUCKMANN, 2004). A relação juventude-espaço revela feições do urbano de coprodução entre espaços e sujeitos através das trajetórias de vida e formas de inserção nas relações sociais do bairro e do espaço metropolitano. Dessa forma, a pesquisa demonstra os processos de produção do espaço através de relações de condicionamentos e transgressões, identifica aspectos e conflitos do urbano através dos quais são indicadas perspectivas para pensar o bairro popular e suas juventudes. / This thesis aims to understand the production of the urban space from the practices and representations of young people of Guajuviras neighborhood, space represented as a popular suburb of Canoas city, in the metropolitan area of Porto Alegre. The study starts from the co-production relationship between youths and space of a popular neighborhood. It shows the inherent conflicts of the representational disputes that, on one hand, constitute some urban imaginary that generalize these youths as a problem and define the neighborhood as a peripheral space and, on another hand, the production of space representations that reaffirm the local and also the young people. The narratives and experiences of these young people redirect the theoretical perspectives to the understanding of the space in the rupture with the centre-periphery dualities, deconstructing stereotypes grounded in socio-spatial hierarchies and guiding to perspectives that show the differences, here accented in the conceptual elaboration of the popular neighborhood. Thus, the research explores the production of Guajuviras in the dialogues from the space production theories of Henri Lefebvre (2013), the microbian practices of Michel de Certeau (2009), and the concepts of actor and agent of Guy Di Méo and Pascal Buléon (2007). The spatial practices identified in the narratives of the Guajuviras youths guide trough the recognition of appropriation practices of the urban space, trough the conviviality relationships and the use of streets and squares of the neighborhood as permanency and sociability spaces and, in the most distant metropolitan spaces, in the work relationships and in the sense communities (BERGER; LUCKMANN, 2004). The youth-space relationship reveals urban features of co-production between spaces and individuals trough the life trajectories and insertion ways in the social relations of the neighborhood and the metropolitan space. Thus, the study demonstrates the processes of space production trough the relations of conditioning and transgressions. It identifies aspects and conflicts of the urban space that allow indicate perspectives to think the popular neighborhood and its youths.

A vigente política brasileira sobre drogas aloca, aos que as consomem ou aos que as comercializam, ao patamar da ilegalidade – ainda que preveja a diferenciação de fronteiras imprecisas, entre consumo e tráfico. A conjuntura proibicionista proporciona a existência de complexas redes sociais, entre os que mais lucram, e não são identificados como tais, e os que são passíveis de punição/correção. Estes últimos são os que se encontram na porção final da rede de vendas de drogas, em geral ocupada por jovens pobres, fato denunciado no contexto das medidas socioeducativas descritas por este trabalho. Esta dissertação é o resultado de um processo cartográfico junto a jovens em cumprimento de medidas socioeducativas em meio aberto por envolvimento no comércio de drogas, a partir da inserção em grupos de Prestação de Serviços à Comunidade e de Liberdade Assistida. Apresento aqui os elementos vivenciados no período da pesquisa, relacionando-os com as noções de criminalização das juventudes, biopoder e de medicalização do social, analisando como estes se expressam na contemporaneidade e como são trabalhados e (re)produzidos no contexto socioeducativo. Demonstrar como estes conceitos se articulam e constituem a produção de discursos na relação com jovens envolvidos/as com a rede de comércio de drogas, com as políticas públicas para crianças e jovens ao longo do tempo e com as instituições responsáveis pelas medidas socioeducativas em meio aberto foram as pistas percorridas por esta cartografia. Neste contexto é coerente questionar, serão os jovens que estão em conflito com as leis, ou as leis que estão em conflito com os jovens? / The current Brazilian substance misuse policy allocates to those who consume or to those who sell, the illegality – although providing a differentiation, yet of blurred boundaries between consumption and trafficking. The prohibitionist scenario provides the existence of complex social networks among those who profit from, and are not identified as such, and of those whom are punishable. The latter are those who are in the final portion of the drug sales network, generally occupied by poor young people, a fact reported in the context of socio-educational measures described in this work. This dissertation is the result of a social cartography process with young people in fulfilment of educational measures for involvement in the drug trade, part of the integration in Service Delivery groups to Community and Assisted Freedom. I present here the experiences during the research period, relating them to the criminalization of youths, biopower and the medicalization of social, analyzing how these are expressed in contemporary society and how they are worked out and (re)produced in the social and educational context. To demonstrate how these concepts are linked and constitute the production of discourse in relation to young people involved with the drug trade network, with public policies for children and young people over time and with the institutions responsible for social and educational measures were the hints used by this cartography. In this context it is relevant to question: is it the youths who are in conflict with the laws, or are the laws in conflict with the youths?

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / The sexual behaviour of youths is believed to play a role in the spread of SexuallyTransmitted Infections (STIs) and Reproductive Tract Infections (RTIs). This study examinesthe determinants of youth sexual behaviours and knowledge of reproductive tract infections (RTIs) and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in Malawi. It explores rural/urbandifferentials in sexual behaviours using indicators such as early sexual initiation, multiplesexual partnerships, and non-use of condoms, in order to establish policy recommendationstoward improving sexual behaviour among youths. The Malawi Demographic Health Survey2010 data was used. Out of a sample of 2987 males and 9559 females aged 15-24 years,5652 females and 1405 males (condom use), 675 females and 511 males (inconsistentcondom use), 6470 females and 2026 males (multiple sexual partnerships (MSP)), and 15217females and 1405 males (early sexual debut) were filtered in the study.Chi-square and logistic regression techniques were performed to test for association betweensexual behaviour indicators and socio-demographic variables. The prevalence of non-use ofcondom was higher among catholic females (OR=1.11), lower among Muslim males (OR=0.81) and higher among CCAP females (OR=1.19). Muslim females were (OR=1.42) more likely to initiate sexual activities early, while Muslim males were (OR= 0.57) less likelyto initiate sexually activities early. Females in the central region (OR=1.51) and catholicmales (OR=1.63) were more likely to have more sexual partners.Encouraging these young people to be faithful to one uninfected partner, abstinence fromsexual activities, use condoms consistently and delay sexual initiation will help curb the spread of STIs in Malawi.

Esta dissertação apresenta um estudo das práticas de leituras de jovens inscritos em comunidades de leitores do livro O Senhor dos Anéis, do autor inglês John Ronald Reuel Tolkien. Busca compreender os significados assumidos por estas práticas, compreendidas como experiências inscritas numa rede de práticas culturais e sociais que lhes dão sentido. Leituras intensivas, extensivas, solitárias, socializadas, construção de sites, escritas de textos, publicação de livros, divulgação das escritas pela internet, jogos de RPG, e uma série de outras práticas fazem parte das vivências culturais, de lazer e sociabilidades, de jovens leitores d’O Senhor dos Anéis. Inscritos nas culturas juvenis de seu tempo, esses jovens participam de redes grupais onde afirmam suas identidades, condição essa que se refere a uma escolha e a modos de vida, muito mais que a uma condição biológica. Para a realização da pesquisa foram entrevistados quinze jovens de idades entre dezenove e vinte e nove anos, participantes de comunidades de leitores d’O Senhor dos Anéis, buscando compreender suas trajetórias e práticas de leitura, investigar o modo como conheceram as obras de Tolkien e o que os levou até elas, perscrutar as produções culturais que advém dessas práticas e as sociabilidades produzidas.As entrevistas individuais constituíram o corpus empírico da investigação, acrescido de pesquisas na internet, diário de campo, documentos virtuais e iconográficos da órbita dessas comunidades. O estudo apóia-se nos referenciais teóricos apresentados por Roger Chartier, especialmente para as questões relativas às práticas de leitura e escrita de comunidades de leitores. Relativamente às juventudes e às culturas juvenis, autores como Alberto Melucci José Machado Pais e Paulo César Rodrigues Carrano foram fundamentais. No entrecruzamento dos autores citados, com as reflexões pessoais e com todo material recolhido, foi possível perceber as construções realizadas pelos jovens leitores d’O Senhor dos Anéis. Construções de saberes, de práticas culturais para além da simples leitura e/ou escrita. Nos tempos de lazer, em que os jovens compartilham suas experiências de ou a partir das leituras, eles produzem culturas juvenis. Constroem sites para melhor socializar suas práticas e divulgar seus gostos literários e suas próprias produções. Escrevem livros baseados nas suas leituras e palestram sobre eles levando-os a outros leitores quecompartilham dos mesmos gostos, dos mesmos códigos e das mesmas estratégias de interpretação do livro que os une em redes grupais e em comunidades de leitores. / Intensive, extensive, solitary, socialized readings; sites construction; written of texts; publication of books; popularization of the writings through internet, RPG games and a series of other practices are part of the existence cultural, of leisure and sociabilities by the youth readers of The Lord of the Rings. Enrolled in the youthful cultures of their times, this youths are inserted into group nets where they affirm their identities, condition that refers to a choice and way of life much more than a biological condition. To the accomplishment of the research it were interviewed fifteen youths of ages between nineteen and twenty-nine years, participants of readers' communities to The Lord of the Rings, searching to understand its trajectories and practices of reading, to investigate the way as they had known the works of Tolkien and what took them until them, to analyze the cultural productions that comes of these practicals and the sociabilities produced. The individual interviews constituted the empiric corpus of the investigation, increased of researches in internet, journal, virtual and iconography documents of those communities' orbit. The study is supported by the theoretical references introduced by Roger Chartier, especially for the subjects about the reading and writing practices to the interpretative communities. Relatively to the youths and the youthful cultures, authors as Alberto Melucci José Machado Pais and Paulo César Rodrigues Carrano were fundamental. In the crossing to the authors’ mentioned, with the personal reflections and with every picked up material, it was possible to notice the constructions accomplished by the youths readers of The Lord of the Rings. Knowledge and cultural practices constructions, for besides the simple reading and written. In times of leisure, that the youths share your experiences of or since their readings, they produce youthful cultures. They build sites for socialize better your practices and to publish your literary tastes and your own productions.They write books based on your readings and lectured on them taking them to other readers that share the same tastes, the same codes and the same strategies of interpretation to the book that associated them in nets groups and in interpretative communities.

O estudo aborda os aprendizados vivenciados por jovens estudantes que participam da Pastoral da Juventude Estudantil - PJE - no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. A ênfase da investigação não se deteve à condição escolar dos estudantes, mas sim a sua condição juvenil, específica de participantes de grupos de jovens da pastoral e aos aprendizados que ali acontecem, a partir das falas dos próprios jovens. A Pastoral da Juventude Estudantil consiste numa organização de jovens estudantes que tem como base a articulação de grupos de jovens nas escolas. Integra o conjunto das Pastorais da Juventude do Brasil - PJB -, que está ligado ao Setor Juventude da Igreja Católica. Desenvolve, através desta organização, a formação de lideranças a partir de princípios como o protagonismo juvenil, a formação integral, o desenvolvimento de ações sociais transformadoras e a vivência da espiritualidade. Para a realização da pesquisa, foram organizados três grupos de discussão, envolvendo 23 jovens que participam ou já fizeram parte da PJE. O primeiro grupo aconteceu com jovens egressos da pastoral e que possuíam no máximo 29 anos. O segundo foi realizado com jovens coordenadores da PJE. E o terceiro, com jovens iniciantes nos grupos de jovens que participam há pelo menos um ano. Os grupos de discussão foram a estratégia metodológica privilegiada para o levantamento dos dados da investigação O estudo apóia-se nos referenciais teóricos que tematizam as juventudes no mundo contemporâneo e a relação dos jovens com o saber. Contribuíram de modo significativo para o estudo autores como José Machado Pais, Alberto Melucci, Carles Feixa Pàmpols, Bernard Charlot, Helena Abramo, Marília Pontes Sposito e Dina Krauskopf. A investigação empreendida junto aos jovens da PJE a respeito de seus aprendizados nos grupos de jovens resultou na organização e análise de três eixos aos quais se voltam às atenções dos participantes quanto aos temas: socialização, subjetividade e saber. No primeiro são referidos aprendizados sobre temas voltados aos processos grupais e tudo aquilo que envolvem as experiências realizadas em comum. No segundo, destacam-se aqueles relacionados diretamente à pessoa do jovem nas diversas dimensões da subjetividade. Já no terceiro são referidos os aprendizados relativos a dois conjuntos, o dos saberes práticos e o dos saberes relacionais. Os jovens ressaltam que os aprendizados não se restringem à sua participação e utilização nos grupos da PJE. Destacam que se apropriam dos mesmos de modo a mantê-los presentes em suas trajetórias, fazendo uso destes em outros coletivos em que transitam, nas suas escolhas profissionais, em suas relações interpessoais e nos projetos de vida que formulam. / The study broaches the learning lived by young students who participate in the Student Youth Pastoral in the State of Rio Grande do Sul. The emphasis of the investigation has not detained to the scholar condition of the students, but to their juvenile condition, particular of participants of youth groups of the pastoral and to the learning that takes place there, as of the speeches of the youngsters themselves. The Student Youth Pastoral consists of an organization of young students that has as basis the articulation of youth groups in the schools. It integrates the entirety of the Youth Pastorals of Brazil, which is linked to the Youth Sector of the Catholic Church. It develops, through this organization, the formation of leaderships as of principles such as the juvenile protagonists, the integral formation, the development of transforming social actions and the living of the spirituality. For the accomplishment of this research, three groups of discussion were organized, involving 23 youngsters who participate or have already been part of the Student Youth Pastoral. The first group occurred with youngsters withdrawn from the pastoral and who were at the utmost 29 years old. The second one was accomplished with young coordinators of the Student Youth Pastoral, and the third one with young beginners in the groups of youngsters who participate at least for one year.The groups of discussion were the privileged methodological strategy for the survey of the data of the investigation. The study supports itself in the theoretical references that make a theme out of the youths in the contemporary world, and the relation of the youngsters with the knowledge. Authors like José Machado Pais, Alberto Melucci, Carles Feixa Pàmpols, Bernard Charlot, Helena Abramo, Marília Pontes Sposito and Dina Krauskopf contributed significantly for the study. The investigation undertaken close to the young people of the Student Youth Pastoral about their learning in the groups of youth groups resulted in the organization and analysis of three axes to which the attentions of the participants turn around for the matter of the themes: socialization, subjectivity and knowledge. In the first one, learning about the themes related to the group processes is referred to, and all that involve the experiences accomplished in common. In the second, those related directly to the person of the young in the diverse dimensions of the subjectivity are pointed out. Now in the third one, the learning related to two sets, the one of the practical knowledge and the one of the relational knowledge is referred to. The youngsters point out that the learning does not limit on their participation and utilization in the groups of the Student Youth Pastoral. They point out that they are suitable for them in the way of maintain them present in their trajectories, making use of these in other collectives in which they transit, in their professional choices, in their interpersonal relations and in the projects of life that they formulate.